EMERGENCY CARE

AND FIRST AID

MIDTERM
MAJOR 17
TEACHING PE AND HEALTH
IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION

First Aid is an emergency care and

treatment of a sick or injured person before
more advanced medical assistance, in the
form of the emergency medical services
(EMS) arrives.
 INTRODUCTION
The primary focus of first aid training is to provide you
with the skills and knowledge necessary to minimize
the effects of accidents or illness. First aider provide a
primary response to emergencies within the
community and may sometimes be the first and the
only person on the scene, it is necessary for him/her to
remain calm, he should be able to make the right
decision in a situation dominated by emotional stress
and anxiety.
 RESPONSIBILITIES
• Preserve life and provide initial emergency care
and treatment to sick or injured people.
• Protect the unconscious
• Prevent a casualty’s condition from becoming
worse
• Promote the recovery of the casualty
 PHILOSOPHY
In the pre-hospital setting, the key contributors to survival and recovery
from illness and injury are prompt and effective maintenance of the body’s
primary functions: (DR. ABC)
• Check Danger
• Check Response
• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation - Bleeding control (life-threatening)
Medical research data suggests that effective support of these basic
functions provides the most significant contributor to positive outcomes for
casualties in the prehospital setting.
 CHAPTER TWO
EXPOSURE TO BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 EXPOSURE
First aider may be exposed to biological substances such as blood-borne
pathogens and communicable diseases, whilst dealing with a victim.
These may result from dealing with:
• Trauma-related injuries
• Resuscitation
There are many different blood-borne pathogens that can be transmitted
from a penetrating injury or mucous exposure, in particular, Hepatitis B
virus, Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV). Other
diseases not found in human blood may be carried in fluids such as saliva
(e.g. Hepatitis A and the organism that cause meningitis) or animal blood
and fluid.
 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION
First aiders should equip themselves with the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE). This equipment is used to minimize
infection from disease.
• Wearing appropriate protective equipment for the task
• Treating all person as if infectious
• Washing following completion of task
• Appropriate disposal of disposal protective items and/or equipment
• Maintaining good hygiene practices before, during, and after tasks
involving contamination risk.
CHAPTER THREE
FIRST AID SURVEYS
 PRIMARY SURVEY
Most injured or ill service members are able to return to their units to fight
or support primarily because they are given appropriate and timely first
aid followed by the best medical care possible. Therefore, all service
members must remember the basics.

