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 THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF

THE WELFARE STATE

THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF

THE WELFARE
STATE

SECOND EDITION

Edited by
DANIEL BÉLAND
KIMBERLY J. MORGAN
HERBERT OBINGER
and
CHRISTOPHER PIERSON
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in
certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2021
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2010
Second Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021931011
ISBN 978–0–19–882838–9
eISBN 978–0–19–256347–7
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.001.0001
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website
referenced in this work.
In memory of Stephan Leibfried (1944–2018)
 Preface

THIS is the second edition of The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare

State, a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary and multi-author survey of
the state of the welfare state in its advanced capitalist homelands. It
is eleven years since the first edition was published, and much has
changed in the intervening period. This second edition fully reflects
those changes. All of the chapters that have been retained from the
first edition have been substantially rewritten to reflect what has
happened over the past decade. In addition, we have commissioned
five entirely new chapters, and a new conclusion, which focuses
upon the challenge that climate change poses for all future social
policy regimes. It is our expectation and our belief that this new
edition of the Handbook will reflect the breadth of issues and
experience in the welfare state today in just the way that the first
edition did in 2010. It is designed to tell a comprehensive story
about the comparative experience of advanced welfare states right
now.
There have been some significant changes of personnel since
2010. We have recruited a number of new authors, all of whom have
a proven expertise in the topics about which they write. Two of the
original editors—Jane Lewis and Frank Castles—have retired, though
their mark can still be seen upon the book in its revised form. Two of
the other editors—Herbert Obinger1 from the University of Bremen
and Christopher Pierson from the University of Nottingham—remain
on the editorial team. We have recruited two new and highly
experienced editors from North America, Professors Kimberly Morgan
(from George Washington University) and Daniel Béland (from McGill
University), who have brought new insight and expertise to the
editorial process. Very sadly, in the early stages of preparing this
second edition, Professor Stephan Leibfried, the mastermind of the
entire project (alongside Dominic Byatt at Oxford University Press),
died. Stephan’s death was a terrible shock and a grievous loss to all
those who knew him. He was a very funny and generous man, who
took his work, including this project, extremely seriously and
ensured that things were always done and done right. He is
irreplaceable. We have retained his characteristically insightful and
off-centre essay on the postage stamps of welfare in this second
edition of the book, which we dedicate to his memory. Finally, we
also want to pay tribute to contributor Dennis Spies, who passed
suddenly away at age 40 shortly before this volume went to print.
support of the universities and research centres for which we
work. Special mention is due to the University of Bremen, to its
Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy (SOCIUM), and to
the associated Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg (based in Delmenhorst,
Lower Saxony), which supported various members of the editorial
team during their visits to Germany. We are also grateful to Emma
Gasster for great editorial assistance. Dominic Byatt and a team of
editors and production staff at Oxford University Press have
overseen both editions from conception to publication. We are
grateful for all this support.
Assailed from almost every quarter, the welfare state is here to
stay. It remains what governments—local and central—do, most of
the time. It provides a key part of the infrastructure of our shared
lives—in health and education, for example. It is still an engine of
redistribution—of money, of life-chances, and of well-being. And it
helps support people in times of crisis, as we saw in the aftermath of
the 2008 financial crisis and, more recently, in the wake of the 2020
COVID-19 pandemic. But it faces a series of unprecedented
challenges: demographic, institutional, and (in the case of climate
change) existential. And it seems certain that COVID-19 and its
consequences will change the context for social policy profoundly
and for a long time to come. Given this, we do well to be armed with
the best possible guide to the welfare state as we have it right now.
That is what this second edition of the Oxford Handbook of the
Welfare State is designed to be.
 1 Herbert Obinger and all other authors of the University of Bremen thank the
German Research Foundation (DFG) for financial support (grant 374666841 - SFB
1342)
 Contents

List of Figures
List of Tables
Select List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
A Note on the Jacket Illustration
STEPHAN LEIBFRIED
1 Introduction
DANIEL BÉLAND, KIMBERLY J. MORGAN, HERBERT OBINGER, AND
CHRISTOPHER PIERSON

PART I PHILOSOPHICAL JUSTIFICATIONS AND CRITIQUES

OF THE WELFARE STATE
2 Ethics
STUART WHITE
3 Intellectual Roots of the Welfare State
CHRISTOPHER PIERSON AND MATTHIEU LEIMGRUBER
4 The Critics of Welfare: From Neoliberalism to Populism
GERDA HOOIJER AND DESMOND KING

PART II HISTORY
5 The Emergence of the Western Welfare State
STEIN KUHNLE AND ANNE SANDER
6 Post-War Welfare State Development: The ‘Golden Age’
FRANK NULLMEIER AND FRANZ-XAVER KAUFMANN
7 Recent Developments: Social Investment Reform in the Twenty-
First Century
ANTON HEMERIJCK AND STEFANO RONCHI
 PART III APPROACHES
8 Research Methods
EDWIN AMENTA AND ALEXANDER M. HICKS
9 Public and Private Social Welfare
WILLEM ADEMA AND PETER WHITEFORD
10 Governance
DANIEL BÉLAND AND KIMBERLY J. MORGAN
11 Social Investment
JULIAN L. GARRITZMANN, SILJA HÄUSERMANN, AND BRUNO PALIER
12 Families, States, and Markets
MARY DALY
13 Disciplinary Perspectives on Welfare States
EINAR ØVERBYE

PART IV INPUT AND ACTORS

14 Needs and Risks in the Welfare State
JAN ZUTAVERN AND MARTIN KOHLI
15 Democracy and Capitalism
TORBEN IVERSEN
16 Unions and Employers
BERNHARD EBBINGHAUS
17 Parties
MANFRED G. SCHMIDT
18 Political Institutions
ELLEN M. IMMERGUT
19 Public Attitudes
STAFFAN KUMLIN, ACHIM GOERRES, AND DENNIS C. SPIES
20 Gender
ANN SHOLA ORLOFF AND MARIE LAPERRIÈRE
21 Religion
KEES VAN KERSBERGEN AND PHILIP MANOW
22 Migration and New Ethnic Minorities
 SIMONE SCARPA, STEPHEN CASTLES, AND CARL-ULRIK SCHIERUP
23 European and National Social Policy
MANFRED G. SCHMIDT
24 Intergovernmental Organizations
KLAUS ARMINGEON
25 Globalization
DUANE SWANK

