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    A Report of Meloidogyne Arenaria Parasitizing Plantain (Musa SPP., AAB) in Nigeria

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    Olajide Emmanuel Olorunfemi
    This document reports on a study identifying the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria as the causal agent of extensive root galling observed on plantain crops in Nigeria. Molecular analysis of nematode samples from infected plantain roots matched reference sequences of M. arenaria. Experimental inoculation of plantain seedlings resulted in the same root galling symptoms, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the pathogenicity of M. arenaria. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of M. arenaria infecting plantain and highlights it as a potential threat to plantain production.

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    A Report of Meloidogyne Arenaria Parasitizing Plantain (Musa SPP., AAB) in Nigeria

    Uploaded by

    Olajide Emmanuel Olorunfemi
    17 views4 pages
    This document reports on a study identifying the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria as the causal agent of extensive root galling observed on plantain crops in Nigeria. Molecular analysis of nematode samples from infected plantain roots matched reference sequences of M. arenaria. Experimental inoculation of plantain seedlings resulted in the same root galling symptoms, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the pathogenicity of M. arenaria. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of M. arenaria infecting plantain and highlights it as a potential threat to plantain production.

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    This document reports on a study identifying the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria as the causal agent of extensive root galling observed on plantain crops in Nigeria. Molecular analysis of nematode samples from infected plantain roots matched reference sequences of M. arenaria. Experimental inoculation of plantain seedlings resulted in the same root galling symptoms, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the pathogenicity of M. arenaria. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of M. arenaria infecting plantain and highlights it as a potential threat to plantain production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views4 pages

    A Report of Meloidogyne Arenaria Parasitizing Plantain (Musa SPP., AAB) in Nigeria

    Uploaded by

    Olajide Emmanuel Olorunfemi
    This document reports on a study identifying the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria as the causal agent of extensive root galling observed on plantain crops in Nigeria. Molecular analysis of nematode samples from infected plantain roots matched reference sequences of M. arenaria. Experimental inoculation of plantain seedlings resulted in the same root galling symptoms, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the pathogenicity of M. arenaria. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of M. arenaria infecting plantain and highlights it as a potential threat to plantain production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Australasian Plant Disease Notes (2023) 18:19

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-023-00505-2

    A report of Meloidogyne arenaria Parasitizing Plantain (Musa spp.,


    AAB) in Nigeria
    Emmanuel Olajide1,2  · Yao A. Kolombia1 · Delphine Amah1 · Josephine U. Agogbua6 · Danny Coyne2,3 ·
    Rony Swennen4,5 · Laura Cortada2 · Wim Bert2

    Received: 15 November 2022 / Accepted: 31 May 2023


    © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2023

    Abstract
    Extensive root galling observed on plantain (Musa spp., AAB) in Nigeria was analysed using Nad5 mitochondrial DNA
    sequences and the causal agent identified as Meloidogyne arenaria. Following the inoculation of population cultured,
    Koch’s postulates was fulfilled and the same symptoms observed. This provides the first molecular confirmation of M.
    arenaria causing such damage to plantain and highlighting its potential as a threat to the crop. Root knot nematodes are
    known to affect banana and plantain production but diagnosis of the species involved is only just being accurately deter-
    mined with the recent improvements in molecular techniques.

