BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
▣ SESSION I: PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY CARE
▣ SESSION II: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
▣ SESSION III: CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
▣ SESSION IV: RESCUS BREATHING
▣ SESSION V: AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
▣ SESSION V: FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
 SESSION I
PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY CARE
▣ GETTING STARTED
1. PLANNING. Emergency plans should be established based on
anticipated needs and available resources.
2. PROVISION OF LOGISTICS. The emergency response begins with the
preparation of equipment and personnel before any emergency
occurs.
3. Remember the initial response as follows:
• Ask for help
• Intervene
• Do know further harm
4. INSTRUCTION TO BY-STANDERS. Proper information and instruction to a
helper/s would provide organized first aid care.

▣ EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

1. SURVEY THE SCENE. Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred
and decide to act, you must make sure that the scene of the emergency is
safe for you, the victim/s, and the bystander/s.
Take time to survey the scene and answer these questions:
• Is the scene safe?
• What happened? Nature of incident
• How many people are injured?
• Are there bystanders who can help?
• Then identify yourself as a trained first aider
• Get consent to give care
2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE (AMA) OR TRANSFER FACILITY. In some
emergencies, you will have enough time to call for specific medical advise
before administering first aid. But in some situations, you will need to
attend to the victim first.
▪ CALL FIRST AND CPR FIRST. Both trained and untrained bystanders should be
instructed to Activate Medical Assistance as soon as they have determined
that an adult victim requires emergency care, “CALL FIRST”. While for infant
and children, a “CPR FIRST” approach is recommended.
▪ Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
i. What happened?
ii. Location?
iii. Number of persons injured?
iv. Extent of injury and first aid given?
v. The telephone number from where you are calling?
vi. Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and
drop the phone last.
3. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM. In every emergency situation,
you must first find out if there are conditions that are immediate
threat to the victim’s life. Check for RESPONSIVENESS.
4. DO A SECONDARY ASSESSMENT OF THE VICTIM. It is a systematic
method of gathering additional information about the injuries or
conditions that may need care.
• Interview the victim
• S- signs and symptoms
• A- allergies
• M- medications
• P- past medical history
• L- last meal taken
• E- events prior to injury
▣ Check vital signs every 15 minutes if stable and every 5 minutes if
unstable.
▣ Perform head-to-toe examination
◼ D- deformity
◼ C- contusion
◼ A- abrasion
◼ P- puncture
◼ B- burn
◼ T- tenderness
◼ L- laceration
◼ S- swelling
5. Refer patient for further evaluation and management (if necessary,
depending on patient’s condition).

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

What to DO:
▣ Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.

▣ Do obtain consent, when possible.

▣ Do think the worst. It’s best to administer first aid for the gravest
possibility.
▣ Do provide comfort and emotional support.

▣ Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy.

▣ Do be as calm and as direct as possible.

▣ Do care for the most serious injuries first.
▣ Do assist the victim with his or her prescription medication.
▣ Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
▣ Do handle the victim to a minimum.
▣ Do loosen tight clothing.

What not to DO:

▣ Do not let the victim see his/her own injury.
▣ Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
▣ Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones.
▣ Do not make any unrealistic promises.
▣ Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim and require them to
make decision.
PRECAUATIONS TO PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION
BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI) are precautions taken to isolate or
prevent risk of exposure from any other type of bodily substance.

BODY PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

1. PERSONAL HYGIENE. Maintaining these habits, such as frequent hand
washing and proper grooming, are two important ways to prevent
disease transmission regardless of any personal protective equipment
you might lose.
2. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. These are equipment and supplies that
prevent you from making direct contact with infected materials.
3. EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTING. This will prevent infection
or contamination or equipment and supplies from spreading.
 SESSION II
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
1. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS). An emergency procedure that consists of
recognizing respiratory of cardiac arrest or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced
life support is available.
2. ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS). The use of special
equipment to maintain breathing and circulation for the victim of a
cardiac emergency.
3. PROLONGED LIFE SUPPORT (PLS). For post resuscitation and long term
resuscitation.
 ADULT CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
▣ THE FRIST LINK: Immediate recognition and activation of EMS
◼ It is the event initiated after the patient’s collapse to recognize that the victim has
experienced a cardiac arrest until the arrival of Emergency Medical Services personnel
prepared to provide care.
▣ THE SECOND LINK: Early CPR
◼ It started immediately after the victim’s collapse, the probability of survival approximately
doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of EMS.
▣ THE THIRD LINK: Rapid defibrillation
◼ It is the cornerstone therapy for patients who have just suddenly collapsed probably due to
ventricular fibrillation and pulse-less ventricular tachycardia.
▣ THE FOURTH LINK: Effective ACLS
◼ If provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics, provision of advanced care outside
the hospital would be possible.
▣ THE FIFTH LINK: Integrated post- cardiac of care
◼ Post cardiac arrest care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can improve the
likelihood of patient survival with good quality of life.
 PEDIATRIC CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