PART V POLICIES
26 Social Expenditure and Welfare State Financing
HERBERT OBINGER
27 The Welfare State as Employer
KARIN GOTTSCHALL AND MARKUS TEPE
28 Old-Age Pensions
KARL HINRICHS AND JULIA F. LYNCH
29 Health
HEINZ ROTHGANG
30 Long-Term Care
AUGUST ÖSTERLE AND HEINZ ROTHGANG
31 Work Accident and Sickness Benefits
OLLI KANGAS
32 Disability
MARK PRIESTLEY
33 Unemployment Insurance
OLA SJÖBERG, EERO CARROLL, AND JOAKIM PALME
34 Employment Promotion
LANE KENWORTHY
35 The Regulation of Employment
PATRICK EMMENEGGER AND PAUL MARX
36 Social Assistance
THOMAS BAHLE AND CLAUS WENDT
37 Family Benefits and Services
 NAOMI FINCH AND JONATHAN BRADSHAW
38 Housing
TONY FAHEY AND MICHELLE NORRIS
39 Education
MARIUS R. BUSEMEYER AND RITA NIKOLAI

PART VI POLICY OUTCOMES

40 The Social Rights of Citizenship
JOHN D. STEPHENS
41 Inequality and Poverty
PETER SAUNDERS
42 Macroeconomic Outcomes
ISABELA MARES AND CHRISTOPHER PIERSON
43 Gendered Outcomes
JENNIFER HOOK AND LEAH RUPPANNER
44 Welfare Retrenchment
JONAH D. LEVY

PART VII WORLDS OF WELFARE

45 Models of the Welfare State
PHILIP MANOW
46 The Nordic Countries
MIKKO KAUTTO AND KATI KUITTO
47 Continental Western Europe
BRUNO PALIER
48 The South European Countries
MAURIZIO FERRERA
49 The English-Speaking Countries
FRANCIS G. CASTLES AND CHRISTOPHER PIERSON
50 Central and Eastern European Countries
LINDA J. COOK AND TOMASZ INGLOT

PART VIII PROSPECTS

51 From Welfare States to Planetary Well-Being
IAN GOUGH

Name Index
Subject Index
 List of Figures

7.1 Employment rate, equality, and welfare spending (the size of

the pie charts) in selected OECD countries (averages 2010–
2015)
7.2 Total employment rates (squares) and female employment
rates (triangles) in the late 1990s and 2018 in twelve OECD
countries
9.1 Pension and health care are the largest public social spending
items. Public social expenditure by broad social policy area by
% GDP, in 2015–2017 or latest year available.
11.1 Social investment and social compensation in thirty-five
advanced economies, 2010
11.2 Welfare legacies and the politicization of social investment
16.1 Trade union density, social expenditure, and bargaining
coverage, 1980 and 2000
26.1 Total tax revenue, % GDP, 1965 vs 2015
26.2 Tax-to-GDP, 2015 and income inequality, 2017 (Gini post taxes
and transfers)
26.3 Tax wedge and public social spending, 2015
26.4 Share of social contributions as a percentage of public social
expenditure, 2015
27.1 General government employment expenditure and size
27.2 Female and immigrant employment share in the public and
private sectors
27.3 Public–private wage differentials
28.1 Typology of pension systems
28.2 Pension spending as a share of total non-health social
expenditure
31.1 The sequential introduction of social insurance laws in
different continents and in OECD-18 (OECD-18 countries
 excluded from their continents)
31.2 Generosity (net benefit/net wage) and coverage
(insured/labour force) of sickness benefits in OECD countries
in the 2010s
34.1 Employment rates, 1989 and 2017
34.2 Jobs with equality
35.1 Development of job security regulations in Western Europe,
1950–2013
35.2 Changes in the regulation of dismissal protection in the case
of open-ended contracts (black circles) and temporary
employment (grey circles), 1985–2008
35.3 Percentage of temporary contracts among workers twenty-
five–thirty-four years in five countries, 2000–2018
36.1 Extent and generosity of social assistance, OECD countries,
1992
36.2 Rate of social assistance beneficiaries, 2007 (as % of total
population)
36.3 Rate of social assistance beneficiaries, 2007 (as % of
population twenty–sixty-four and sixty-five plus)
36.4 Net income on social assistance, couple with two children,
OECD countries, 2015 (as % of median income)
36.5 Net income on social assistance, couple with two children and
single parent with one child, EU countries, 2012 (as % of
median income)
37.1 Percentage of children living in a lone-parent family, 2014
37.2 Spending per child in percentage of spending per older
person, 1990–2013
37.3 Child benefit package for couple with two children, one earner
by level of earnings. Ranked by average earnings: percentage
extra over a childless couple on the same earnings.
37.4 Fertility rate, 2014 by family spending by % GDP, 2013
37.5 Maternal employment rate by % GDP spent on family services
37.6 Child poverty rates of single parents before and after
transfers, 2014
37.7 Overall child well-being by percentage GDP devoted to family
benefits and services, 2013
38.1 Real house price trends in 14 western countries, 1870–2010
38.2 Housing costs as percentage of household income at different
income levels in England and Wales, 1961–2016
38.3 Housing costs as percentage of household income among
poor and non-poor, EU 28, 2017
38.4 Poverty rates on all income and on residual income after
housing costs
39.1 The relationship between public education and social
spending by % GDP, 2015
39.2 Variation on education in spending, 2015
41.1 The relationship between income inequality and social
expenditure in OECD countries
41.2 The relationship between poverty and social expenditure in
OECD countries
50.1 Total social expenditure in CEE states by % GDP
51.1 A safe and just space for humanity to thrive in
51.2 The impact of a consumption-based view on emissions by
country
51.3 Global distribution of consumption-based emissions
 List of Tables

