USED TO, BE USED TO, GET

USED TO & REDUNDANCY

By: Selamat H. Napitupulu

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
UNIVERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI JAKARTA
USED TO, BE USED TO,
GET USED TO
 What is ‘ U s e d t o ’ ?
• ‘ Used To ‘is a phrase that can mean ‘ accustomed
or habituated to ‘ or refers to something from the
past that is no longer true. It expresses a finished
habit, or terminated situation.
• ‘ Used To + infinitive/ Bare Infinitive ‘ is used to
talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It
tells us that there was a repeated action or state
in the past which has now changed.
Pattern: S + used to + Bare Infinitive + Obj + Adv !
Examples:
1. James used to go to Lake Toba when he was a child.
But he doesn't any longer.
2. Julia used to love me but not anymore.
3. I used to take a bus to school, but now my father gives
me a ride.
4. We used to play at this river when we were at Junior
high school.
5. Brown used to hear this song when he was young.
 ‘ Used to ‘ is same with ‘ accustomed to ’.
Examples:
1. I used to go to the beach every holiday.
I accustomed to go to the beach every holiday.
2. Jack used to speak fast two years ago.
Jack accustomed to speak fast two years ago.
 ‘ Used to be’
After ‘ used to be ‘ is not any verb. ‘ Be ‘ is put after ‘ used to ‘
and followed with noun phrase (NP)/ Adjective Phrase (AP)
Pattern:
S + used to + be + Noun Phrase (NP) / Adjective Phrase (AP) + …..!
LV Subject Compliment
Examples:
1. There used to be a little park with a tree house near my house but
now there is not.
2. Our offices used to be in the city center. Now we’ve relocated to a
quieter area in the suburbs.
3. Tommy used to be afraid with a dog but now he likes it.
4. Martha used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.
5. The girl used to be a good swimmer.
‘ would/was/were’ as alternative with ‘ used to be/ used to
’
‘ would & was/were ‘ in the form of Simple Past can be used as
alternative ‘ used to ‘. The simple past is also used to identify the
past facts or it can be said as generalization an activity in the past.
Examples:
1. I would ask you some help, but now I don’t. used to ask
2. She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. used to
be
3. He didn't like tomatoes before. did not use to like
4. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? used to be
5. People would pay much more to make cell phone calls in the
past. used to pay
 ‘ Used to ’ in Past Real Conditional Sentence

‘ Used to ’ can be used for ‘ Past Real Conditional Sentence‘ in

order to stress that something is habit in the past.
Examples:
1. If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I used to take a bottle of
wine. I don't do that anymore.
2. If the weather were nice, she used to walk to work. Now, she
usually drives.
3. A: What did you usually do when it rained?
B: I used to stay at home.
 ‘ Used to ’ in Negative & Interrogative Sentence
Positive Negative Interrogative
S + used to + Bare Inf +…! S + did not + use to + Bare Inf + …! Did + S + use to + Bare Inf + …?

1 I used to go I did not used to go Did you use to go

jogging. jogging. jogging?
2 We used to speak We didn’t use to speak Did we use to speak
English English. English?
3 The man used to The man did not use to Did the man use to come
come here come here here ?
4 Philip used to Philip didn't use to live Did Philip use to live
live here. here here?
‘ Used to be ’ in Negative & Interrogative Sentence !
Positive Negative Interrogative
S + used to be+ SC+…! S + did not + use to + SC+ …! Did + S + use to + SC+ …?

1 You used to be a You didn’t use to be a Did you used to be a

naughty man. naughty man. naughty man?
2 It used to be It didn’t use to be difficult Did it used to be difficult to
difficult to find a to find a job find a job?
job.
3 Our offices used to Our offices didn’t use to be Did our offices used to be
be in the city center. in the city center. in the city center?
 (+) I used to swim in Lake Toba.

(-) I did not use to swim in Lake Toba.

(?) Did you use to swim in Lake Toba?

.
 (+) You used to be lazy to do your home work.

(-) You didn’t use to be lazy to do your home work.

(?) Did you use to be lazy to do your home work?

 ‘ Used to ’ in Simple Present Tense

‘ Used to ’ can be considered as an adjective meaning

‘ accustomed ‘ , as it explains the noun followed by

the preposition ‘ to’ + noun/pronoun or gerund. It is

used to say that something is normal, not unusual.

 ‘ Used to ’ in Simple Present Tense

Pattern : S + is/am/are + used to + object (noun/noun phrase/adjective phrase) +

(Adv) !

This pattern is used after ‘ used to ‘ followed with: noun / noun phrase/ adjective
phrase and identify that that something is normal, not unusual.
Examples:
1. The man is not used to children. ( Lekali itu tidak terbiasa dengan anak-anak)
S P Obj

2. I am used to cats. ( Saya terbiasa dengan kucing)

S P Obj

3. We are not used to her anger. ( Kita tidak terbiasa dengan kemarhanya)
S P Obj
 ‘ Used to ’ in Simple Present Tense

Pattern : S + is/am/are + used to + Present Participle ( Gerund) +Obj+ (Adv!

This pattern is used after ‘ used to ‘ followed with ‘ present participle ( gerund/ V-ing) ‘ and identify
that that something is normal, not unusual.
Examples:

1. They are used to working in a noisy room.

2. Clara is used to plying some games until at 2. am.
3. Jack is used to running in the morning.
4. I am used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
5. Mr. Hinca has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the
left now.
 ‘ Get used to ’
‘ Get used to ‘ shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.

