AP Euro Notes
AP Euro Notes
AP Euro Notes
Chapter 2 Pg 46-91
• 1300: Church at its zenith; but it existed for those who conducted their faith
• Boniface VIII issues Papal bull of 1302
○ Unam Sanctum – no salvation outside the church – a response to Edward I of
England and Philip the Fair of France
• Philip moved the next pope to Avignon – “The Babylon Captivity” of the church.
With one pope in Rome and one in Avignon, the Great Schism of the West
continued for 40 years
• After the plague, two popes, symptoms of mass neurosis began to appear:
Dance of Death, Black Mass, flagellant.
• In England, William Langland’s “Piers Plowman, c. 1372-89
• John Wycliffe, an Oxford teacher and the “dawn star” of the Protestant
Reformation, said that church may not be necessary for salvation
• Protesters against the wealth and power of the clergy called Lollards believed in
a life based on the Bible. Maybe half of England were Lollards by 1395.
Influenced by Wycliffe
• European wide church council met in Pisa, in 1409 to reform the church deposed
both popes, elected another.
• Concil at Constance met in 1414 – not much reform but they invited accused
heretic John Huss to give his side of the story.
• All three popes were persuaded to withdraw, replaced by Martin V.
• Majority wanted to make the councils, permanent, pope as constitutional
monarch.
• Church increasingly corrupted by money
○ Simony
○ Nepotism
○ Indulgences
○ Annates
○ Sexually Active Churchmen
• Concillor movement hurt by founding of the Gallican church in 1438
• Last concil held at Basel in 1499
Renaissance Architecture
Italy N. Europe
Pagan Humanism Christian Humanism
None in Italy in 15th Century “Scholastic” and monkish but
many new universities in the North
Germany
• Center of European life before the shift of commercial artery from Central
Europe to the Atlantic
• Politically, the German-speaking world was ill-defined and ill-organized but
great independence, prosperity
• Busy Trade, Hanseatic League, created necessary order and protection that
would later be taken over by the modern state.
• Great technical inventiveness in mining and printing. With printing, learning
became easier, stimulating literacy. Ideas spread more rapidly, but censorship
increased.
• Germany also had the richest banking families in Europe, Jacob Fugger.
• In science: Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) who revived trigonometry.
• Nicholas of Cusa – applied math to the study of the universe
• Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory (Sun in the middle of solar system)
• Also the finest cartographers (map makers) came from Germany
• In painting: Durer, Holbein, Van Eyck, Bruegal, and others.
• South: aesthetic
• North: Mystical somber
• Meister Eckart (d 1327) – God can only be known outside of ordinary human
experience – divine revelation to the inner soul.
• Thomas A. Kempis (1380-1471) – Imitation of Christ – the individual soul could
commune directly w/ God; church, sacraments not needed.
• Lay Religion – Religion led by those outside the church.
• Gerard Groote founded the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life, a
modern Devotion commune run w/o clergy (1374)
○ No binding religious vows
○ Received papal approval
○ Wore ordinary clothing
○ Students organized by grade/ability
○ Instill tolerance, reverence, brotherhood.
9/15/08
9/16/08
In 1526 the Turks defeated the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs, and Hungary
lost their king; elected Charles’ brother Ferdinand as their new king.
Christendom
/ \
Catholic Protestant
• Luther was a monk driven by spiritual conviction that he was damned; inspired
by St. Paul
• Martin Luther: (1483-1546) was the first to successfully defy the church
• In 1517, John Tetzel was sent to Wittenburg by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences.
9/18
• Major protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the 16th Century condemned
the Anabaptists because they advocated a complete seperation of church/state
• Most successful revolutionaries – higher orders of the empire against the
emperor, occurred mostly in imperial free cities, dynastic states in the North of
Germany – confiscating church land gave them a strong material interest in the
success of Luthernaism.
• Schmalkaldic League formed by Lutheran princes against the emperor
• League supported by Francis I of France – became policy of France to keep a
balance of power by keeping Germany divided.
9/19
Reformation in England was peculiar because its government broke with the Roman
Church before adopting Protestant Principles
• Next under Elizabeth (r. 1558-1602) England became more Protestant in its own
way.