4.1 The critics on the welfare state

5.1 Overview: establishment of first statutory social security
schemes in selected ILO member countries down to 1945
8.1 Causal research according to methodological approaches
8.2 Welfare programme consolidation in early democracies and
proto-democracies, 1920
9.1 From gross to net social spending: social expenditure by %
GDP at market prices
9.2 The income accounting framework
12.1 Constellation of factors animating state policy towards families
14.1 Socio-economic drivers of new social needs and risks
14.2 Selected risk and need profiles: employment
14.3 Selected risk and need profiles: family
16.1 Ideal-typical modes of labour relations and their institutional
affinities
17.1 Social policy positions of major families of parties in Western
democracies since the mid-1950s
23.1 Social policy’s degree of Europeanization, 1957–2017
26.1 Trends in social expenditure, 1980–2015
26.2 Programme-related public spending by % GDP, 2015
26.3 Revenue from main tax categories as a percentage of total
tax revenue, 2016
28.1 Funding and types of pension scheme
31.1 Characteristics of work accident and sickness benefit schemes
throughout the world in the late 2010s
33.1 Years of introduction of first laws providing for unemployment
benefits at the national level among 18 OECD countries
33.2 Net replacement rates and coverage in labour force (all in %)
for eighteen countries: averages for the periods 1930–1939,
 1947–1970, and 1975–2015
37.1 Child well-being in the OECD dimension, c. 2013
38.1 Schematic illustrations of inflation-adjusted accumulated
wealth flows associated with mortgage-financed home
purchase in the United Kingdom for selected mortgage terms
38.2 Decline of owner occupation of housing in the English-
speaking world
40.1 Social rights generosity (decommodification) indexes by
welfare state regime
40.2 (Quasi) social rights indicators of services and gendered
policies
42.1 Average unemployment in advanced industrialized political
economies: cross-national and temporal trends, 1960–1975
and 1976–1995
46.1 Public social expenditure and tax revenue in the OECD
countries, 1995–2015
46.2 Expenditure in services and social investment in the OECD
countries, 1995–2015
46.3 Selected social policy outcomes in the OECD countries, 1995–
2015
49.1 Liberal regime characteristics according to Espin-Andersen
(1999) and English-speaking family of nation characteristics
according to Castles and Obinger (2008)
49.2 Shares and progressivity of cash benefits and household taxes
in household disposable income in English-speaking and
selected other OECD countries, mid-2000s
49.3 Measures of the dispersion of components of social
expenditure, child poverty, and inequality in eighteen OECD
countries, mid-2000s
50.1 Selected welfare indicators, 2016
 Select List of Abbreviations