After ‘ used to ‘ is followed with ‘ noun / noun phrase/ adjective phrase’ that function
of them are ‘ object ‘.

Pattern : S + get/got used to + Object (noun/noun phrase/adjective phrase) + Adv!

Examples:
1. He doesn't like eating rice, but he will get used to it.
2. She found the weather is so hot, but she got used to them.
3. Ms. Lusiana doesn't like that small town, but she will get used to it.
4. The girl found the heels too high, but she got used to them.
5. Since the accident, she has become very depressed. But I think she will get
used to her new life soon.
 ‘ Get used to ’
• ‘ Get used to ‘ shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.
• After ‘get/got used to’ is followed with verb must be put ‘present participle (
Gerund) in front of ‘get/got used to’

Pattern : S + get/got used to + Present Participle ( Gerund) + Obj + Adv!

Examples:
1. Mike starts to get used to riding his new bike.
2. We got used to living in Canada in spite of the cold weather.
3. Mary does not think she will ever get used to waking up early.
4. The woman got used to living in Indonesia in spite of the tropical weather.
5. I have lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the
city.
 Present: is / am / are / get
Linking Verb
Past : was / were / got
Linking Verb
1. We get used to living in a small room.
2. We got used to living in a small room
3. I am used to living in a small room.
 1. S + used to + Bare Infinitive
2. S + used to be + Noun / Noun Phrase/ Adj Phrase
3. S + is/am/are + used to + Gerund (V-ing)
4. S + is/am/are + used to + Noun/ Noun Phrase Adj Phrase
5. S + get used to + Gerund (V-ing)
6. S + will get used to + Gerund (V-ing)
7. S + got used to + be + Gerund (V-ing)
8. S + got used to + Noun / Noun Phrase
You get beautiful.
LV SC
You are beautiful.
LV SC
You get some books. (OBJ)
Predicate
 ‘ Used to ’ i n P a s s i v e V o i c e

Active Voice Passive Voice

No S + used to + Bare Infi + Obj + Adv ! S + used to+ Be +Past Participle +Obj + Adv !

1 Mr. James used to play tennis. Tennis used to be played by Mr. James
(him)
2 Many people used to enlarge this This street used to be enlarged by many
street. people.
3 We used to speak English. English used to be spoken by us.
4 I used to create a lot of programs. A lot of programs used to be created by
me
 ‘ Get used to ’ i n P a s s i v e V o i c e
Active Voice Passive Voice
No
S + get + used to + Present S + get + used to + be + Past Participle +
Participle (Gerund) + Obj + Adv ! Obj + Adv !
1 Debora gets used to reading Many articles gets used to be read
many articles. by Debora (her)
2 The baby will get used to miss The new sitter will get used to be
the new sitter. missed by the baby.
3 My old grandpa get used to His old new bike get used to be
riding his old new bike. ridden by old grandpa (him)
 Exercise 1
Direction: Choose the correct sentence!
Used To + Infinitive; Get Used To gerund; Be Used To + Gerund
1. A: We aren´t used to listening to that kind of music
B: We aren’t used to listen to that kind of music.
2. A: She will soon get used to work here.
B: She will soon get used to working here.
3. A: I used to working for that company.
B: I used to work for that company.
4. A: We never got used to getting up so early
B: We never got used to get up so early
5. A: We used to getting up early but we are retired now and we don´t need to
B: We used to get up early but we are retired now and we don´t need to
 EXERCISE 2
Direction: Choose the correct answer in the bracket to complete the
sentences.
USED TO + infinitive ,GET USED TO gerund; BE USED TO + gerund
1. He used to ………………… fat but now he's thin ( be; being)
2. He isn't used to ………………… in these bad conditions. ( work ;
working)
3. How did you get used to ………………… in the middle of this
mess. ( work ; working)
4. Did you ………………… write poems when you were young? ( use
to ; used to)
5. I need some time to get used to ………………… in this town. (
live; living)
REDUNDANCY
RE + Bare Inf (Lagi)
Rethink
Reread
Repeat
Repeat again
 What is r e d u n d a n c y ?
Redundancy means superfluity or using words unnecessarily or
using words for a second time. Given here are some word
combinations that are always redundant, and thus should never be
used.
Examples:
• advance forward
• proceed forward
• progress forward

The word ‘ forward ‘ after the three words is not necessary because
the ‘ forward ‘, with the advance, proceed and progress are the same
meaning. So, we have to put out the word of ‘ forward’.
N Redundancy Explanations
o
1 • advance forward advance , proceed , and progress all mean “ to move
• proceed forward in forward direction”; thus, the word forward is not
• progress forwardnecessary.
2 • return back return and revert mean “ to go back or to send
• revert back back” so back is not necessary.
3 sufficient enough these words are identical; one or the other should be
used.
4 complete together complete means “ to take part in a contest against
others”.
5 reason…….because these words indicate the same thing; the correct pattern
is reason…….that.
N Redundancy Explanations
o
6 join together join means “ to bring together, “ “to put together” or “to
become a part or member of,” to take place among”.
7 repeat again Repeat means “ to say again” (usually means ”again”).
8 new innovations innovation means” a new idea”.
9 matinee performance matinee means “ a performance in the afternoon”
10 same identical these words are identical.
11 two twins twins means “ two brothers or sisters”.
12 the time when the time and when indicate the same thing; one or the other
should be used.
13 the place where The place and where indicate the same thing; one or the
other should be used.
Thus, these redundant expressions are called pleonasms. Some common ones are in
the list below. Remove the superfluous words (in brackets) and you will not subtract
from the overall meaning of the expression.

