USE OF ENGLISH

1 TENSES
2 AUXILIARIES

SHORT ANSWERS
Questions requiring the answer yes or no, should be answered by yes or no and
the auxiliary only. The original subject, if a noun, is replaced by a pronoun:
Do you smoke? Yes, I do.
Has Tom got a car? Yes, he has.

QUESTION TAGS
These are short additions to sentences, asking for agreement or confirmation..
Peter helped you, didn´t he?
You didn´t see him, did you?
The statements containing words such as neither, no, none, nobody, scarcely, barely,
hardly, seldom,are treated as negative statements and followed by an ordinary
interrogative tag.
Peter hardly ever goes to parties, does he?
None of your friends liked the film, did they?
With everybody, everyone, somebody, someone we use the pronoun they:
Everyone warned you, didn´t they?
Someone had recognized him, hadn´t they?
Irregular: I´m late, aren´t I?
Let´s go, shall we?
Do this, will you?

REPLY QUESTIONS
Two people involved in the conversation. The person replying uses only the auxiliary.
a. She told me everything
b. Did she?

AGREEMENTS AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH REMARKS

Agreements with affirmative remarks are made with ye/so or of course +
affirmative auxiliary.
Tom drinks too much. Yes, he does.
Ann may be here soon. Yes, she may.
Disagreements with negative remarks are made with yes + affirmative auxiliary.
Mary won´t be here. Yes, she will.
Agreements with negative remarks are made with no + negative auxiliary.
It wouldn´t take long. No, it wouldn´t.
Disagreements with affirmative remarks are expressed by no + negative auxiliary.
She will lend you the money. No, she won´t.

ADDITION TO REMARKS
Affirmative additions to affirmative remarks are made by using so + the auxiliary+ the
subject, in that order.
Bill likes tennis and so does Tom.
Men smoke in England and so do women.
Affirmative additions to negative remarks are made with but + subject + auxiliary.
Bill can´t ride that horse but Diana can.
He won´t go but they will.
Negative additions to negative remarks are made with nor or neither + auxiliary +
subject.
She hasn´t much time and neither have I.
The ,men were not well dressed. Nor were the women.
Negative additions to affirmative remarks are made with but + subject + auxiliary in
the negative.
He likes Picasso but I don´t.
My cat caught rats but yours didn´t.

COMPARISONS
When the same verb is used before and after than/as we use an auxiliary for the
second verb.
He knew more than I did.
I earn less than he does.
Features of Modal Verbs
1. They are auxiliaries (negative / interrogative)
2. Never with TO
3. No -s in 3rd person
4. No full forms (-ing / participle..)
5. Vary the meaning
Modals of Obligation
Must / Have to
Mustn’t (obligatory not to do)
Don’t have to (optional)
Modal of Orders and Suggestion (mild obligation)
Must
Had better
Should / Ought to
Could
Let’s
Shall we
Modals of Necessity
Need to / Didn’t need to
Needn’t have
Modals of Permission
Can
Could
May
Modals of Request
Can
Could
Will
 Would
Modals of Offer
Can I
Shall I
Will you
Would you
Modals of Ability
Can
Could
Be able to

Reported Speech

 Statements ( affirmative or negative sentences)

 Questions:
o What? Where? How? When?....
o Yes / No. Auxiliary (be / have / do / modal verbs)
 Commands (affirmative or negative sentences without subject)

1. Statements
A: I have had a wonderful holiday (subj+Verb+Predicate)
B: A said that he/she had had a wonderful holiday
(subject+Reporting verb+(that)+subject (A)+Verb(one tense back)+Predicate(with
changes)
Changes in tenses

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present simple ( I am tired) Past simple (She said she was tired)
Present continuous (I am reading) Past continuous (She said she was reading)
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect
Past continuous
 Past perfect
Will Would
Can Could
Must Must / Had to
May Might
Shall Should

Changes in pronouns

I He / She My His /Her Me Him/Her Mine His/ Hers

You I Your My You Me Yours Mine
He He His His Him Him His His
She She Her Her Her Her Hers Hers
It It Its Its It It its Its
We We /They Our Our/ Their Us Us / Them Ours Ours/Theirs

You We Your Our You Us Yours Ours

They They Their Their Them Them Theirs Theirs

Changes in determiners and adverbs

This That
These Those
Here There
Now Then / At that
moment
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The day after/ The
next day / The
following day
Come Go
Bring Take

2. Questions
What? Where?
A: Where did you go last Friday?
(Wh-+Aux V+subject+Verb+Predicate?)
B: A asked where I had gone the Friday before
Subject+Reporting Verb+(me?)+ WH-+subject+(Aux Verb)+Verb+Predicate

Yes / No
A: Have you seen my book?
B: A asked (me) if / whether I had seen his / her book
Subject+Reporting Verb+ (me)+ IF / WHETHER+ subject+(Aux Verb)+Verb+Predicate