ADLs Activities of daily living

AEI American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC (1943 ff.; http://www.
aei.org)
AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children, USA (1935–1997; now TANF)
ALMP Active labour market policies (1990s ff.)
ATTAC The international anti-globalization network ATTAC (1998 ff.; Action
pour une Taxe Tobin d’Aide aux Citoyens ¼ Association for the
Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens;
http://www.attac.org/)
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, & China
CCT Conditional cash transfer programme
CEE Central and Eastern European
CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, Chile
(¼ ECLAC; 1948 ff.; http://www.eclac.org/)
CPF Central Provident Fund, Singapore (1955 ff.; http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg)
CPS Centre for Policy Studies, London (1974 ff.; http://www.cps.org.uk/)
CV Coefficient of variation CWED Comparative Welfare Entitlements
Dataset (http://www.sp.uconn.edu/ ~scruggs/wp.xhtml)
DC Defined contribution
DRG Diagnosis related group
ECJ European Court of Justice, Luxembourg (1952 ff.;
http://curia.europa.eu)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago,
Chile (¼ CEPAL; 1948 ff.; http://www.eclac.org/)
ECM Error correction models
EFTA European Free Trade Association, countermovement to founding the
EEC [EU] in 1957 (1960 ff.; http://www.efta.int/)
EITC Earned Income Tax Credit, USA (also EIC; 1975 ff.; in UK: Working Tax
Credit)
EPL Employment protection legislation
ESA Event structure analysis
ESF European Social Fund, Brussels (EU; 1957 ff.;
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/esf/index_en.xhtml)
EU European Union as of Maastricht Treaty 1992, Brussels (EEC [European
Economic Community] or EC [European Community]; 1957–1992;
 http://europa.eu/index_en.xhtml) OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINALS,
3/8/2012, SPi
EUR The Euro currency (also !; accounting currency 1999–2001; in
circulation as of 2002, 2009 in 16 Member States) Eurostat Statistical
Office of the European Communities [European Union], Luxembourg
(1953 ff.; http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat)
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995 ff.; under WTO; see
http://www.wto.org/)
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947 ff.; see now WTO
http://www.wto.org/)
GDP Gross domestic product
GNP Gross national product
GP General (medical) practitioner, UK
GPA Global Program on AIDS, UN (but see also WHO; 2001 ff.;
http://www.un.org/ga/aids/ungassfactsheets/html/fssgcall_en.xhtml
and http://www.unaids.org/en/default.asp)
HMO Health Maintenance Organization, USA
HRS Health and Retirement Study, USA (http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/)
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ¼ World Bank
(WB),Washington, DC (1946 ff.; with IMF one of the two BrettonWoods
institutions founded in 1944; http://www.worldbank.org/)
ICSID International Center for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes,Washington, DC (1966 ff.; WB founded arbitration institution
devoted to investor-state dispute settlement;
http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/)
IDA International Development Association,Washington, DC (1960 ff.;
grantmaking or interest free credit-providing branch of the WB; via
http://www.worldbank.org/)
IEA Institute for Economic Affairs, London (1955 ff.;
http://www.iea.org.uk/)
IFC International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC (1956 ff.; member
of WB Group, financing investment in private sector in developing
countries; http://www.ifc.org/)
IFI International financial institutions
IGO International governmental organizations
ILO International Labour Organization [and Office], Geneva, Switzerland
(1919 ff.; http://www.ilo.org/)
IMF International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC (1944 ff.
http://www.imf. org/)
INGO International non-governmental organizations
IO Intergovernmental organizations
ISI Import substitution industrialization
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Regina nova; Reina Nova (syns. of Belle), 158
Reina Nova or Reine Nova (Berre) (syns. of Belle), 158
Reine Blanche; Reine Blanche de Galopin (syns. of White
Queen), 564
Reine Claud; Reine-Claude (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine Claude, 326
Reine Claude (syn. of Bavay, 155; of Small Reine Claude, 347)
Reine-Claude Abricotine, 529
Reine-Claude à Fleurs Semi-double or fleur semi-double (syns.
of Double Flowering Gage), 192
Reine-Claude Alex. Dumas (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Reine-Claude Aloise (syn. of Alois Reine Claude), 393
Reine-Claude Althan’s (syn. of Altham), 141
Reine-Claude Ancienne, Blanche, Blanche Grosse Espece,
Blanche la Grosse (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Azurée (syn. of Azure), 398
Reine-Claude Bavay Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Blanche (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Reine-Claude Blanche de Boston (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Blanche Petite Espece (syn. of Small Reine
Claude), 347
Reine-Claude Bleue (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude), 405
Reine-Claude Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine-Claude Braunau (syn. of Abricotée de Braunau), 391
Reine-Claude Bryanston (syn. of Bryanston), 168
Reine-Claude Chauviere (syn. of Chauviere), 417
Reine-Claude Comte Althan or d’Althan; Reine-Claude d’Althan;
Reine Claude d’Althann (syns. of Altham), 141
Reine Claude Coulon (syn. of Coulon Reine Claude), 423
Reine-Claude d’Alois (syn. of Alois Reine Claude), 393
Reine-Claude d’Angouleme (syn. of Angouleme), 395
Reine-Claude d’Automne (syn. of Autumn Gage), 398
Reine-Claude Davion (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine Claude de Bavay (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude de Bavay Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude De Berger (syn. of Peach), 309
Reine-Claude de Bleecker or de Bleeker (syns. of Bleeker), 163
Reine-Claude de Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine-Claude de Brahy (syn. of Brahy), 408
Reine Claude de Brignais, 529
Reine-Claude de Brignais (syn. of Reine Claude de Brignais),
529
Reine-Claude de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude de Comte Hathen (syn. of Altham), 141
Reine Claude d’Ecully, 529
Reine-Claude de Flushings (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude De Guigne (syn. of Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude d’Ecully (syn. of Ecully), 441
Reine-Claude de Jodoigne (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Reine-Claude de Juillet (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude de Lawrence (syn. of Lawrence), 266
Reine Claude de l’Echoisier, 530
Reine-Claude de Meroldt (syn. of Meroldt), 494
Reine Claude de Mezel, 530
Reine-Claude de Monroe (syn. of Monroe), 287
Reine-Claude de Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 499
Reine Claude de Razaimbaut, 530
Reine-Claude de Razaimbaut (syn. of Reine Claude de
Razaimbaut), 530
Reine Claude de Saint-Avertin, 530
Reine Claude Descarde, 530
Reine-Claude de Schuyler (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
Reine Claude de Vandenbrok, 530
Reine Claude de Wazon, 530
Reine-Claude de Webster (syn. of Webster Gage), 562
Reine-Claude de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
Reine-Claude D’Henrietta (syn. of Henrietta Gage), 461
Reine-Claude d’Hudson (syn. of Hudson Gage), 465
Reine-Claude Diaphane (syn. of Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude Diaphane Hâtive (syn. of Early Transparent Gage),
440
Reine Claude d’Oberdieck, 530
Reine-Claude d’October; Reine-Claude d’Octobre (syns. of Late
Reine Claude), 481
Reine-Claude Dore; Reine Claude Dorée; Reineclaude d’oree
(syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude d’Oullins (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claude du Comte d’Althan or Hathem (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine-Claude Geante (syn. of Reisenzwetsche), 531
Reine-Claude Grosse (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine Claude group, 27-29;
origin of, 27-29;
character of, 29;
leading varieties of, 29
Reine-Claude Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine Claude Hamaitre, 530
Reine-Claude Hâtive d’Avion (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Hâtive de Bavay (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Impériale or Impériale de Prince (syns. of Imperial
Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Jaune De Dana (syn. of Dana Yellow Gage), 428
Reine-Claude Jaune De Prince (syn. of Yellow Gage), 388
Reine-Claude Latinois (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude mit Halbgefullter Bluthe (syn. of Double Flowering
Gage), 192
Reine-Claude Monot (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude Monstreuse de Bavey (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine Claude Monstrueuse de Mezel, 530
Reine-Claude Moyret (syn. of Moyret), 500
Reine-Claudenartige Aprikosen Pflaume (syn. of Apricot), 148
Reine-Claude Noire de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
Reine-Claude Petite or Petite Espèce (syns. of Small Reine
Claude), 347
Reine Claude Précoce (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claude Précoce de Razimbaud (syn. of Reine Claude de
Razaimbaut), 530
Reine-Claude Rouge (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge Americaine (syn. of Red Gage), 527
Reine-Claude Rouge Comte Althan; Rouge de Hathen; rouge du
comte Hethan; Rouge du Comte Hethan (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine-Claude Rouge de Prince (syn. of Red Gage), 527
Reine-Claude Rouge de Septembre (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge de Van Mons (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge of September; Reine-Claude Rouge Van