WRONG RIGHT WRONG RIGHT

(actual) experience experience (advance) planning planning
(advance) reservations reservations (advance) warning warning
all meet (together) all meet at (12) midnight midnight
autobiography (of my life) autobiography at (12) noon noon
(baby) boy was born boy was born (awkward) predicament predicament
(basic) fundamentals fundamentals cease (and desist) cease
cheap (price) cheap (close) proximity proximity
cold (temperature) cold
 WRONG RIGHT WRONG RIGHT
commute (back and forth) commute (empty) space space
(difficult) dilemma dilemma consensus (of opinion) consensus
each (and every) each (end) result result
estimated (roughly) at estimated at filled (to capacity) filled
(free) gift gift (frozen) ice ice
(general) public public green (in color) green
join (together) join (natural) instinct instinct
never (at any time) never (null and) void void
(pair of) twins twins (past) experience experience
(poisonous) venom venom (pre-)recorded recorded
reason is (because) reason is (regular) routine routine
(small) speck speck (suddenly) exploded exploded
surrounded (on all sides) surrounded (unexpected) surprise surprise
No Examples Explanations
Incorrect: If all of us cooperate together, we will In this sentence, the words
cooperate and together have been
1 succeed. used. But both these words convey
the same meaning.
Correct: If all of us cooperate, we will succeed. One of the two words should be
dropped in order to make the
Correct: If all of us work together, we will sentence a correct one.
succeed. Both these sentences are correct
ones.
2 Incorrect: The accused was guilty of false This sentence uses false and
misstatement whereas both these
misstatement. words convey the same meaning.
Correct: The accused was guilty of
misstatement.
3 Incorrect: The three brothers had nothing in Here also two phrases in common
and with each other have been
common with each other. used to convey the same meaning.
Correct: The three brothers had nothing in These examples might have made
common. it clear for you how to avoid
Redundancy in your sentences.
No Examples Explanations
4 Incorrect: I am enclosing herewith my bio- Enclosing and
data. herewith are the two
Correct: I am enclosing my bio-data. words which convey
the same meaning.
5 Incorrect: There was an ovation when the The two words (rose
minister rose up to speak. and up) convey the
Correct: There was an ovation when the same meaning.
minister rose to speak.

6 Incorrect: Do not return back home without In this sentence also,

completing the work. two words, conveying
Correct: Do not return without completing the same meaning
the work. have been used.
 MORE COMMON REDUDANCY
No WRONG RIGHT
1 actual facts facts
2 added bonus bonus
3 all-time record record
4 alternative choice alternative
5 armed gunman gunman
6 ask a question ask
7 assemble together assemble
8 at the present time at present
9 bald-headed bald
10 basic essentials essentials
11 basic fundamentals fundamentals
12 best ever best
13 biography of his/ her life biography
14 bouquet of flowers bouquet
15 brief moment moment
 MORE COMMON REDUDANCY
No WRONG RIGHT
16 classify into groups classify
17 compete with each other compete
18 current trend trend
19 depreciate in value depreciate
20 desirable benefits benefits
21 disappear from sight disappear
22 end result result
23 estimated at about estimated at
24 exact same same
25 face mask mask
26 fall down fall
27 fellow classmates classmates
28 old proverb proverb
29 pair of twins twins
30 period of time time
 MORE COMMON REDUDANCY
No WRONG RIGHT
31 personal friend friend
32 plan ahead plan
33 plan in advance plan
34 postpone till later postpone
35 reason is because reason is
36 reason is why reason is
37 rise up rise
38 round in shape round
39 same identical same or identical
40 fellow colleagues colleagues
41 first began began
42 foreign imports imports
43 free gift gift
44 frozen ice ice
45 future plans plans
 MORE COMMON REDUDANCY
No WRONG RIGHT
46 grow in size grow
47 hurry up hurry
48 invited guests guests
49 Irregardless regardless
50 joint collaboration collaboration
51 kneel down kneel
52 lag behind lag
53 lift up lift
54 natural instinct instinct
55 never before never
56 basic essentials essentials
57 basic fundamentals fundamentals
58 best ever best
59 biography of his/ her life biography
60 bouquet of flowers bouquet
 MORE COMMON REDUDANCY
No WRONG RIGHT
61 brief moment moment
62 classify into groups classify
63 compete with each other compete
64 small size small
65 soft in texture soft
66 sudden impulse impulse
67 suddenly exploded exploded
68 surrounded on all sides Surrounded
69 tall in height tall
70 tiny bit bit
71 true facts facts
72 undergraduate student undergraduate
73 unexpected surprise surprise
74 usual custom custom
75 warn in advance warn
 39

FINISH & Complete !!!

‘ THANKS ‘
 DETERMINERS
By: Selamat H. Napitupulu

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
UNIVERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI JAKARTA
 What is ‘ D e t e r m i n e r ’ ?

A determiner is a word that modifies a noun.

