18ben14a U1
18ben14a U1
18ben14a U1
I. RENAISSANCE
There was a development in the spirit of inquiry, freedom of thought and action.
Breaking up of the regime of feudalism and chivalry and birth of new social condition.
Recovery of the masterpieces of the ancient world and the revival knowledge of Greek and
Latin
Maritime exploration and founding of astronomy anatomy, physiology and modern medicine.
CAUSES
The art of printing was introduced in Europe by John Gutenberg of Germany in 1454.
Art of poetry reached Italy in 1465, Switzerland in 1467,France in 1470, Austria and Netherland
in1473, Spain 1474.
The first printing press in England was established in 1476 by William Caxton at Westminster
Oxford -1478; St Albans 1479: London1480
After the capture of Constantinople , the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire by the Turks in
!453 there was a regular exodus of Greek scholars in Europe . They swetteled in Italy and other
Western countries. Their presence stimulated in new enthusiasm for the study of classical
literature and art.
ORIGIN
The renaissance began in Italy. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio were the first Renaissance
humanists.
They recovered many of the ancient manuscripts studied and imitated them.Importance was
given to style. They felt that dealing with and understanding human problems were more
important than the understanding the mysteries of God”s will.
In France the effect of Renaissance was seen in the lyric poetry of Ronsard, the vigorous
prose of FrancoisRabelais and the scholarly essays of Montiagne.
In Spain, the literary glory of the Renaissance was the glory of Cervantes, “DonQvixote”.
ENGLAND
In England Renaissance was heralded by Geoffrey Chaucer who had contact with Italy.
A good start was given by three oxford friends Thomas Linacre , William Grocyn and Hugh
Latimer
All of them studied in Italy and later lectured on Greek in Oxford university.
St. Paul”s Grammar school was found by John Colet which was the first school in England
completely devoted for the study of classical Literature.
AGE OF TRANSLATION
These translations enabled those who did not know Greek and Latin to share the knowledge of
Classical literature.
People like shakespeare who know little Latin and less Greek became familiar with classical
mythology.
EDUCATIONAL IDEAS
The schemes of education followed in the Middle age was inadequate to meet the demands of
modern age.
The purpose of education was “to fashion,not the scholar, but the man; to prepare for life”.
LITERATURE
The Renaissance in literature was begun in England with Sir Thomas More.
His famous work was Utopia which is a Greek word meaning ‘nowhere’ was written in Latin
and first published in 1516.
Spenser , the author of first great epic Farie Queen is the representative poet of the renaissance
Ben Johnson and Francis Bacon – known as the Father of English Tragedy.
SCIENCE
RELIGION
Martin Luther the leader of the movement, translated the Old and NewTestaments into
German
As an outcome of reformation and counter reformation there was a split in the Church and those
who protested against the supremacy of the pope was known as Protestants.
As sculptor , Michael Angelo’s most famous works are the status of David and Moses and the
Pieta.
Leonardo da Vinci is famous for the fresco of the “Last Supper”and “Mona Lisa”
ARCHITECTURE
II. REFORMATION:
CAUSES:
1. Doctrines and practices of the church became outdated and irrelevant and so reform was
needed.
2. 31st October 1517 – was nailed to Wittenburg Church – 95 points debate against the
doctrine of indulgences.
3. He wrote to Rome informing about the trivial scandal that was going on.
9. Side issue: Desire of King Henry VIII to get his marriage annulled with Catharine of Aragon,
as he got captivated by Anne Boleyn.
10. Pope Clement VII did not issue the Papal permission.
11. Hence, King Henry VIII had a compete break with Rome, suggested by Thomas Cranmer.
REFORMATION PARLIAMENT:
2. Parliament cut down the fee which people paid to the clergy.
ACT OF SUPREMACY:
3. Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher – refused to take the oath – executed.
4. 1536 – Bill was passed to dissolve all the monasteries which possessed much wealth.
REFORMATION – EUROPE:
* Discipline of clergy
* Changes in doctrine
1. According to the Act of Supremacy passed by The Reformation Parliament (1534), King
Henry VIII – Head of the church of England.