• Check for BREATHING: Lack of oxygen intake (through brain damage

or death in a few minutes)
• Check for BLEEDING: Life cannot continue without an adequate
volume of blood to carry oxygen to tissues
• Check for SHOCK: Unless shock is prevented, first aid performed, and
medical treatment provided, death may result even though the injury
would not otherwise be fatal
 EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
1. SURVEY THE SCENE
Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred and decide to
act, you must make sure the scene of the emergency is safe for you,
the victim/s, and any bystander/s.
ELEMENTS:
• Scene safety
• Mechanism of injury or nature of illness
• Determine the number of patients and additional resources.
 EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND TRANSFER
FACILITY
• In some emergencies, you will have enough time to call for specific
medical advice before administering first aid. But in some situations,
you will need to attend to the victim first.
Phone First and Phone Fast
• Both trained and untrained bystanders should be instructed to
Activate Medical Assistance as soon as they have determined that an
adult victim requires emergency care “Phone First”. While for infants
and children, a “Phone fast” approach is recommended.
 EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
3. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM IN EVERY
EMERGENCY SITUATION, YOU MUST FIRST FIND OUT IF
THERE ARE CONDITIONS THAT ARE AN IMMEDIATE THREAT
TO THE VICTIM’S LIFE.
• Check for consciousness
• Check for airway
• Check for breathing
• Check for circulation
 EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
4. DO A SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM
It is a systematic method of gathering additional
information about injuries or conditions that may
need care.
• Interview the victim
• Check vital signs
• Perform head-to-toe examination.
 CHAPTER FOUR
BASIC MEASURES FOR FIRST AID
 OPEN THE AIRWAY
AND RESTORE BREATHING
• When a victim is unconscious, all muscles are relaxed.
• The tongue of the victim falls at the back of the throat.
• It blocks the airway and the unconscious victim is further at risk.
• May cause airway obstruction, or laryngeal irritation, and foreign material may
enter the lungs.
• For this reason, the rescuer should not give an unconscious victim anything by
mouth, and should not attempt to induce vomiting.
KEY POINT: In an unconscious victim, care of the airway takes precedence over
any injury, including the possibilities of spinal injury. Airway management is high
priority. It is important to check the airway before the breathing. If air cannot
enter the lungs due to some sort of blockage, the casualty will not survive for long.
 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
ALWAYS CHECK
OBSTRUCTION:
If during resuscitation the
airway becomes compromised,
the victim should be promptly
rolled onto their side to clear
the airway. The victim should
then be reassessed for
 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
Tongue:
The muscle tone of the upper
airway is directly related to
responsiveness: when sleeping, for
example; a minor degree of
reduced muscle tone may lead to
sufficient obstruction to cause
snoring. When unresponsive,
however, this obstruction can
become complete and fatal.
 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
Vomit:
Food remains in our stomachs for hours,
so most victims will have food in their
stomachs, and it is possible for this food to
regurgitate up from the stomach into the
lungs. This is called aspiration. The acidity
of the stomach contents and the particle
size can block and damage the airway.
Regurgitation is a passive process caused
by a rise in stomach pressure overcoming
the sphincter. It is usually caused by a full
gut, obesity, (weight on the stomach) or
air.
 HOW TO CHECK THE AIRWAY
• Open the mouth and look for foreign objects
• Finger sweep (only if an object can be seen and can remove with a sweep of
a gloved finger)
• Perform a “Head-tilt, chin-lift”.
• Head-tilt, chin-lift:
Adults and children (a child is defined as one year to eight years of age). One
hand is placed on the forehead or the top of the head. The other hand is used
to provide a chin lift. The head is tilted backward without placing your hand
under the neck. It is important to avoid excessive force, especially when neck
injury is suspected. Make sure that you are wearing barrier gloves.
 HOW TO CHECK BREATHING
• LOOK for movement of the upper abdomen or
lower chest
• LISTEN for the escape of air from nose and mouth
• FEEL for breath on the side of your face/movement
of the chest and upper abdomen.
• THIS SHOULD TAKE YOU NO LONGER THAN 10
SECONDS.
 CPR – RESCUE BREATHS
• Kneel beside the victim’s head.
• Maintained open airways.
• Use a resuscitation barrier device.
• Take a breath, open your mouth as widely as possible, and
place it over the victim’s slightly open mouth.
• Whilst maintaining an open airway pinch the nostril (or seal
nostrils with rescuer cheeks) and blow to inflate the victim’s
lungs.
• Look for rise of the victim’s chest whilst inflating
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
EFFECTIVE CPR-30 compression followed
by 2 rescue breathes.
CRP is a repetitive cycle of:
1. Airway opening
2. Chest compression
3. Rescue breathing
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Recognition of the need for chest
compression:
• First Aider should use unresponsiveness and
absence of normal breathing to identify the
need for resuscitation. Feeling for a pulse is
unreliable and should not be performed to
confirm the need for resuscitation.
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
When should CPR be performed?
•CPR should be performed on casualties
who are not breathing or responsiveness
and breathing inadequately. Sometimes a
casualty suffering a cardiac arrest may
occasionally gasp, but this not constitute
breathing.
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
You should not perform CPR:
• When it is too dangerous to rescuers.
• When there are obvious signs of death, for
example rigor mortis.
• When the casualty’s injuries are clearly too
severe for survival.
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Complications:
• Broken ribs are not uncommon during CPR. If this
occurs, check your hand position and continue. You
can reduce the chance of breaking ribs by placing
and by avoiding excessive force during compressions.
Broken ribs will decrease the effectiveness of the chest
compression in generating blood flow, but this cannot
always be avoided.
 CARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Reassessment
• After every two minutes of CPR, reassess for signs of
life (coughing, breathing, or movement). This should
take no longer than 10 seconds. If the casualty begins
to show signs of life during CPR, reassess the
breathing immediately. If the casualty is breathing,
place them into the recovery position and monitor
continuously.
 METHODS OF COMPRESSION
Children and adults
• Two hand techniques is used for performing
chest compressions in adults.
• One hand technique is used to performed chest
compressions on children under 8 yrs old.
 METHODS OF COMPRESSION
Infant:
• In infant the two finger technique should be used by
lay rescuers to transfer time from compression to
ventilation. Having obtained the compression point
the rescuer places two finger on this point and
compresses the chest. Interruption to chest
compressions must be minimized
 METHODS OF COMPRESSION
Infant:
• Infants requiring chest compressions should be placed on
their back on a firm surfaces (e.g. table or floor) to optimize
the effectiveness of compressions. Compression should be
rhythmic with equal time for compressions and relaxation.
The rescuer must avoid either rocking backwards or
forwards, or using thumps or quick jabs. Rescuer should
allow complete recoil of the chest after each compression.
 DEPTH OF COMPRESSION
• The lower half of the sternum should be
depressed approximately one third of the depth
of the chest with each compression.
• This should equate to more than 5cm in adults,
approximately 5cm in children and 4 cm in
infants.
DEPTH OF COMPRESSION