A determiner introduces a noun or provides
information about the quantity of a noun and to
clarify what the noun refers to.
A determiner always comes before a noun, not after.
Determiner Noun Noun Phrase Sentences
Determiner + Noun
a book a book I have a bag.
much money much money You have got much money in Bank.
a lot of books a lot of books They drank a lot of beer last night.
some plates some plates We have many books in our library
campus.
a few cars a few cars He has some plates.
a little sugar a little sugar There are a few cars in the garage.
two brothers two brothers She has two brothers.
The Types of Determiner
1. Articles
2. Demonstratives adjective
3. Possessives adjective
4. Quantifiers
5. Numeral adjective
6. Distributive pronouns
7. Difference words
8. Interrogative adjective
 The Articles

• Articles are words used with a noun that

used to modify a noun in that they
identify specific or general.
• The Types of Article:

a , an & the.
 The Usages of article ‘ A ’
1. ‘ A ‘ is used before a word which begins with a consonant.
Examples:
• There is a woman waiting for you.
• I have a dog at home.
• You told a story last night. etc.

2. ‘ A ‘ can be placed before a singular, countable noun.

Examples:
• A banana was all I had for lunch.
• There is a pen on the table, etc.
 The Usages of article ‘ a ’
3. ‘ A ‘ can be used when we mention something for the first time.
Examples:
a. I saw a dog. The dog is black.
b. You met a beautiful girl in pub. The girl is Julia.
c. They used a new technology to produce a good product. The
technology was imported from China. etc.

4. ‘ A ‘ is also placed before a word with a long sound of ‘ u ‘.

Examples:
• a university, a uniform, a useful book, a European, a unique
opportunity.
• It would be a unique opportunity to travel in space, etc.
 The Usages of article ‘ A ’
5. ‘ A ‘ is placed before the word ‘ one ‘ because ‘ one ‘ is
pronounced ‘ wun ‘, as if it began with W.
Examples:
• A one-way street
• A one-eyed man
• A one-year course
• A one-day holiday, etc.
• I have a one-way ticket to travel from one place to another
as I don't intend to visit a place twice, etc.
 The Usages of article ‘ An ’
1. ‘ An ‘ is placed before a noun which begins with a vowel.
Examples:
• They say an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
• You must use an umbrella to the place.
• The little boy is eating an egg now.
• They live in an island which is very small one, etc.
2. ‘ An ‘ is also used before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent ‘ h ‘.
Examples:
• An hour
• An honest man
• An heir
• An honor
• An honorable man.
• An hour passed and she still hadn't arrived, etc.
 The Usages of article ‘ The ’
‘ The ‘ is the definite article as it identifies a definite or particular noun that we know
of. It is not about a noun that has not been mentioned beforehand or a noun that we are
unaware of.
1. We use ‘ the ‘ when a noun is before of us. It is meant that the noun has already
fixed.
Examples:
• The book
• The man
• The car
• The table
• The bag
• The car which is parking is mine.
• The books on the table are yours.
• A: Who is the woman?
B: The woman is mam Estepan Pahala Simarmata.
 The Usages of article ‘ The ’
2. We use ‘ the ‘ when a noun mentioned the second time but for the first use
‘ a/an ‘.
Examples:
a. I saw a dog. The dog is black.
b. That is an apple. The apple is on the table.
c. You met a beautiful girl in pub. The girl is Julia.
d. I received a letter. The letter is from a former classmate.
e. They used a new technology to produce a good product. The
technology was imported from China.
 Demonstrative Adjective

• Demonstrative adjectives is used to point out specific nouns. They function

as adjectives when they are with a noun, and as pronouns when they are

alone.

• There are only four demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these and those.
 Demonstrative Adjective ‘ This ’

‘ This ‘ is used to point out noun that the noun can be reached
(something near) by a hand and the mount of the noun is singular.
Pattern: This + is + a/an + Noun !
Examples:
a. This is a book!
b. This is a bag!
c. This is a hat, etc.
 Demonstrative Adjective ‘ That ’

‘ That ‘ is used to point out a noun that the noun cannot be reached by
a hand (something farther away) and the mount of the noun is singular.
Pattern: That + is + a/an + Noun !
Examples:
a. That is a book!
b. That is a bag!
c. That is a hat! etc.
 Demonstrative Adjective ‘ These’

‘ These ‘ is used to point out more than one the noun that the noun
can be reached by a hand and the mount of the noun is plural.
Examples
Singular Plural
This is a + Singular Noun These are + Plural Noun

This is a book. These are books.

This is a bag. These are bags.
This is a hat. These are hats.
 Demonstrative Adjective ‘ Those ’
‘ Those ‘ is used to point out more than one the noun that the noun
cannot be reached by a hand (something farther away) and the mount
of the noun is plural.
Examples
Singular Plural
This is a + Singular Noun Those are + Plural Noun

That is a book. Those are books.

That is a bag. Those are bags.
That is a hat. Those are hats.
 Demonstrative Adjective
‘ as Modifiers ’
Demonstrative adjectives can also modify nouns and are located
in front of the nouns they modify. They always answer the which?
Questions:
• Which book?
• Or Which book does belong to you?
Answer:
• This book!
• This book belongs to me.
Note: ‘ This ’ is a modifier which modifies the noun ‘ book ‘.
 Demonstrative Adjective ‘ as Modifiers ’
Pattern:
• That + Noun: that pen…., that ruler…., etc.
• This + Noun: this book…., that car…., etc.
• These + Nouns: these bags…., these hats……, etc.
• Those + Nouns: those houses…., those chairs……, etc.
Examples:
• This book belongs to my dad.
• That man is very tall.
• These bags are yellow.
• Those houses are very expensive.
Note: This/that/those/these function as an adjective (modifier).

