Textbook Wildcat Women Narratives of Women Breaking Ground in Alaska S Oil and Gas Industry Carla Williams Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Wildcat Women Narratives of Women Breaking Ground in Alaska S Oil and Gas Industry Carla Williams Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Wildcat Women Narratives of Women Breaking Ground in Alaska S Oil and Gas Industry Carla Williams Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Wildcat Women
Wildcat Women
Narratives of Women Breaking Ground in
Alaska’s Oil and Gas Industry
by Carla Williams
Published by
University of Alaska Press
P.O. Box 756240
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6240
Bottom cover image: Large diameter pipes called flow lines coming from a
well pad. Photo by Carla Williams.
Foreword, ix
Preface, xiii
Acknowledgments, xvii
Introduction, xix
Part One:
Oil Rush: Above the Lower 48 and Below Zero
Part Two:
Wildcat Voices
We Can Do It! 27
Irene Bartee, 29 Onice McClain, 115
Kate Cotten, 45 Marlene McCarty, 123
Lianne Rockstad, 60 Roxie (Hollingsworth) Majeske, 135
Debora Strutz, 67 Robin Connolly, 143
Norma Carter, 83 Rosemary Carroll, 156
Donna Ford, 90 Clara King, 162
Dana Martinez Parker, 108 Samantha George, 167
Part Three:
North to the Future
Glossary, 203
Endnotes, 209
Index, 213
About the Author, 231
Foreword
Dermot Cole
Fairbanks, Alaska
May 2017
OIL RUSH
Above the Lower 48
and Below Zero
Fakirs, 208-210
Famaka, 168, 187
Fashoda:
French advance to, 169, 170
Shilluk rising at, 157
telegraph to, 257
Fashoda Province:
cotton wild in, 241
finances of, 259
natives of, 193
situation of, 191
tobacco in, 241
Fatiko, 150
Fayoum:
exceptional character of, 13
irrigated lands in, 31; increase of, due to Dam, 83
Mœris, Lake, in, 29
water-wheels in, 34
Fazokhl:
British and Egyptian advance to, 168
Fungs at, 140
Ismail’s advance to, 142
tobacco produced at, 241
Feathers, exports of, from Soudan, 180, 239, 241; tax on, 253
Fellaheen. See Egyptians
Finance. See under Egypt and Soudan
Football, 220
Foster, E. W. P., 44
French:
engineers, work of, 29. See also Mougel
Fashoda, advance of, 169, 170
Wadai occupied by, 273
French Congoland, 187
Fuel, price of, 228, 255
Fungs, 140, 141
Gallabat:
cotton grown at, 242
railway to, suggested, 232
telegraph at, 257
Garstin, Sir W.: surveys by, 44, 115, 123, 126; quoted, 114, 121, 122, 130;
cited, 119, 122
Gash. See Khor Gash
Gedaref:
colony at, 228
cotton grown at, 242
Mahdi’s success at, 164
railway to, suggested, 232
telegraph at, 257
Gessi, 129, 157, 158
Gharbia, 45, 64
Ghazal River. See Bahr el Ghazal
Ghezireh (Island of Sennar):
profits of, 259
railway in, suggested, 232
situation of, 191
soil of, 191, 235, 236, 242
Ginnis, 165
Gizeh, irrigation improvement in, 83
Pyramids of, 63, 94
Godavery Dam, 74
Gold:
Nile Valley Gold Mining Company, 232
prospecting licenses for, 245
undesirability of, for Soudan, 245
Golo tribe, 146, 194
Gondokoro (Ismailia):
Baker’s arrival at (1871), 150
boats plying to, 233
position of, 187
Gordon, General: Ismail’s employment of, 148; Governor-General of Equatoria,
150; attitude of, towards slave trade, 150, 151; advises occupation of
Mombasa, 153; recalled to the Soudan, 155; quells Darfur rebellion, 155,
156; tours of, 156; returns to England, 157; sent to evacuate the Soudan,
163; death of, 165
Gordon College:
bacteriological research laboratory at, 217, 224
buildings and situation of, 178, 214-217
character of, 217, 224
funds of, 216, 217
technical workshop apparatus at, 217, 221
Goz Abu Goma, 257
Graham, General, 164, 165
Granite at Assouan, 73, 81, 93; in the Atbara region, 189
Greek traders, 245, 246
Grenfell, General Lord, 166
Guinea worm, 234
Gum:
exports of, from Soudan (1879-1881), 239; (1899-1900), 240
price of, 240
sorting of, 180
substitutes for, 240
tax on, 253
uses of, 239
Guttapercha (rubber), 239, 244; tax on, 253
Ibrahim, 142
Ibrahimiyah Canal, 30, 63, 85, 89
India:
administrators from, 43
Soudanese trade with, formerly, 231, 237, 238
Indian corn (maize), 40, 55
Iron, 146, 244
Irrigation:
basin—
extent of system in Upper Egypt, 16
improvements in, 15