Mons (syns. of Belle), 158
Reine Claude Sagot, 530
Reine-Claude Semi-Double (syn. of Double Flowering Gage),
192
Reine-Claude tardive (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude Tardive (syn. of Late Reine Claude), 481
Reine-Claude Tardive de Chambourcy; Reine-Claude Tardive
Latinois (syns. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine Claude Transparent; Reine-Claude Transparente (syns. of
Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude Verde Perdrigon (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Verte (syn. of Chambourcy, 174; of Reine Claude,
327)
Reine-Claude Verte Impériale or Verte Superieure (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Verte Tiquetée (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Violette (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude, 405; of
Purple Gage, 318)
Reine-Claude von Bavays (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude von Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine Claude von Bollwiller, 530
Reine Claude Von Brahy (syn. of Brahy), 408
Reine-Claude von Jodoigne (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Reine-Claude von Oullins (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claudia; Reine-Claudia Blanche La Grosse (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Reine de Chypre (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Reine des Mirabelles, 530
Reinette Claude d’Althan or Comte d’Althan (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine Victoria, 531
Reine Victoria (syn. of Victoria), 363
Reisenzwetsche, 531
Reitzensteiner Gelbe Zwetsche (syn. of Gelbe Spätzwetsche,
451; of Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531)
Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531
Reizenstein’s Yellow Prune (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune),
531
Ransleben, M., var. orig. by, 523
Rensselaar, Rensselaer or Rensselvar Gage (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Reutlinger Frühzwetsche, 531
Reutlinger Frühzwetsche (syn. of Reutlinger Frühzwetsche), 531
Rex (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Rhinebeck Yellow Gage, 531
Rhodes, 531
Rhue, 531
Rhue’s Seedling (syn. of Rhue), 531
Rice Seed (syn. of Gaviota), 450
Richard Trotter, 531
Richland, 531
Riga 11, 532
Riga 115 (syn. of Aubert), 397
Rigny, 532
Rising Sun, 532
Rivers, Francis, var. orig. by, 403
Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 149, 153, 185, 200, 233, 241,
286, 406, 425, 438, 440, 453, 459, 461, 481, 482, 489,
518, 532, 549, 550
Rivers’ Blue Prolific; Rivers’ No. 4 (syns. of Blue Prolific), 406
Rivers’ Blue Prolific; Rivers’ Early; Rivers’ Early No. 2; Rivers’
Early Prolific or Early Prolific Plum, Rivers’ Frühe
Fruchtbare; Rivers Frühpflaume; Rivers’ No. 2 (syns. of
Early Rivers), 200
Rivers Early, 532
Rivers Early; Rivers Early Favorite; River’s Early Favourite;
River’s Early No. 1; Rivers Frühpflaume; Rivers Früh
Pflaume; River’s No. 1 Fruhpflaume; Rivers’ No. 2 (syns. of
Early Favorite), 438
Rivers’ Early Apricot (syn. of Early Transparent Gage), 440
Rivers’ Early Damson (syn. of Rivers Early), 532
Rivers’ Early Transparent Gage (syn. of Early Transparent Gage),
440
River’s Late Prolific (syn. of Late Prolific), 481
Rivularis (syn. of Towakong), 554
Robe de Sargent or Sergent (syn. of Agen), 138
Robe de Sergeant or Sergent (syn. of Sergeant), 339
Robert, 532
Robert’s Freestone (syn. of Robert), 532
Robinson (syn. of Miner), 281
Robinson, 329
Roby, H. R., var. orig. by, 532
Roby Yellow, 532
Roch-courbon; Roche-Carbon; Roche Corbon; Roche Courbon
(syns. of Red Diaper), 323
Rockford, 532
Rocky Mountain, 532
Rocky Mountain Seedling (syn. of Rocky Mountain), 532
Rodney, 532
Rodney Gage (syn. of Rodney), 532
Rodt Blaue Zwetsche, 533
Rodt Frühe Grosse Pflaumenzwetsche, 533
Rodt’s Grosse Frühe Pflaumen-Zwetsche (syn. of Kaiser
Wilhelm), 474
Roe, William, var. orig. by, 398
Roe’s Autumn; Roe’s Autumn Gage (syns. of Autumn Gage), 398
Rognon D’Ane, 533
Rognon de Coq, 533
Rognon-de-Coq de Nikita (syn. of Nikitaer Hahnenpflaume), 504
Roi (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Roi-Claude (syn. of Oullins), 303
Roi d’Agen (syn. of Agen), 138
Rollande Galloppi, 533
Rollingstone, 330
Rolling Stone (syn. of Rollingstone), 330
Ronald Fancy, 533
Rood (syn. of Empire), 203
Rood, Ezra, var. orig. by, 204
Ros-Pruim Double, 533
Ros-pruim Double (syn. of Horse), 464
Roselle, 533
Rosinen Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume, 400; of Rote
Zwetsche, 534)
Ross, 533
Ross, J. T., var. orig. by, 533
Ross Seedling (syn. of Ross), 533
Rossy Frühe Zwetsche, 533
Rossy’s Früh Zwetsche (syn. of Rossy Frühe Zwetsche), 533
Rostrave Bell, 533
Rote Aprikosenpflaume or Aprikosenzwetsche (syns. of Red
Apricot), 321
Rote Claude (syn. of Belle), 158
Rote Cyprische Pflaume (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Rote Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Diaprée; Rote Eier Pflaume; Rote Marunke; Rote Masche;
Rote Osterei; Rote Ross Pflaume; Rothe Diapre or Diaprée;
Rothe Eierpflaume; Rothe Marunke; Rothe Süsse Pflaume;
Rothe Violen Pflaume; Rouge Corbon (syns. of Red Diaper),
323
Rote Eier Pflaume; Rote Kaiserpflaume; Rote Kaiser Zwetsche;
Rothe Kaiserpflaume; Rothe Kaiserzwetsche (syns. of Red
Magnum Bonum), 326
Rote Feigen Pflaume (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Früh Damascene (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
Rote Herbst Zeiberl (syn. of Rotes Zeiberl), 533
Rote Jungfernpflaume (syn. of Red Virginal), 529
Rote Kirschpflaume (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rote Mirabelle, 533
Rote Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Rote Washington (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Rote Zipper; Rote Zwetsche (syns. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume),
400
Rote Zwetsche, 534
Roter Perdrigon; Rother Perdrigon (syns. of Red Perdrigon), 528
Roter Spilling (syn. of Hofinger Mirabelle), 462
Rotes Taubenherz (syn. of Queen Mother), 522
Rotes Zeiberl, 533
Rothgefleckte Goldpflaume (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Rothe Aprikosenpflaume (syn. of Red Apricot), 321
Rothe Frühdamascene (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
Rothe Jungfernpflaume, 534
Rothe Königspflaume (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Rothe Mirabelle (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rothe Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Rothe Nektarine (syn. of Peach), 309
Rotherham (syn. of Winesour), 566
Rotgefleckte Gold Pflaume (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Rouge Corbon (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Rouge de Bleecker (syn. of Lombard), 268
Rouge de Brevoort (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Rouge de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Red), 431
Rouge de Liegel (syn. of Royale Hâtive de Liegel), 535
Rouge Hâtive (syn. of Red Primordian), 528
Rouge Hâtive de Nitka, 534
Rouge tardive de Coe (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
Rouge Tardive De Coe (syn. of Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Roulette, 534
Round, 534
Round Black Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Round Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Round Leaf Wonderful, 534
Rousse De Guthrie (syn. of Guthrie Russet), 457
Rowlett (syn. of Roulette), 534
Rowley, Jos., var. orig. by, 534
Rowley, 534
Roxburgh, quoted, 51
Royal, 534
Royal (syn. of Climax, 178; of Royal, 534)
Royal Bullace, 534
Royal Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royal Dauphin, 534
Royal Dauphine (syn. of Sharp, 340; of Victoria, 363)
Royal de Braunac, 535
Royal de Vilvorde (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Royale (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume, 493; of Royal, 534; of
Royal Tours, 332)
Royale Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royale de Behrens, 535
Royale de Behrens (syn. of Royale de Behrens), 535
Royale de Braunau (syn. of Buchner Königspflaume), 410
Royale de Haffner (syn. of Haffner Königspflaume), 458
Royale de Koch (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
Royale de Lucas (syn. of Lucas Königspflaume), 487
Royale de Mayer (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume), 493
Royale de Paris Tardive (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
Royale de Siebenfreud, 535
Royale de Siebenfreund (syn. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Royale de Tours (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Royale de Trapp (syn. of Trapps Königspflaume), 555
Royale du Dr. Koch (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
Royale Hâtive (syn. of Early Royal), 201
Royale Hâtive or Hâtive de Liegel (syns. of Royale Hâtive de
Liegel), 535
Royale Hâtive de Liegel, 535
Royal Hâtive de Nikita (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
Royale tres-grosse (syn. of Royal), 534
Royale Violette de Keindl, 535
Royale Violette de Keindt (syn. of Royale Violette de Keindl), 535
Royal Green Gage (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Royal Hâtive (syn. of Early Royal), 201
Royale Hâtive de Nikita (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
Royal of Tours (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Pea, 535
Royal Plumb; Royal Red (syns. of Royal), 534
Royal red Plum; Royal Tours (syns. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Tours, 332
Royer Aprikosen Pflaume, 535
Ruben Burgunder Zwetsche, 535
Ruby, 535
Rudolph, 536
Rudolph’s Pflaume (syn. of Prune de Rudolphe), 521
Rudolphspflaume (syn. of Rudolph), 536
Rue, 536
Rue, J. B., var. orig. by, 536
Ruff Choice, 536
Ruff Spanish, 536
Runde Brisette (syn. of Late Mirabelle), 263
Runde Rote Damascene (syn. of Liegel Rote Damascene), 484
Runyon, O. R., var. orig. by, 359
Russian Mirabelle, 536
Russian No. 2, 536
Russian No. 3, 536
Russian plum 20 M. (syn. of Burbank), 170
Rutland Plumcot, 333