A demonstrative pronoun has an antecedent. A demonstrative adjective never has an

antecedent.
Pronoun: This is a new book.
Adjective: This book is new.
(book follows closely after the demonstrative this)
 Possessives Adjective

Possessive Adjective is used to express who owns (or ‘ possesses ’ ) something.

A possessive adjective is placed in front of a noun (a thing).
Personal Pronoun Personal Pronoun Personal Pronoun
as Subject as Object as Possessive Adjective
I me My
You you Your
We us Our
They them Their
She her His
He him Her
It it Its
 Possessives Adjective
There are three functions of possessive adjective in sentences, as follows:
1. Possessive adjective as subjects :
• Her teaching is very nice.
• Your coming makes me angry.
• Their house will be sold.
• Our family is very friendly.
• His darling lives in Surabaya.

2. Possessive adjective as objects :

• Many students like his explanations.
• The man cut his hair very short.
• The man took our payment bill last week.
3. Possessive adjective as subject compliment:
• It is my dog.
• That is her cat.
• Those are your glasses.
• This is their influence to the case.
 Possessives Adjective Vs
Possessives Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show ownership of a person, place, or thing. Possessive pronouns may be in
the absolute or adjective form. Regardless, they replace nouns when they are used.

Possessive Possessive Possessive Possessive

Adjective Pronoun In Adjective Form in Pronoun Form

my mine Whose car is this? It’s mine.

your yours This is your house! This is yours.
our ours Are these his shoes? No, they’re ours.
their theirs Those are their toys. Those are theirs.
his his That’s actually his charger. That’s actually his
her hers Whose hat is that? That is hers
 Quantifiers !
A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity
of the object. The quantifier answer two questions:
‘ How much ? ‘ is used for uncountable noun, such as: much money, a lot of
dust, a little oil, etc.
A: How much money do you need?
B: I need one thousand dollar.

‘ How many? ‘ is used for countable noun, such as: many books, a few friends,
some cakes, etc.
A: How many books does she use this semester?
B: She uses a lot of books.
 Quantifiers !

There are three types of quantifiers to describe:

1. Small Quantities : few / a few, little / a little

2. Large Quantities : a lot, much, many

3. Undefined Quantities :some, any

 A few & Few
•

• ‘A few ‘ expresses a small quantity which implies that something is not many. It
expresses a positive idea.
• ‘ Few ‘ implies that something is not many, not enough or almost none. It expresses a
negative idea/value.

Positive Idea Negative Idea

a few close friends few close friends

a few hotels few hotels
a few houses few houses
a few books few books
 A few & Few
Positive Idea Negative Idea
‘ A few ‘ ‘ Few ‘
1. I have a few close friends in town, • I have few friends in town, so I feel lonely
and we have a very good time from time to time.
together.
2. A few of my friends were there, so I • Few of my friends were there, so I was
was quite happy disappointed.
3. Although there were a few of • Because there were few of participants
participants attending the seminar, we attending the seminar, we canceled doing the
kept doing the program well. program.
• I have a few cakes ( positive)
• I have few cakes ( negative)
40 : all
20 : a half / some
10: a few (Positive)
5: few ( Negative)
 A little & Little
•

‘ A little ‘ expresses a small quantity.

‘ Little ‘ implies that something is not much, not enough or almost none.
It expresses positive idea.

Positive Idea Negative Idea

a little milk little milk

a little money little money
a little time little time
a little oil little oil
 A little & Little
Positive Idea Negative Idea
‘ A little ‘ ‘ Little ‘
1. We have a little milk. Let’s make a 1. We have little milk. We can’t make a cake.
cake.
2. I've got a little money left; let's go 2. A: Let's go and have a drink.
and have a drink. B: I am sorry, I've got little money left.
3. We have a little time to spare, so let's 3. A: Let's stop and have a cup of coffee for a
stop and have a cup of coffee. moment please?
B: Sorry, we have little time to spare.
4. Don’t worry; there's a little time left! 4. Hurry up; there's little time left!
I have a little oil ( positive)

I have little oil ( negative)

 Much
‘ Much and Many ‘ are used to express that there is a large quantity of
something.

Much is used with uncountable nouns (always in the singular),

• much money
• much coffee
• much water
• much butter
Examples:
a. They don't have much money to buy a present.
b. My mom needs much water to clean the floor.
c. There is much ink in the tank.
d. I don’t have much money now.
e. Do you have got much news today?
 Many
Many is used with countable nouns in the plural.
• many stamps
• many influences
• many postcards
• many students
• many books
Examples:
a. I don't have many English stamps in my collection.
b. She has got many influences on you.
c. I have many postcards.
d. There are many students in the class.
 A lot of
• A lot of is used in all forms.
• Lots of is an informal form of a lot of .
• A Lot of is used only in positive sentences both in countable and uncountable
noun.
Examples:
• a lot of pens
• lots of story books.
• a lot of milk
• lots of oxen
Examples:
a. There are a lot of pens in my bag.
b. I have got lots of story books.
c. There is a lot of milk in the jug.
d. She has lots of oxen on the farm.
 plenty of, numerous, a large number of
Addition to that, plenty of, numerous, a large number of ‘ can be used to
mention a large quantity of something for countable noun & uncountable noun
but in positive sentence only.