invention of, 13
method of, 13-15
expenditure on, in twenty years, 88
perennial—
advantages and disadvantages of, 25, 26
Corvée hardships incidental to, 61
high flood in relation to, 132
Mehemet Ali’s schemes of, 23-26
pumping-engines, 35; system of rotations, 56
responsibilities connected with, 111, 112
Soudan, in, need and scope for, 234-236, 242, 243
Islam, 160, 161
Ismail, Khedive: corvée employed by, 30, 31, 62; characteristics of, 31, 71;
Soudan under, 139, 148; annexations by, 149, 169; slave policy of, 149;
impending ruin of, 151
Ismail Pasha Ayoub, 128
Ismail (son of Mehemet Ali), 142, 143
Ismailia (Gondokoro), 150
Italians, Massowah under, 169, 274
stone-cutters, 82
Ivory, 180, 239, 253
Omdurman:
buildings, etc., in, 181, 182
characteristics of, 179, 180
Government factories at, 177
Greek traders in, 245, 246
growth of population of, under Khalifa, 167
industrial school at, 220, 221
Kitchener’s capture of, 168
market of, 168, 181, 182, 271
primary school at, 218, 219; training college in connection with, 204, 222,
223; kuttab in connection with, 222
railway to El Obeid from, suggested, 232
situation of, 180
Taaisha tribe settled at, 167
Osman Digna, 165, 166
Ostrich-farming, 241. See also Feathers
Papyrus, 125
Peel, Captain Sir William, quoted, 135, 136
Perfumeries, 183, 230, 237, 238
Philæ, 75-77, 94, 174
Pibor River, 187
Portland cement, 52, 53, 82
Pumping. See under Irrigation
Pyramids, 27, 63, 94
Sabaini, 41
Said Pasha: corvée employed by, 62; desirous of evacuating Soudan, 146;
reforms of, 147
Sakiehs (water-wheels):
numbers of, between Khartoum and Berber, 234, 235
structure of, 34
taxation of, 147, 250
Salt, injurious effect of, 19, 40
Scents, 183, 230, 237, 238
Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin: Baring’s support of, 44; decision of, on pumping-
stations, 48; intercedes for Mougel Bey, 58
Seasons, 10, 11, 35
Setit River, 187
Semliki River, 121
Senna, 239
Sennar:
Arabian settlements in (A.D. 700), 139
civilization, former, 140, 141, 272
cotton formerly grown in, 242
Egyptian tyranny over, 144
finances of, 259
kuttab at capital of, 222
Mahdi in, 162
murder case from, 207
situation of, 191
telegraph in, 257
University formerly in, 272
Sennar, Island of. See Ghezireh
Serut fly, 233, 234
Shadoofs, 32-34
Shambe, 120, 126, 194
Sharaki lands, 14, 15, 89, 249
Shilluks:
cotton neglected by, 241
King of, tax-collecting emulated by, 193
Omdurman, at, 180
slaves raided from, 140
Sheikh-es-Senussi, 273
Shellal, 174
Shendi:
climate and soil of, 188
cotton farm at, 243
Crewe of the Soudan, 177
Ismail murdered at, 143
Sinkat, 164, 230
Slatin, Sir Rudolf von, 164, 181; cited, 167; quoted, 226
Slave-trade:
Abyssinian frontier, raiding on, 211
Arabian occupation in, 140, 142; Arabian market for, 212
British measures against, 212, 271
Egyptian responsibility for, 145, 154, 155
Gordon’s suppression of, 150, 151
Ismail’s policy regarding, 149
Khalifa, under, 168
Khartoum a centre of, 144
Soudan, prevalence in, 142, 155; fostered by overtaxation, 250
Wadai, at, 273
Slavery, Arab view of, 213
Small-pox, inoculation for, 272
Soap, manufacture of, 238
Sobat River:
Abyssinian agreement regarding, 113
American Medical Mission on, 223
district south of, 189
garrisons on, 151
‘green’ water from tributaries of, 7
importance of, 5, 119
trade possibilities of, 233
white sediment in, 5
Sobat Valley, rainfall in, 8
Sohagia Canal, 16
Somaliland, 153
Sorghum crops, 41
Soudan (for special towns and districts, see their titles):
agriculture in, importance of, 234, 245
loans for, 234
area of, 188
boundaries of, 171, 175, 186-188
British administration of, 186; native attitude towards, 196
capital of, 173
climates of, 188
colonization in, 227
Convention of 1899, 262
Customs receipts. See Soudan, finances
depopulation of, 185; increase of population, 227, 230
diseases. See Diseases
education—
Cromer, Lord, on, 225
Department of, 201, 217
elementary character of, required, 216
English, teaching of, 224
expenditure on, in three years, 218
Gordon College. See Gordon College
kuttabs, 221-223
primary schools established, 218, 219; kuttabs, 221-223