Sabel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246

Sada, 536
Saffold, 536
Sagetsuma (syn. of Sagetsuna), 536
Sagetsuna, 536
St. Anne, 537
Saint Antoine, 537
Saint Antonio, 537
Saint Aubert (syn. of St. Aubert), 537
St. Aubert, 537
Sainte Barnabé; St. Barnabée (syns. of Early Yellow), 203
Saint Catherine, 334
St. Catharine; Saint Catherine; Sainte Catherine; Sainte-
Catherine; Sainte-Catherine jaune, ordinaire or de Tours;
St. Katharine (syns. of Saint Catherine), 334
Sainte-Catherine (Belgien) (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Saint Clair; St. Claire; Saint Claire; Sainte-Claire (syns. of
Bavay), 155
Saint Cloud (syn. of Goliath), 231
Saint Cyr (syn. of Morocco), 288
St. Etienne, 537
St. James, 537
St. James’ Quetsche (syn. of St. James), 537
Saint-Jean (syn. of Noire de Montreuil), 504
Saint Jean (syn. of Early Tours), 202
St. Jean (syn. of Early St. John), 440
St. John, 537
St. Julian; St. Julien; Saint Julien; Saint Julien Petit (syns. of
Saint Julian), 335
Saint Julien, 335
St. Julien group, discussion of, 41, 42
St. Lawrence, 537
Saint Loo (syn. of Valence), 557
Saint Martin, 336
Saint (or St.) Martin or Martin Rouge (syns. of Saint Martin),
336
Saint-Martin; Saint Martin’s; Saint Martin’s Quetsche (syns. of
Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Saint Martin Quetsche, 538
Saint Maurin; St. Maurin; Saint Mauriniana (syns. of Agen), 138
Saint Pierre, 538
St. Remo, 538
Sainte Theresa, 537
Sandall, var. orig. by, 538
Sandall, 538
Sandall’s Plum (syn. of Sandall), 538
Sanders, 538
Sanderson, 538
Sandle, 538
Sandoz, 538
Sand Plum, 538
Sanguine (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Sankt-Julians Pflaume (syn. of Damson), 186
Sankt-Michel’s Pflaume (syn. of September Damask), 542
Sannois, 538
Sannois Quetsche (syn. of Sannois), 538
Sans Noyau (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sans-Noyau (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sansoto, 539
Santa Rosa, 539
Sapa, 539
Saratoga, 539
Sargent, quoted, 97
Saskatchewan, 539
Satin, 539
Satsugon, 539
Satsuland, 539
Satsuma, 337
Satsuma (syn. of Berger), 160
Satsuma Blood (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Sauere Weinpflaume (syn. of Winesour), 566
Sauere Wein Pflaume Von Yorkshire (syn. of Winesour), 566
Saunders, 339
Saunders Seedling (syn. of Saunders), 339
Sauvageon, 539
Savoy (syn. of Isle-Verte), 470
Sayer Favorite, 540
Scaldatello (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Scaldatone, 540
Scanarda, 540
Scanarda (syn. of Scanarda), 540
Scarlet Gage (syn. of Long Scarlet), 485
Scaudatella, 540
Schamal, 540
Schamal, M., var. orig. by, 525, 540
Schamal (syn. of Schamal), 540
Schamals Frühzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Précoce De
Schamal), 525
Schamals Herbstpflaume (syn. of Schamal), 540
Scheidweiler, M., var. orig. by, 205
Schenectady, 540
Schenectady Catharine, Catherine or Catherine Plum (syns. of
Schenectady), 540
Schieblers Eier Pflaume, 540
Schiebler Luisante, 540
Schlachter Früh Zwetsche, 540
Schlehen Pflaume (syn. of Damson), 186
Schley, 540
Schley, Philip, var. orig. by, 425
Schley’s Large Red (syn. of Schley), 540
Schmidt Rote Zwetsche, 541
Schneider, quoted, 44
Schoenthal, 541
Schöne September Königspflaume (syn. of Belle), 158
Schöne von Lowen (syn. of Belle de Louvain), 400
Schöne von Riom, 541
Schöne von Schöneberg (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Schuyler, General, var. orig. by, 541
Schuyler Gage, 541
Schuyler Gage (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
Schuyler or Schuyler’s Gage (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Schwarze Mirabelle (syn. of Norbert), 505
Schwarze Muskateller Pflaume (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Schwarze Reine-Claude (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude), 405
Schwarzer Perdrigon (syn. of Normand Perdrigon), 506
Schweizer Pflaume (syn. of Suisse), 549
Schweizer Zwetsche; Schweizerzwetsche (syns. of Italian
Prune), 253
Schweizer Zwetsche (incor.) (syn. of Large English), 262
Scioto, 541
Scott & Co., var. orig. by, 211
Scribner, 541
Sea (syn. of Howell), 465
Sea-Egg, 541
Semiana, 541
Semiana (syn. of Suisse), 549
Semiana (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Semiana of Boston (syn. of Semiana), 541
Semi-double flowering Reine Claude (syn. of Double Flowering
Gage), 192
Semina (syn. of Semiana), 541
Semis de Bury (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
Semis de Dorr (syn. of Dorr Seedling), 434
Semis de Dry (syn. of Dry Seedling), 436
Semis de Pond (syn. of Pond), 314
Seper, 542
Seper’s Peach (syn. of Seper), 542
September, 542
September Damascene (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
September Damascene, Damask or Damson (syns. of
September Damask), 542
September Damask, 542
Serdali Irek (syn. of Gelbe Kirschpflaume), 450
Sergeant, 339
Shailer’s White Damson (syn. of White Damson), 374
Shaker, 542
Sharp, 340
Sharp; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharp’s Emperor; Sharps
Kaiserpflaume (syns. of Sharp), 340
Sharp; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharp’s
Kaiserpflaume (syns. of Victoria), 363
Shaw, 542
Shedd Cluster, 542
Sheen (syn. of Fotheringham), 212
Sheldon, 542
Sheldrake, 340
Shepherd Bullace, 542
Shepherd’s White (syn. of Shepherd Bullace), 542
Shepler (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Shepway Bulleis, 542
Shilling, 543
Shipper, 341, 543
Shipper (syn. of Marketman), 491
Shipper Pride; Shipper’s Pride; Shippers’ Pride (syns. of
Shipper), 341
Shirata Bene, 543
Shiro, 342
Shiro Smomo (syn. of Berger, 160; of Ogon, 298; of Red June,
324)
Shropshire, 344
Shropshire Damson (syn. of Shropshire), 344
Shviata Bene, 543
Siamese, 543
Sidone, 543
Siebenbürger Pflaume, 543
Siebenburger Pflaume (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
Siebenburger Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche de Transylvanie), 523
Siebenfreud’s Königspflaume; Siebenfreund’s Königspflaume
(syns. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Sierra, 543
Sierra Crimson (syn. of Sierra), 543
Silassy, 543
Silas Wilson, 543
Silberblattrige Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche à feuille argentée),
523
Silva Köning Claudie, 543
Silver Prune (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
Simiana (syn. of Semiana, 541; of Suisse, 549)
Simon, 345
Simon, Victor, var. orig. by, 551
Simon; Simon’s Chinese Apricot Plum; Simon’s Peach; Simon’s
Plum (syns. of Simon), 346
Simpson, 346
Simpson, W. B., var. orig. by, 414.