▣ THE FIRST LINK: Prevention of arrest

◼ In, children the leading cause of death is injury, and vehicular accidents are the most common
causes of fatal childhood injuries and child passengers’ safety seats can reduce the risk of death.
▣ THE SECOND LINK: Early and effective bystander CPR
◼ It is the most effective when started immediately after the victims collapse. The probability of
survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of EMS. It is associated with
successful return of spontaneous circulation and neurologically intact survival in children.
▣ THE THIRD LINK: Rapid access to EMS system
◼ It is the cornerstone therapy for patients who have just suddenly collapsed probably due to
ventricular fibrillation and pulse-less ventricular tachycardia.
▣ THE FOURTH LINK: Early and effective life support
◼ Initial steps in stabilization provide warmth by placing baby under a radiant heat source, position
head in a “sniffing” position to open the airway, clear airway with bulb syringe or suction catheter,
dry baby and stimulate breathing.
▣ THE FIFTH LINK: Integrated post- cardiac arrest care
◼ Post cardiac arrest care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can improve the likelihood of
patient survival with good quality of life.
 HUMAN BODY
ANATOMICAL TERMS

1. Medial. Means towards the midline, or center of the body.

2. Prone position. The patient is lying face down on his or her stomach.
3. Inferior. Means toward, or closer to the feet,
4. Proximal. Means close, or near the point of reference.
5. Internal. Means inside the body.
6. Distal. Means distant, or far away from the point of reference.
7. Posterior. Means toward the back.
8. Lateral recumbent position. The patient is lying on the left or right side.
9. Superior. Means toward, or closer to the head.
10. Lateral. Refers to the left or right of the midline.
11. External. Means outside of the body.
12. Anterior. Means toward the front.
13. Supine position. The patient is lying face up on his or her back.
14. Superficial. Means near the surface.
15. Anatomical position. A patient’s body stands erect with arms down at the sides, palm facing you.
16. Deep. Means remote, or far from the surface.
 BODY REGIONS
1. Cranial Cavity
◼ Brain
2. Thoracic Cavity
◼ Lungs
◼ Heart
3. Pelvic Cavity
◼ Bladder
◼ Rectum
◼ Reproduction organs
4. Spinal Cavity
◼ Spinal cord
5. Abdominal Cavity
◼ Liver
◼ Pancreas
◼ Intestines
◼ Stomach
◼ Kidney
◼ Spleen
BODY SYSTEMS

▣ The Respiratory System

◼ It delivers oxygen to the body, as well as removes carbon dioxide from the body. The passage of air
into and out of the lungs is called respiration. Breathing in is called inspiration or inhaling. Breathing
out is called expiration or exhaling.
▣ The Circulatory System
◼ It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and removes waste products. It consists of the
heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Breathing and Circulation

1. Air that enters the lungs contains about 21 % oxygen and only a trace of carbon dioxide.
Air that is exhaled from the lungs contains about 16 % oxygen and 4 % carbon dioxide.
2. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide.
3. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to
the tissues of the body.
4. In the body tissues, blood releases oxygen and takes up carbon dioxide after which it flows
back to the right side of the heart.
5. All body tissues require oxygen, but the brain requires more than any other tissue.
6. When breathing and circulation stop, this is called Clinical death (0-4 minutes brain damage
not likely, 4-6 minutes damage probable).
7. When the brain has been deprived of oxygenated blood for a period of 6 minutes or more an
irreversible damage probably occurred. This is called Biological death (6-10 minutes brain
damage probable; over 10 minutes brain damage is certain).
8. It is obvious from the above stated- facts that both respiration and circulation are required to
maintain life.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It has two major functions – communication
and control. It lets a person be aware of and react to the environment. It coordinates the body’s
responses to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.