4. The immense wealth of the monasteries went to Henry (who was badly in need of money).
6. Throughout the 15th century, clergy became corrupt and pleasure loving.
8. The wish of the general people were expressed through the pamphlet “The supplication of
the beggars.”
9. 1536 – Henry induced the parliament to pass the Act of abolishing the monasteries.
10. During the first year - nearly 400 smaller monasteries with endowments - less than 200euro
a year was dissolved.
12. Monks and Nuns - few pension. Nuns – worse than monks.
CONSEQUENCES:
4. Franciscan and Dominican disappeared and their place was taken by Protestant Preachers.
6. James I took Chamberlain’s men after succession and called them as the King’s men.
8. The first permanent theatre (1576) – built by – James Burbage – called ‘the Theatre’.
9. Later, famous theatres like, Rose was built in 1587, The globe in 1599 and Fortune in 1600.
10. Theatres – different shapes – the Swan was octagonal – the Fortune was square.
11. Theatre was half-open to the sky and the plays were acted during day-time.
12. Towards, the end, great changes took place. Candle light – used for effects.
13. The stage arrangement in the Elizabethan era was not so elaborate as in the modern one.
14. There were no proper stage appliances to produce the effect of change in time and place.
15. Shakespeare tried to convey the effects of time, place and action through the dialogue
between characters.
16. For example, in Macbeth, act II, scene I, the time of action is night and is suggested by
Banquo’s remark,
17. There were no drop curtains in the Elizabethan theatre. The end of a scene was often
indicated by a rhyming couplet.
18. There were no female performers in Elizabethan theatre. Therefore, women parts were
often played by young boys trained from childhood for this purpose.
19. Shakespeare’s play did not have many such “actresses” and so there were only few women
in most of his plays.
20. Boy actors were not able to act successfully the role of Lady Macbeth and Cleopatra.
21. Most of the audience of the Shakespearean theatre were highly superstitious, believing in
ghosts and witches.
22. It was not an easy task for an ordinary dramatist to please such people.
23. Shakespeare, master of his art was the most popular dramatist.
24. Well played people were seated in the galleries. Some of the most privileged people sat
on the stools in the stage.
25. Audience known as groundlings paid just a penny and stood on the floor.
26. The Elizabethan age was a period of transition from the old religious drama to modern
non-religious plays.
28. In the beginning, drama was performed inside the church by the priests. It was enacted in
Latin language. The stories on the dramas were based on the Bible and were moral stories.
This kind of drama is called mystery and miracle plays.
29. At first, drama was written according to classical tradition, observing the three unities of
time, place and action.
30. The first English dramatist of some originality was Robert Greene “Originality wits”
31. The famous Spanish Tragedy, written by Thomas Kyd, is considered to be the first tragedy
in English.
32. Christopher Marlowe, the author of Tamberline, the Jew of Malta, Dr.Faustus and Edward
II is recognized by all as the father of English tragedy.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE:
* A play with a happy ending. It is the story of an ordinary person, who have
difficulties in life and successful in the end.
* His success brings joy and sunshine not only to himself, but also to all others who
are associated with him.
A tragedy :
* Story of a great man with great qualities, who fails to have mastery over adverse
circumstances because of an inherent flaw in his character.
5. The major four tragedies of Shakespeare are Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Hamlet.
7. As you like it, Twelfth night and Merchant of Venice were some of his comedies.
9. Pericles, Cymbeline, A winter’s tale and the Tempest are the four romances which are
supposed to be the last plays of Shakespeare.
10. A major part of the Elizabethan play was in verse and not in prose.
12. Poetry is used by the major characters and prose by the minor characters.
INTRODUCTION:
3. First Englishman in India is Father Thomas Stevetis, became the head of the Jesuit College in
Goa in 1579.
4. 1585, English merchants, Ralph Fitch and William Leeds arrived at Fatehpur Sikri (city of
Akbar, Mughal Emperor).