technical, 217, 220, 221
training college for Sheikhs, 222, 223
Egypt—
army of occupation from, maintenance of, 255, 264
financial relations with. See Soudan, finances
importance of Soudan to, 114, 115, 265
rule of, 144-148
evacuation of, contemplated, 163
finances (see also Soudan, taxation)—
Budget, 247, 249, 250; for 1902, 253; estimates for 1903, 257
capital, dearth of, 234, 266
Customs duties on land side retained by Egypt, 253, 254, 263
Egyptian control of, 247; contribution, amount of, 259, 260, 266;
expenditure, 1899-1903, 263
public works, expenditure on, 258
revenue, sources of, 247, 248
sound condition of, 260
flood-gauges in, 66
gold in, rumours of, 141, 142; undesirability of, 245
government of—
British officials, versatility required of, 195, 196, 198, 199; keenness
of, 196; age of, 197; changes among, 275; status of, 275
Egyptian officials, 197, 198, 266
methods of, 190-192
nature of, 261-263
investments in cotton in, prospects for, 244
irrigation. See Irrigation
justice, administration of, 201-203, 206-211
kidnapping in, 212
land-measuring, instruction in, 219
land-ownership in, 198, 202; Government the admitted owner, 249
land-tax. See Soudan, taxation
legal administration in, 201-203, 206, 207
legal adviser in, 201; cited, 207
manufactures of, 242
Mehemet Ali’s influence on, 139, 141
nomad tribes in, 192, 250, 251
penal code of, 201
petitions to Governor-General in, 211, 249
population of, increasing, 227, 230
post and telegraphs, 254, 256, 257
provinces of, 191
railways in—
capital expenditure on, 256, 260, 264
Halfa-Kerma, 229
Halfa-Khartoum, 228
Suakin-Berber, project of, 165, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
takings of, 254, 255
various, suggestion of, 232
skilled labour, dearth of, 220
slave-trade. See Slave-trade
Steamer and Boats Department, 255
Stewart’s report on (1883), 159, 171, 237
taxation in—
amount raised by, annually, 251
date-tax, 252
gum, etc., on, 253
land-tax—
amounts of, 252
assessment of, 219
Dongola, contribution from, 259
proportion of taxation raised by, 252
lightness of, 253, 267
tribute, 192, 250, 251
Ushur, 252
various items in Budget of 1902, 253
telegraphs in, 254, 256, 257
trade in—
Greeks engaged in, 245, 246
Indian, former, 231, 237, 238
Nile Valley route for, 231, 237, 254, 268
obstacles to, 226, 227
returns of imports and exports, 237-239
water-ways for, 233
transport in, difficulties of, 227, 228; improvements in, 232
Turk, native attitude towards, 142, 193
war in, cost of, 263
reservoir project affected by, 78
Soudanese:
Arab, 189, 190
illiteracy of, 216
negro, 189, 190
women—
appearance of, 183
coiffure of, 183
employments of, 178, 180
Mahdi, woman as, 195
military honour regarded by, 176
mutiny at Khartoum concerning, 192
Stewart, Colonel D. H.: report by, on the Soudan, 159, 171, 237; death of, 171;
list of tribes by, 185, 186
Suakin:
Customs receipts at, decrease in, 254
Ismail’s purchase of, 149
primary school at, 218, 222
railway to Berber from, project of, 165, 230, 231, 244, 256, 267-269, 277
situation of, 191
telegraphs from, 257
trade returns at, 237-239
Sudd:
clearing of, 129-132, 233
nature of, 126
obstructions caused by, 127-129, 158
Sueh River, 169
Suez Canal, 62, 149
Sugar, Soudanese imports of, 238, 241, 265
Sugar-cane, 39, 41, 241
Suleiman (son of Zubehr), 152, 155-157
Sultâni, 41
Uganda:
administration of, 261
Baker’s relations with, 150
British protectorate over, declared, 169
dams on lakes in, scheme of, 118-123
Gordon’s treaty with, 151
railway along Abyssinian frontier to, suggested, 232
Soudanese boundary of, 187
swamps in, 6
telegraph tariff to obtain in, 257
‘Um soof,’ 126, 129
Umbrellas, imports of, 238
Unyoro, 150, 169
Ushur, 252
Wad Medani;
district from, to Duem, 235
flour-mills at, 234
kuttab, model, at, 222
railway to, suggested, 232
telegraph at, 257
Wadai, 273
Wadi Halfa (see also Halfa):
railway from, 168
voyage to, from Shellal, 174
Wages, increase in, 109
Wau, 131, 194, 233
Water-wheels. See Sakiehs
Wellcome, Mr., 217, 224
Western, Colonel, 44, 50
Whale-headed stork, 5
White ants, 256, 276
White Nile. See under Nile