a lot of plenty of numerous a large number of

a lot of bus stops plenty of bus stops numerous bus stops a large number of bus stops
a lot of story books plenty of story books numerous story a large number of story
a lot of milk plenty of milk books books
a lot of oxen plenty of oxen numerous milk a large number of milk
a lot of stamps plenty of stamps numerous oxen a large number of oxen
a lot of influences plenty of influences numerous stamps a large number of stamps
a lot of postcards plenty of postcards numerous influences a large number of
a lot of students plenty of students influences
 Undefined / Neutral Quantifiers : SOME
Some and Any are both quantifiers and articles. In many contexts, ‘ SOME ‘ is the plural indefinite
article, the plural of ‘ a ‘ or ‘ an ‘ ; but more often, some implies a limited quantity, and for this
reason has the value of a quantifier.

‘ Some ’ means a little, a few or small number or amount. ‘ Some ’ is used in affirmative or positive
sentences for countable and uncountable nouns
Examples:

1. She has some friends in London.

2. I usually drink some wine with my meal.
3. There is some dust.
 Undefined / Neutral Quantifiers
‘ Any ‘
‘ Any ’ means one, small or all. It is used with negative sentences. When asking
questions and when a sentence is grammatically positive, but the meaning of the sentence
is negative. ANY is the negative or interrogative of SOME.

Examples:
1. Do you have any ice cream left for me?
2. My brother never does any chores.
3. There aren’t any people on the moon.
4. A: Are there any doctors in your family?
B: Yes, there are some doctors in my family.

‘ Any ‘ can be used for countable & uncountable nouns.

Examples:
1. Do you have any cheese? ( un countable)
2. He doesn't have any friends in Paris. ( countable)
 Undefined / Neutral Quantifiers ‘ Several &
A number of ‘

‘ Several & A Number of ‘ imply ‘ more than one, but less than a lot ‘ .
‘ Several & A Number of ‘ are not usually used in negative or
interrogative structures, only in affirmative statements.
Examples:
1. There are several books on the table now.
2. There are a number of books on the table now.
3. Several people said that they'd seen the missing child.
4. A number of people said that they'd seen the missing child.
 Undefined / Neutral Quantifiers ‘ Enough ‘
‘ Enough ‘ is used to indicate the necessary amount or quantity; it
is placed before nouns. it is used in affirmations, negations and
questions.
Pattern: Enough + Noun
• enough money
• enough information
• enough facilities
• enough participants
Examples:
a. We can get tickets for the concert; I've got enough money now.
b.Have you got enough money for the tickets?
 Undefined / Neutral Quantifiers ‘ Enough ‘
‘ Enough ‘ is used to indicate the necessary amount or quantity; it is placed before nouns. it is
used in affirmations, negations and questions.

Pattern: Adjective + Enough

• clever enough
• tall enough
• lazy enough
• large enough

Examples:
a.You are clever enough to answer all tests.
b.They are lazy enough to review all their materials.
c.The old man was strong enough to carry the big stone., etc.
 Number Adjective

Numeral Adjective is the adjective which is used to show

the number of noun.
The Types of Numeral Adjective :
1. Definite numeral adjective
2. Indefinite numeral adjective
3. Distributive numeral adjective
 Number Adjective
‘ Definitive Numeral Adjective ‘
• DEFINITIVE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE is the adjective that is used to denote an
exact number of noun.

• There are two kinds of definitive numeral adjective.

✓ Cardinal number : one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, etc.
✓ Ordinal number : first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.
Examples:
a. Ankor temple has got five towers.
b. I have bought six books.
c. Markus is the third child in his family.
d. Who was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics?
e. Each hand has five fingers.
 Number Adjective
‘ Definitive Numeral Adjective ‘
Indefinite Numeral Adjectives indicate an indefinite number, such as: some, many, few,
all, no, several.
Examples:
a.I have bought some mangoes.
b.There were few children in the class.
c.I have bought all the tickets available.
d.There are no birds on the tree.
e.The man has several hotels around here.

Note that indefinite numeral adjectives can also be used as adjectives of quantity. When
they are used as adjectives of quantity, they are followed by singular uncountable nouns.
Examples:
a. I have bought some eggs. (Indefinite numeral adjective)
b. I have bought some milk. (Adjective of quantity)
 Number Adjective
‘ Distributive Numeral Adjective ‘
Distributive Numeral Adjectives are considered as the same as distributive adjectives, such as:
each, every, either, neither.
Examples:
a. Each hand has five fingers.
b. Every child needs love.
c. Either method is correct.
d. Neither method is wrong.

Distributive numeral adjectives can be for singular noun and singular verb but it is followed with
preposition ‘ of ’.
Examples:
a. Each of the men is my uncle.
b. Every one of the girls creates a new innovation today.
c. Neither of the methods is wrong.
d. Either of the methods is correct.
a. Each of the men is my uncle.

b. Every one of the girls creates a new innovation today.

c. Neither of the methods is wrong.

d. Either of the methods is correct.