Myocardial infarction. It occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is
cut-off for a prolonged period of time. This cut-off results from a reduced blood supply due to
severe narrowing or complete blockage of the diseased artery. The result is death (infarction) of
the affected part of the heart.
WARNING SIGNALS
▣ Chest discomfort characterized by:
◼ Uncomfortable pressure, Squeezing, Fullness or tightness, Aching, Crushing, Constricting,
Oppressive, Heavy.
◼ Sweating
◼ Nausea
◼ Shortness of breath

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

• Recognize the signals of heart and take action.
• Have patient stop what he or she is doing and have him/her sit or lie down in a
comfortable position. Do not let the patient move around.
• Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
• If patient is under medical care, assist him/her in taking his/her prescribe
medicine/s.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease

1. Risk factors that cannot be changed (non-modifiable):

◼ Heredity
◼ Age
◼ Gender
2. Risk factors that can be changed or controlled (modifiable):
◼ Cigarette smoking
◼ Hypertension
◼ Stress
◼ Obesity
◼ Diabetes mellitus
◼ Lack of exercise
◼ Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride level
 SESSION III
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
▣ CARDIAC ARREST Is the condition in which circulation ceases and vital organs
are deprived of oxygen.
THREE CONDITIONS OF CARDIAC ARREST
▣ CARDIAC VASCULAR COLLAPSE. The heart is still beating but its action is so
weak that blood is not being circulated through the vascular system to the
brain body tissues.
▣ VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. Occurs when the individual fascicles of the
heart beat independently rather than the coordinated, synchronized manner
that produce rhythmic heart beat.
▣ CARDIAC STANDSTILL. It means that the heart has stopped beating.

▣ CPR. This is a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing. This

must be combined for effective resuscitation of the victim of cardiac arrest.
▣ WHEN TO STOP CPR
◼ S – Spontaneous signs of circulation are restored.
◼ T – Turned over to medical services or properly trained and authorized personnel.
◼ O – Operator is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR.
◼ P – Physician assumes responsibility (declares DEATH/takeover)
◼ S – Scene became unsafe.
◼ S – Signed waver to stop CPR

▣ COMPRESSION ONLY – CPR

If a person cannot perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation for an adult victim, chest
compression only – CPR should be provided rather than no attempt of CPR being
made.
Chest compression only – CPR is recommended only in the following circumstances:
1. When a rescuer is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth rescue
breathing, or
2. For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions where the simplicity of this
modified technique allow untrained bystanders to rapidly intervene.
▣ CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING CPR
All patients in cardiac arrest receive resuscitation unless:
• The patient has a valid “Do Not Attempt Resuscitation” (DNAR) order.

• The patient has signs of irreversible death: rigor mortis, decapitation, or

dependent lividity.
• No physiological benefit can be expected because the vital functions have
deteriorated despite maximal therapy for such conditions as progressive
septic or cardiogenic shock.
• Withholding attempts to resuscitate in the delivery room is appropriate for
newly born infants with:
• Confirm gestation <23 weeks or birth weight <400g.
• Anencephaly.
• Confirmed trisomy 13 or 18.
 WHAT TO DO

APPROACH SAFETY
CHECK RESPONSE
SHOUT FOR HELP
OPEN AIRWAY
CHECK BREATHING
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
2 RESCUE BREATHS
 APPROACH SAFETY

▣ SCENE
▣ VICTIM
▣ RESCUER
▣ BYSTANDER
CHECK RESPONSE
Shake shoulders gently
Ask “ Are you all right?”

If he responds
•Leave as you find him.
•Find out what is
wrong.
•Reassess regularly.
SHOUT FOR HELP
OPEN AIRWAY
▣ HEAD TILT / CHIN LIFT
◼ Lay rescuers
◼ Non- healthcare rescuers.

▣ NO NEED FOR FINGER

SWEEP UNLESS SOLID
MATERIAL IS FOUND IN THE
MOUTH.
HEAD TILT/CHIN LIFT AND JAW THRUST
CHECK BREATHING
▣ LOOK, LISTEN AND FEEL
FOR NORMAL BREATHING.

▣ DO NOT MISTAKE AGONAL

BREATHING FOR NORMAL.
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
▣ Place the heel of your dominant hand
in the center of the chest.
▣ Place the non-dominant hand on top.
▣ Interlock fingers
▣ Compress the chest
◼ Rate 100 min^-1
◼ Depth 4-5 cm
◼ Equal compression: Relaxation
▣ When possible change CPR operatory
every 2 mins.
2 RESCUE BREATHING
▣ Head tilt / chin lift
▣ Pinch the nose
▣ Take a normal breath
▣ Place lips over mouth
▣ Blow until the chest rises
▣ Take about 1 second
▣ Allow chest to fall
▣ Repeat

▣ Recommendation
◼ Tidal volume
? 500 – 600 ml
◼ Respiratory rate
? Give each breaths over about 1sec with enough
volume to make the victim’s chest rise.
IF VICTIM STARTS TO BREATHE NORMALLY, PLACE IN
RECOVEY POSITION
 CONTINUE RESUSCITATION UNTIL-