Sinomo (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Sir Charles Worsley’s (syn. of Royal), 534
Sirocco, 544
Sisson, 544
Sixby, 544
Six Weeks, 544
Skorospielka (syn. of Early), 437
Skuya, 544
Slee-Pruim (syn. of Sloe), 544
Sloe, 544
Sloe Plum, 59
Small, quoted, 80
Small Black Damask (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Damas (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Green Drying, 544
Small Green Gage (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Mirabelle (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Small Queen Claude (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Red Damask; Small Red Damson (syns. of Queen
Mother), 522
Small Reine Claude, 347
Small Round Damson (syn. of Damson, 186; of White Damson,
374)
Small White Damask (syn. of Small White Damson), 545
Small White Damson, 544
Smiley, 545
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 84, 93
Smith, var. orig. by, 348
Smith, 545
Smith, A. M., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, C. A., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, E. F., quoted, 131
Smith, W. & T. Co., quoted, 118
Smith October, 545
Smith Orleans, 348
Smith Prolific, 545
Smith Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith Red, 545
Smith’s Herrn Pflaume; Smith’s large Orleans; Smith’s Orleans;
Smith’s Orleans Pflaume (syns. of Smith Orleans), 348
Smith’s large October (syn. of Impératrice), 249
Smith’s Orleans (syn. of Cooper), 423
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Kingston), 476
Smith’s Red (syn. of Smith Red), 545
Snelling, 545
Snelling, W. H., var. orig. by, 546
Snooks (syn. of New Ulm), 293
Snyder, 546
Sophie, 349
Souris, 546
Sour Wine Plum of Yorkshire (syn. of Winesour), 566
South Cumberland, 546
Southern Beauty, 546
Southern Golden, 546
Souvenir de Madame Nicolle (syn. of Madame Nicolle), 488
Spanish (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Spanish Damascene; Spanish Damask; Spanish Red Damask
(syns. of Spanish Damask), 546
Spanish Damask, 546
Spanish King, 546
Spanish King (syn. of Lombard), 268
Späte Dattel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Späte Herrn Pflaume; Späte Königs Pflaume; Späte Königs
Pflaume aus Paris; Später Perdrigon (syns. of Perdrigon
Tardif), 515
Späte Mirabelle (syn. of Late Mirabelle, 263; of Saint Catherine,
334)
Späte Muskateller; Späte Muskatellerpflaume (syns. of Late
Muscatelle), 264
Späte Muskateller Pflaume (syn. of Tardive Musquée), 551
Späte Schwarze Damascene (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Späte von Chalons (syn. of Late Chalons), 480
Späte Zwetsche Von Karlstadt, 546
Spath, M., var. orig. by, 395
Spaulding, 350
Speckled Gage, 546
Speer, 547
Spelge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spicer, 547
Spilge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spilling Jaune-double, 547
Spilling Jaune-simple (syn. of White Wheat), 565
Spindel Pflaume (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spitszwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Spitzige Rote Pflaume; Spitz Pflaume (syns. of Rote Zwetsche),
534
Spitzige Rote Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitz Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitzzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Splendid, 547
Splendor, 547
Spotted Gage, 547
Springer, 547
Stabeler Seedling, 547
Stambul Erik oder Irek (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Standard, 548
Standard of England (syn. of Standard), 548
Stanton, 352
Stanton’s Seedling (syn. of Stanton), 352
Stark Brothers, quoted, 116, 213
Stark Green Gage, 548
Starnes, H. N., quoted, 131, 376
Steer’s Emperor; Steers’ Emperor (syns. of Goliath), 231
Steinlose Zwetsche (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Steinman, 548
Steinman, C., var. orig. by, 548
Stella, 548
Stengel Pflaume (syn. of Werder’sche Frühzwetsche), 563
Stephens, John D., var. orig. by, 533
Steptoe, 548
Sterling, 548
Stickney, 548
Stint, 548
Stintpflaume (syn. of Stint), 548
Stocks, varieties of, 114-120
Stoddard, 352
Stoddart (syn. of Stoddard), 352
Stoneless, 353
Stoneless (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Stonewood, 549
Stout, var. orig. by, 549
Stout, 549
Strachey, quoted, 84
Strawberry, 549
Strawberry (syn. of Berger), 160
Striped-leaved, 549
Strong, William, var. orig. by, 512
Stumpe (syn. of Howe), 464
Stumpe, Mrs., var. orig. by, 465
Stumpy (syn. of Howe), 464
Sucker State, 549
Sucree de Trauttenberg, or Sucree-Douce De Trauttenberg
(syns. of Trauttenberg), 555
Sucrin Vert (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Sugar, 354
Sugar Prune (syn. of Sugar), 354
Suisina Grossella Piccola (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Suisse, 549
Sultan, 549
Sultan (syn. of Occident), 295
Sultaneck Erick, 549
Sultaneck Erik (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Summer Damson (syn. of Damas d’Ete), 426
Sunrise, 549, 550
Sunset, 550
Superbe de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Superb), 431
Superbe de Huling (syn. of Hulings), 245
Superior Gage; Superiour or Superior Green Gage (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
Superior Gage; Superior Green Gage (syns. of Washington), 368
Supreme (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Surpasse Monsieur, 550
Surprise, 355
Susina Di Santa Caterina (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Susina Massina Piccola (syn. of Apricot), 148
Susina Regina (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Susina Settembrica Quialla (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune),
531
Susina Torla d’Nova di Borgogna (incor.) (syn. of Burgundy
Prune), 412
Susina or Susino Vecchietti (syns. of Catelano Violaceo), 416
Susina Verdachia Longa (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
Susino Catalano (syn. of Catalano), 415
Susino Damaschino Settembrino (syn. of Damaschino
Settembrino), 426
Susino Scaudatella (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Suwanee (syn. of Wild Goose), 378
Svedske Tidlig Leipziger, 550
Svedske Ungersk, 550
Swan, 550
Swan (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Swan Golden, 550
Swan’s Yellow (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Sweet Botan (syn. of Abundance, 136; of Berckmans, 159)
Sweet Damson, 550
Sweet Damson (syn. of Fürst Damson, 448; of Horse, 464)
Sweet Prune (syn. of German Prune), 220
Swift, 550
Swiss or Switzer’s Plum (syns. of Suisse), 549
Swiss Prune (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Syrische Pflaume (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Szillassy Piros, 550