 Distributive Pronoun
• Distributive Pronouns refers to persons or things taken one at a time.
• Distributive is the adjective that is used to cache one noun. The
distributive pronouns are always singular and as such it should be
followed by a singular noun and verb.
• The Types of Distributive Pronoun: each, every, another, other, all,
both, half, either, and neither
 Distributive Pronoun
‘ Each ‘
‘ Each of ‘ is used to denote every one of a number of person or things taken singly.
“ Each of ‘ is followed by singular verb. Before a noun with a determiner ( the, my, this etc. ) we use
'each of '.
Examples:
a. Each of seven boys was fined.
b. Each of the girls gets a prize.
c. Each of boy was given a prize.
d. Each took it in turn.
e. Each of student is very friendly.

Each is used both as a pronoun and as a determiner. When it is used as a determiner, it occurs with
singular countable nouns. EACH refers to two or more persons/things and expresses individual
reference:
a. When I met three friends of mine, I gave a flower to each.
b. Each student should prepare a report on his M.A. thesis
a. Each of seven boys was fined.
b. Each of the girls gets a prize.
c. Each of kids was given a bag.
d. Each of students is very friendly.
e. Each took it in turn.
f. Each must pay back.
g. Each of them must pay back.
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Every‘
‘ Every ‘ is usually followed by a singular noun and verb. It is used when referring to all the members
of a group of three or more. It can be used before a plural noun in expressions that refers to intervals.
Examples:
• every soldier
• every student
• every four years
• every two month
• every few weeks

Examples:
a. You make me laugh every time you lie.
b. Every soldier fought bravely.
c. Every player does the best.
d. Every student studies seriously today.
e. The teacher knows every student in the school.
f. I enjoyed every minute of my stay in Africa.
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ every body, everyone,
everything’
Everybody , Everyone, everything are used in reference to 'all people', and everything,
use in reference to 'all things', are followed by singular verbs.
Examples:

a. Everybody is expecting him to say a few words.

b. Everyone does the best today.
c. I suppose that everything is worth seeing.
Both Everybody and Everyone take apostrophe -s genitives, for examples:

• Everybody’s
• Everyone’s
 Apostrophe ‘s’ & ‘
• Everybody’s bag is put on the table.
• Everyone’s duty has to be responsible.
• Lita’s books are on the table. The book of Lita are on
the table.
• Agus’ HP is new. The HP of Agus is New.
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ All ’
‘ All ‘ is used with singular uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns
Examples:
a. You must eat all the meat that is on your plate.
b. All students are kindly requested to attend our next meeting.

As well as with temporal nouns, which often do not take any article ‘the’.
Examples:
a. I've been working all day. ( all the day adalah salah)
b. I've been working all night. ( all the night adalah salah)
All can be put on the last ‘ of it / of them/ of you’.
Examples:
• A: Have you seen all of it ?
B : Yes. I've seen it all.
• All of them are my students.
• All of you are nice.
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Both ’
‘ Both ‘ is a dual pronoun, which means that it refers only to two. It is often used for
emphasis
Examples:
Without mention the noun Mention the noun after Both & All
Both went to Paris. Both the sisters are very tall.
All must arrive here soon. Both the boys are naughty.
All should be demolished. All the houses should be demolished.
All have to pay their school fee. All the students have to pay their
school fee.
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Both ’
All & Both for special constructions.

Examples:
• X : Were all/both students present in your lecture?
Y : Yes, they all/both were.
Or Yes, they were all/both present.
•

• X : Did he meet all/both the colleagues?

Y : Yes, he met them all/both

All & Both for continuous form’.

Examples:
• Yesterday, they were all studying French. ( Past Continuous Tense )
• Now , they are both studying French. ( Present Continuous Tense )
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Either ’
‘ Either ‘ means the one or the other of two. It is used as pronouns and determiners
‘ Either ‘ is followed by singular verb.
Examples:
a. Either girl can do that.
b. Either road leads to the railway station.
c. Mr. Mario could shoot very well with his either foot.
d. Either of these two boys is at fault.
e. Either of these two roads leads to Lahore.
f. There are shops on either side of street.
g. Have you seen either of these?

‘ Either ‘ & negative verb are used for negotiation that placed at the last sentence
Examples:
a. I don't hate either. (juga)
b. He doesn’t tell the case either. (juga)
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Neither ’
‘ Neither ‘ means not the one nor the other of two.
‘ Neither ‘ is the negative of either.
‘ Neither ‘ is preferred at the beginning of a sentence.
Examples:
a. Neither of them wanted to visit her in hospital.
b. He is lucky, neither foot showed anything wrong.
c. Neither answer is correct.
d. Neither of the girls can do that.
e.I like neither of his parents.
‘ Neither ‘ is also used for negative answer.
Example:
A: Which will you buy?
B: Neither
A: Which one would like to drink and eat?
B: Neither
 Distributive Pronoun ‘ Another ’
‘ Another ‘ is an adjective which expresses quantity.
‘ Another ‘ means 'additional' or 'one more'.
Examples:
a.There are six people for dinner but there are only 5 plates. We need
another plate.
b.This cake is delicious. Could I have another slice please?
c.Please give me another chance. I promise to try harder.