▣ Qualified help arrives and takes over

▣ The victim starts breathing normally

▣ Rescuer becomes exhausted

 SESSION IV:
RESCUE BREATHING
▣ INTRODUCTION
◼ Respiratory arrest can result from a number of causes, including submission/ near-drowning,
stroke, FBAO, smoke inhalation, epiglottis, drug overdose, electrocution, suffocation, injuries,
myocardial infarction, lightning strike, and coma from any cause. When primary respiratory
arrest occurs, the heart and lungs can continue to oxygenate.
▣ RESPIRATORY ARREST is the condition in which breathing stops or inadequate.
▣ CAUSES OF Respiratory arrest
1. Obstruction
1. Anatomical Obstruction
2. Mechanical Obstruction
2. Diseases
1. Bronchitis
2. Pneumonia
3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) and other respiratory illnesses.
3. Other causes of Respiratory Arrest
1. Chest compression (by physical forces)
2. Circulatory collapse
3. Drowning
4. Electrocution
5. External strangulation
6. Poisoning
7. Suffocation
RESCUE BREATHING is a technique of breathing air into the person lungs to
supply him or her oxygen needed to survive.
▣ WAYS TO VENTILATE THE LUNGS
1. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH is a quick, effective way to provide oxygen and ventilation to the victim.
2. MOUTH-TO-NOSE is recommended when it is impossible to ventilate through the victim’s
mouth, the mouth cannot be opened (trismus), the mouth is seriously injured, or a tight
mouth-to-mouth seal is difficult to achieve.
3. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH AND NOSE. If the victim is an infant (1 year old), this is the best way in
delivering ventilation by placing your mouth over the infant’s mouth and nose to create a
seal.
4. MOUTH-TO-STOMA. It is used if the patient has a stoma; a permanent opening that
connects the trachea directly to the front of the neck. These patients breathe only through
the stoma.
5. MOUTH-TO-FACE SHIELD. It could provide very low resistance ventilations to a patient by
using a thin and flexible plastic.
6. MOUTH-TO-MASK. If could deliver ventilation to a patient by using a pocket facemask with a
one-way valve to form a seal around the patient’s nose and mouth.
7. BAG VALVE MASK DEVICE. It could deliver ventilation to a patient by using a hand-operated
device consisting of a self-inflating bag, one-way valve, facemask, and oxygen reservoir.
 SESSION V:
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
▣ AEDs are sophisticated computerized devices that can analyze heart
rhythms and generate high voltage electric shocks.