3. Commands
A: Open this window, please!
B: A asked me to open that window
A: Don’t be late!
B: A told me not to be late
Subject+Reporting verb+ ME+ TO INFINITIVE+ Predicate
Subject+Reporting verb+ ME+ NOT TO INFINITIVE+ Predicate

CONTRAST LINKING WORDS

1 Although, Even if, Even though, though aunque
Although… + subj+pred
_________ Although ________
Although __________
2 Despite, In spite of  a pesar de que (ambos significan lo mismo)
Despite / In spite of + noun group/ gerund
3 However, Nevertheless  mismo significado, nevertheless más formal y
contrastan más que despite
However ,______
________, however,______
4 But
_________, but _______
PASSIVE
Od objeto directo
Oi objeto indirecto
1 Od + to be + past participle + (to/ for Oi) predicate + agent
The passport was taken by the border agents
2 Oi + to be + past participle + Od + predicate + (agent)
He was given a blanket when he arrived
3 It + V1 passive + (that) + subject + v2 + predicate
It is hoped that it continues raining for many days
4 Subject 2 + V1 passive+ V2 Infinitive + Predicate
President is expected to announce the new messages
CONDITIONALS

TYPE IF – CLAUSE, Ppal CLAUSE EXAMPLE

0 Universal If + Present Present Simple If you pour oil on water, it
Truths Simple, floats
1 General If + Present Will + Infinitive If we play tennis, I’ll win
Simple, Imperative If you see my wallet, keep it
If + Should Modal Verb for me, please
If + happen to To be going to + If you happen to see Tom,
If +will Infinitive tell him to wait for me
If the snow still covers the
streets, you can’t drive
If we have nice weather, I’m
going to paint the windows
If you will come this way, I
will show you your room
2 Hypothetical If + Past Would / Could / If we played tennis, I would
Simple, Should + win
If + were Infinitive If I were taller, I could reach
to top shelf
3 Impossible If + Past Would have + If we had played tennis, I
Perfect, Past Participle would have won
MIXED If + Past Would + If it hadn’t snowed so much,
Perfect, Infinitivo + (now) we would be at school now
MIXED If + Past Would have + If he weren’t so responsible,
Simple, Past Perfect he wouldn’t have double-
checked the door

INVERSIONS

Were + Would + Infinitive Were she my daughter (if she were my daughter), I
subject, would always support her
Had + Would have + Had I known it was going to snow this much, I would
Subject, Participle have stayed at home
Should + Imperative Should you arrive after 12.00, let us know so we can
Subject, Will + Infinitive keep the room for you
Should you change your mind, I will change the
reservation immediately
 LINKING WORDS

 Whether  Providing (that)

 Unless  Provided (that)
 Imagine (that)  As / so long as
 Suppose (that)  On condition (that)
 Supposing (that)

ARTICLES es fácil sale solo

A  indefinido, para palabras que empiezan con consonante o por h (h que se pronuncia, ex:
hotel)

An  indefinido, para palabras que empiezan por vocal o por h inhalada (hour)

The  definido

No article  Use ‘no article’ before:

 Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, Russian (unless
referring to the population of the place e.g. ‘The Italians are known for
their delicious food.’).
 Names of sports: cricket, baseball.
 Names of subjects: Art, Mathematics.

VOCABULARIO

Migrant: a who leaves their home country to reside in another.

Refugee: a person who is forced to leave their country for safety.
Influx of immigrants: a large group/population of immigrants entering into a
country.
First generation immigrant: an immigrant or the child of an immigrant.
Flood of Migrants: a large group of immigrants entering a new country.
Permanent Resident: a person who is given permanent residence in a new
country.
Undocumented: a person who does not have documented permission to
live/stay in a country.
Resettlement: the process of a refugee permanently residing in a new country.
Counter-Urbanization: people leaving cities to find a new home.
Push Factor: the reasons an immigrant is forced to leave their home.
Refugee Claimant: a person who has made a claim for refugee protection.
Asylum: a safe place; the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal
protection.
Stateless person: a person who is not a citizen of any country.
Displaced: forced to move.
Shelter: protection.
Mayhem: violent or damaging chao
Genocide: deliberately killing a group of people, based on ethnicity, beliefs, or
nationality.
Anguish: extreme emotional or physical pain.
Border: a line, wall, or covering that encloses something.
Smuggling: moving items or people illegally or secretly.
Trafficker: a person who deals, trades, or moves things or people illegally.
Coyote: a person who smuggles people through Latin America.
Detained: holding or keeping someone in official custody.
Sanitation: the state of being clean and to avoid health issues.
Deportation: to transport someone to their home country.
Brain drain: the emigration of intellectual and educated people from a country.
Deterrence: the prevention of something, especially war or crime, by having
something such as weapons or punishment to use as a threat.
Headlines: the title of a newspaper story, printed in large letters at the top of
the story, especially on the front page.
Displaced: being forced to leave your home
Inmigration policies: a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular
situations related to immigration that has been agreed to officially by a group
of people, a business organization, a government
Asylum procedure:
Border personnel
Imprisonment: the act of putting someone in prison or the condition of being
kept in prison