Another + singular nonspecific countable noun

Examples:
a.Let's meet another day.
b.I'd like another piece of cake.
 Different Word ‘ Other ’
‘ Other ‘ is an adjective meaning 'different ' which can be used with
singular or plural nouns.
Examples:
a.Some children learn quickly but other children need more time.
(plural)
b.I'm not happy with this product. Next time I'll buy an other brand.
(singular)
c.I can't find my other shoe. (singular)
d.Have you got any other questions? (plural)
Other + plural or uncountable nonspecific noun
Examples:
a.Other people have problems, too. ( countable)
b.This book has other information. ( uncountable)
 Different Word ‘ Other ’

The Other + plural or uncountable nonspecific noun

Examples:
• 80% of the students arrive on time. The others are always late.
OR: 80% of the students arrive on time. The other students are
always late.
• There are two cookies left. You have one and I'll have the other.
OR: There are two cookies left. You have one and I'll have the other
cookies.
• Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others?
OR: Only half of the guests have arrived. Where are the others?
I met a girl. The girl is Rima
the boy; the car; the HP
the other
the others
 Different Word ‘ The Other ’
The Other + specific noun (singular, plural, countable or uncountable)
Examples:
a. I have two brothers. One of them lives in Canada. The other brother lives in Japan.
b. I go to school on Monday and Thursday. I work on the other days of the week.

The nouns (brother & days) in both sentences are specific:

Example-1:
What brother lives in Japan? The other brother. The speaker said he has two brothers. He told you where
the first brother lives, so the other brother must be his second brother.

Note : This is a specific brother (not general). You know what brother he is talking about.

Example-2:
What days of the week does he work on? Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. The speaker said he goes to
school on Monday and Thursday. You know that the other days of the week are Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Friday. So the speaker says ‘ the other ‘ because it is clear what other days of the week he works on.
Specifically, they are Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday.
 Interrogative Adjective
• Interrogative adjectives are used to modify nouns and pronouns. They
are called ‘interrogative’ because they are usually used to ask questions.
• Interrogative adjectives are also known as interrogative determiners.
• The Interrogative adjectives: what, whose, which.
Examples:
1. Which team won the match is not our problem.
2. What food have you never eaten but would like to try?
3. Which group do you think is the winner?
4. Whose superpowers would you most like to have?
5. Which topics do you think are more important for the exam?

In each of the examples, the interrogative adjective modifies the noun it

immediately precedes: team, food, group, superpower, topics, and boys,
 Interrogative Adjective : ‘ What Vs Which ‘
Although what and which are often interchangeable, there is a subtle difference between the two.
Generally, we use ‘what ‘ when the amount of possible answers is unknown or unlimited, and we
use ‘ which ‘ when we either know how many choices there are, or we consider the options to be
more limited. Think about the difference between these two sentences:
• What present do you think you’ll get for Christmas?
• Which present do you think you’ll get for Christmas?

In the first sentence, the speaker does not have any idea how many possible presents there are. In the
second sentence, it seems that the speaker does have an idea of what the presents may be, and that the
choices are limited.

Let’s look at a similar example:

• What movie do you want to see?
• Which movie do you want to see?
Again, in the first sentence, it seems like the options are unlimited, while in the second sentence, the
speaker may have been discussing two or three movies with the listener, and they are trying to make a
final decision.
 Interrogative Adjective : ‘Indirect Questions‘

Indirect questions
Indirect questions appear in the middle of the sentence, but they still immediately
precede the modified noun. Some indirect questions are used to express politeness:
Examples:
• Could you tell me whose socks are on the floor?
• Would you mind telling me which way is north?
• Do you know what day it is?

Other indirect questions are used to ask for clarifying information, or to convey
surprise.
Examples:
• You want which computer for Christmas?
• You’re going out with whose brother?
• He wants to watch what movie?
 Interrogative Adjective Vs Interrogative Pronoun
The most common mistake regarding interrogative adjectives is confusing them
with interrogative pronouns. This is because all three interrogative
adjectives, what, which, and whose, can also function as interrogative pronouns.

Interrogative Pronoun Interrogative Adjective

What should I buy for the next What books should I buy for the
semester? next semester?
Which must be upgraded to speed up Which hardware component must
my computer? be upgraded to speed up my
computer?
Whose did he use for the last Whose sophisticated laptop did he
presentation? use for the last presentation?
Direct Question ( beginning + HV) :
• Which do you like? I like an103apple
• What did you tell? I told a nice story

Indirect Question (Middle)

• Could you tell me whose socks are on the floor?
Obj Compl
• Would you mind telling me which way is north?
Obj Compl
• Do you know what day it is?
Obj
Interrogative Adjective ( After which, what, whose + Noun):
• Which team won the match is not our problem.
Complex ( Dependent ; Independent )
• Could you tell me whose socks are on the floor?
Obj104Compl

• Would you mind telling me which way is north?

Obj Compl
• Do you know what day it is?
Obj
Simples:
1. Could you tell me socks? ; The socks are on the floor?
2. Would you mind telling me the way to the north?; The way is in the north
3. Do you know the day ? ; It is Friday
1. Which team won the match is not our problem.
S LV SC
1. What food have you never eaten but would like to try?
2. Which group do you think is the winner?
3. Whose superpowers would you most like to have?

1. Which topics do you think are more important for the exam?
S LV SC
 106

FINISH & Complete !!!

‘ THANKS ‘
 Simple Sentence
107

Compound Sentence
Complex Sentence
Compound-complex Sentence