▣ Indications and importance

◼ Early defibrillation is critical for victims of sudden cardiac arrest because:
? The most frequent rhythm in sudden cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation(VF).
? The most effective treatment for VF is defibrillation.
? Defibrillation is most likely to be successful if it occurs within minutes of collapse
(cardiac arrest)
? Defibrillation may be ineffective if it is delayed.
? VF deteriorates to asystole if not treated.
▣ SEVERAL FACTORS CAN AFFECT AED ANALYSIS:
◼ Patient movement (eg: agonal gasp)
◼ Repositioning the patient.
▣ USE AED ONLY WHEN VICTIM HAVE THE FOLLOWING 3 CLINICAL
FINDINGS:
◼ No response
◼ No breathing
◼ No pulse
▣ NOTE: Defibrillation is also indicated for pulseless ventricular tachycardia
(VT)
 Critical Concepts:
The 4 Universal Steps of AED Operation
1. POWER ON the AED
2. ATTACH the electrodes pads to the victim’s chest.
3. Clear the victim and ANALYZE the heart rhythm.
4. Clear the victim and deliver a SHOCK (if indicated).
▣ DIFFERENT TYPES OF AED
1. AED Trainer
? Not capable of delivering a shock
? Do not allow to be confused with real units
2. Semi – Automated Defibrillator
? Requires the user to press the button for analysis and shock
3. Fully Automated Defibrillator
? No intervention required for analysis and shock
? They are programmed to run self-test and they will indicate when maintenance is needed.
▣ SPECIAL CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE USE OF AED
◼ The victim is month old or less
◼ The victims has a hairy chest
◼ The victim is lying in water, immersed in water, or water is covering the victim’s chest.
◼ The victim has implanted defibrillator, or pacemaker.
◼ The victim has a transdermal medication patch or other object on the surface of the skin
where the AED electrode pads are placed.
 HOW DOES DEFIBRILLATOR WORK?
▣ A brief high voltage electrical
shock.
▣ Through the heart between pads
on the chest.
▣ Shock briefly stops electrical heart
activity.
▣ May restart beating with a normal
rhythm.
▣ But not everyone can be saved,
even with defibrillation.
 AED PROCEDURES
1. BLS until AED is available
2. Diagnose cardiac arrest
◼ Unresponsive
◼ Not breathing normally
3. Go for or send someone for AED
◼ 30 compressions
◼ 2 rescue breaths
◼ Continue 30:2
◼ CC + RB = “CPR”
 ATTACH AED
1. Power on
2. Follow voice prompts
3. Expose chest
4. Attach pads in victim’s bare chest
5. Keep following voice prompts
6. Clear the victim and press analyze button
 GIVING A SHOCK
1. Be sure no one is touching the victim
2. Press Shock button if instructed
3. Resume CPR immediately after giving 1 shock
4. Follow voice prompts
5. Record events
 LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
1. Obtain recognized training
2. Practice skills and remain up to date with current guidelines
3. AED must be of a recommended standard
4. AED must be maintained in accordance with manufacturers’
recommendations
 AED MAINTENANCE
1. Become familiar with your AED and how it operates.
2. Check the AED for visible problems such as signs of damage.
3. Check the “ready – for – use” indicator on your AED (if so equipped) daily.
4. Perform all user- based maintenance according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5. Make sure the AED carrying case contains the following supplies at all times:
◼ 2 sets of extra electrode pads (3 sets total)
◼ 2 pocket face masks
◼ 1 extra battery (if appropriate for our AED); some AEDs have batteries that last for years.
◼ 2 disposable razors
◼ 5 to 10 alcohol wipes
◼ 5 sterile gauze pads (4x4 inches), individually wrapped
◼ 1 absorbent cloth towel
Remember: AED malfunctions are rare. Most AED “problem” are caused by operator error or
failure to perform recommended user-based maintenance.
 SESSION VI:
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
▣ FBAO is a condition when solid material like chunked foods, coins,
vomitus, small toys, etc. are blocking the airway.
▣ CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION
1. Improper chewing of large pieces of food.
2. Excessive intake of alcohol.
3. The presence of loose upper and lower dentures.
4. For children- running while eating.
5. For smaller children of “hand-to-mouth” stage left unattended.

▣ UNIVERSAL SIGN OF CHOKING is a sign wherein the victim is clutching

his/neck with one or both hands and gasping for breath.
▣ TWO TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION
1. ANATOMICAL OBSTRUCTION. When tongue drops back and obstruct the
throat. Other causes are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling, and
cough (whooping).
2. MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION. When foreign objects lodge in the pharynx or
airways; fluids accumulate in the back of the throat.
▣ CLASSIFICATION OF OBSTRUCTION
1. MILD OBSTRUCTION. Has good air exchange, responsive and can cough
forcefully. May wheeze coughs and increases respiratory difficulty and
possibly cyanosis.
2. SEVERE OBSTRUCTION. Has poor or no air exchange, weak or ineffective
cough or no cough at all, with high-pitched noise while inhaling or no noise
at all, increased respiratory difficulty and possible cyanosis.
 FBAO MANAGEMENT
1. Determine scene safety.
2. Introduce yourself to patient, guardian and/or bystander.
3. Determine level of breathing difficulty by checking:
◼ Infant- ineffective cough, weak or absence of cry. If so, tell parents/guardian
that you are there to help.
◼ Child/Adult- by asking if the victim is choking. If so, tell the victim that you are
there to help.
4. Properly position the patient.
◼ Infant- Support the infant on rescuer’s knee or lap.
◼ Child/Adult- Assume straddle position behind.
 5. Locate proper site:
◼ Infant- give 5 back slaps and 5 chest trust using 2 finger techniques.
◼ Child/Adult- for abdominal thrust, properly position balled fist on the patient . Properly perform abdominal
thrust.
6. Carefully lay down unconscious patient.
7. Shout for help. Activate Medical Assistance (For adolescent & Adult).
8. Locate CPR hand position.
9. Properly perform 30 Chest Compression.
10. Check oral cavity for presence of obstruction. If foreign body is not visible.
11. Properly administer first RB.
12. If air bounce back, re-tilt patient’s head and try again.
13. Properly administer second RB.
14. Check oral cavity for presence of obstruction. If foreign body is visible. Perform finger sweep.
15. Check patency of airway by giving two breaths, note for visible chest rise.
16. After 2 mins, activate Emergency Response System if still unconscious (for infant & child). (if still
unconscious give 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths then apply AED if available.)
17. If patient has become conscious, properly place in recover position. (do log roll for child and
adult).