5. First important step was taken in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth who granted Royal Charter to
EIC.
6. After that it took 8 years for English traders to establish first trading centre at Surat.
ORIGIN:
2. At first it made enormous profit, but later many European and English rivals appeared.
1. EIC made some progress and wanted to establish trade centres in India.
2. In 1640, land to the north of San Thome, the Portugese settlement, was rented from Raja of
Chandragiri.
3. There Francis Day erected a fort named St. George, after the patron saint of England.
5. “Madras” is derived from Portugese “Madre de Dios”, which meant “Mother of God”.
12. In 1690, famous British Agent Job Charnock built a fort at Kalikata and named it Fort
William in honour of King William III.
13. Several other factories were opened in Bengal, and thus started the Presidency of Bengal.
BRITISH SUPREMACY:
3. He was the first Governor of Bengal and sometime later Lord Clive of Plassey.
4. In 1767, in Britain, he was badly attacked in the House of Commons for corruption and
aggression.
2. Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General over the presidencies of Bombay and
Madras.
4. Supreme Court with Chief Justice and three judges was appointed to deal with crime.
6. All Indian Affairs was managed by a committee of three senior Directors, supervised by a
Board of Control appointed by the Crown.
2. They fought with frontier countries like Afghanistan, Burma and Nepal.
3. To establish British supremacy, they waged wars with Indian adventurists like Haider Ali and
his son Tipu Sultan.
4. After three Maratha wars, they disbanded the formidable Maratha confederacy.
5. EIC sign a treaty with the Sikh leader Ranjith Singh (Lion of the Punjab) and after his death,
the Sikh states were annexed.
6. By making subsidiary alliances, they established British power over a god part of India.
7. According to Subsidiary system, rulers had to pay a certain amount of money for external
defence and internal security.
REFORMS:
8. On 7th march 1835, William Bentinck announced that “the great object of the British
Government ought to be the promotion of the European literature and science among the
natives of India.
4. The Grand Ganges Canal, the largest canal in the world, was also made in Dalhousie’s time.
SEPOY MUTINY:
2. To add fuel to the fire, the British also wounded the religious feelings of the people.
3. The famous Sepoy Mutiny broke out at Meerut on 10 May 1857 at Delhi, Cawnpore,
Lucknow.
4. At last the British Parliament transferred the Government of India directly to the Crown.
1. EIC popularized Indian goods, like fine cotton, calico cloth, silk and tea.
4. English scholars took keen interest in the study of Indian religions and literature.
6. William Jones translated Sakuntala, the immortal Drama, by the great Indian poet Kalidasa.
7. Number of Indian scholars like Raja Ram Mohan Roy became familiar with Christianity.
9. Many words of Indian origin, like banian, bungalow, jungle, swaraj, to mention only a few,
have found their way into the English vocabulary.
COLONIAL EXPANSION
* The colony was named Virginia honoring the Virgin queen – Queen Elizabeth
* The Plymouth Company and the London Company bought Sir Walter’s rights.
* Captain John Smith made first permanent settlement named Jamestown in 1607.
* They landed near Cape Cod, and it was named New Plymouth.
* In 1634, Maryland Colony, the first Roman Catholic settlement was found by Lord Baltimore.
* New Amsterdam was named New York in honor of Duke York (James II) in 1644.
* In 1681, Charles II gave William Penn a land, Pennsylvania, meaning, the Penn’s wood.
* Penn leased land in the south from the Swedes and it became New Jersey.
* In 1663, Charles II gave Proprietors territory in the south of Virginia which was named
Carolina.
* In 1670, Prince Rupert found the Hudson Bay Company, which ruled Canada.
* Jamaica was taken from Spain by Admiral Penn and was made a British colony in 1655.
* Gold and slaves attracted Englishmen to West Africa.
* In 1562, Sir John Hawkins got three hundred slaves from Guinea Coast.
* In 1672, the Royal African Company was found which brought gold, ivory, slaves to Britain.
* By the Treaty of Utrecht 1713, after Spanish Succession War, England possessed several parts
of the world.