Tabor, G. L., var. orig. by, 207

Tante Anne (syn. of Aunt Ann), 397
Tardif or Tardive de Chalons (syns. of Late Chalons), 480
Tardive de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Tardive de Corny, 551
Tardive de Fourqueux, 551
Tardive de Genes, 551
Tardive de Rivers (syn. of Late Rivers), 481
Tardive Musquée, 551
Tarleton, 551
Tatge, 551
Tawny, 551
Taybank, 551
Tchernaya Arabskaya (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
Tchernaya vengerskaya (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Tecumseh, 552
Temperature, phases of, 102
Temple, 552
Tenant or Tennant Prune (syns. of Tennant), 357
Tennant, 357
Tennant, Rev. John, var. orig. by, 357
Tenneha, 552
Tennessee, 552
Tennessee Plum (syn. of Tennessee), 552
Terrell, 552
Terry, 552
Terry, H. A., life of, 242;
var. orig. by, 193, 238, 242, 280, 391, 393, 402, 406, 408,
410, 415, 416, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429, 431, 432,
434, 435, 441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 451, 453, 462, 469,
 471, 472, 473, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 494,
503, 509, 513, 518, 519, 522, 529, 536, 542, 543, 552,
558, 559, 561, 562, 564, 566, 568
Terry De Soto, 552
Terry’s Desota (syn. of Terry De Soto), 552
Teutsche blaue Zwetsche (syn. of German Prune), 220
Texas Belle, 552
Texas Gauge, 552
Thanksgiving, 553
Thanksgiving Prune (syn. of Thanksgiving), 553
The Beauty (syn. of Corymbus), 423
The Coe’s Plum (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
The Cook’s Choice (syn. of Cook Choice), 422
The Czar (syn. of Czar), 184
The Dosch (syn. of Dosch), 435
The Gem (syn. of Gem), 451
The Great Damask Plum (syn. of Lange Violette Damascene),
479
The Green Damosine Plum (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
The Impératrice Plum (syn. of Impératrice), 249
The Imperial Plum (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
The Myrobalane Plum (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
The Nectarine Plum (syn. of Nectarine), 291
The New Apricot Plum (syn. of Apricot), 148
The Purple Myrobalan (syn. of Pissardi), 516
The St. Julian Plum (syn. of Saint Julien), 335