    Keywords  Nad5-mtDNA · Pathogenicity · Root knot nematodes

    Plantain (Musa spp. AAB) holds significant importance as gardens, with surplus production sold within the local mar-
    a staple food crop in Central and West Africa, contributing ket. Yield decline has been observed in recent years, which
    to over 70% of the global production (FAO 2022). Plan- can be attributed to various pests and diseases, including
    tains, unlike bananas, have a less dense root system and plant-parasitic nematodes (Coyne et al. 2013; Sikora et al.
    tend to have a shorter field longevity; plantain fields typi- 2018; Coyne 2021). Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloido-
    cally last for 2–3 years, whereas banana fields can endure gyne spp.) infect plantain roots, causing deformation and
    for 7–10 years or more (Swennen et al. 1986; Swennen and disruption in the root system. This leads to necrosis in
    Ortiz 1997). Undoubtedly, the presence of nematodes would infected tissues, root degeneration, compromised plant
    exacerbate this problem. anchorage, toppling, and eventual yield loss (Moens et al.
    In Nigeria, plantains are predominantly cultivated for 2006).
    local consumption on small-scale farms and backyard During our study, we gathered galled roots from three
    plantain cv. Agbagba plants (n = 3), a common false horn
    landrace, between April and September of 2019 in Rivers
    (n = 1; 4°43’12.3 “N 7°15’04.1"E) and Oyo States (n = 2;
    Emmanuel Olajide
    olajide.o.emmanuel@gmail.com 7°18’51.1"N 3°53’40.5"E; 7°27’52.1"N 3°54’00.6"E) in
    Nigeria. Though the sampled plants did not display specific
    1
    International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB above-ground symptoms, small swellings were consistently
    5320, Ibadan, Nigeria observed on secondary and tertiary roots. These swellings
    2
    Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent were associated with RKN females embedded in the root
    University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium tissue near the surface. Infected primary roots exhibited
    3
    IITA, icipe Campus, Kasarani, P.O. Box 30772-00100, swelling, with diameters of ≥ 5–10 mm, in comparison to
    Nairobi, Kenya 3.5-5 mm diameters of non-infected roots. Despite RKN
    4
    IITA, 9 km Gayaza-Zirobwe Road, Box 7878, Kampala, females frequently occurring close to the surface of newly
    Uganda emerged roots, adult females with egg masses, males, and
    5
    Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of all juvenile stages primarily clustered together in the root
    Biosystems, KU, Leuven, Belgium cortex. Here, they produced necrotic brown-black lesions or
    6
    Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of spots. Permanent slides of the M. arenaria specimens have
    Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

    13
    19   Page 2 of 4 Australasian Plant Disease Notes

    Fig. 1  Phylogenetic relation-


    ship of Meloidogyne species as
    inferred from Bayesian analysis
    using Nad5 Mt gene sequences
    with the GTR + I + G model.
    Posterior probability is given
    for each clade. Meloidogyne
    enterolobii sequences were used
    as outgroups. Original sequences
    are indicated by bold font

    been deposited; one perennial pattern (slide number UGMD a mean of 15 ± 2 (mean ± standard deviation) males, 6 ± 1
    104,366) is housed at the Ghent University Museum, Zool- adult females, 2122 ± 798 eggs, 648 ± 169 s-stage juve-
    ogy Collections, and another (UGnem347) is available niles (J2), and 10 ± 1 third and fourth-stage juveniles. We
    in the UGent Nematode Collection of the Nematology also extracted nematodes per 10 g fresh root (n = 10) using
    Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, the methodology described by Van den Bergh et al. (2002),
    Ghent, Belgium. recording a mean of 2273 ± 444 eggs and 850 ± 109 J2s per
    From each plant, we dissected 10 brown-black lesions/ 10 g fresh root.
    spots manually under a stereo microscope, and observed

    13
    Australasian Plant Disease Notes Page 3 of 4   19

    We individually extracted genomic DNA from two hand- demonstrated a 100% match with the M. arenaria A2 N1
    picked females per population (Oyo state) and one female haplotype reference sequences KU372356 and KU372349
    from Rivers State. Following the procedures described by (Fig. 1).
    Bert et al. (2008) and Janssen et al. (2016), we processed We inoculated ten plantlets of plantain cv. Agbagba with
    these samples using worm lysis buffer, proteinase K, and 8000 J2 + eggs (initial population density, Pi) from the
    amplified Nad5 mtDNA fragments. We also established single egg mass M. arenaria cultures in 8 L pots. We also
    a pure culture from single egg masses collected from the included non-inoculated plantlets as negative controls. The
    Oyo State population, maintaining it on RKN-susceptible nematode reproduction factor (final population density (Pf)/
    tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Tropimech) under Pi) was assessed 90 days post-inoculation. All inoculated
    greenhouse conditions. All obtained sequences (MZ420665, plantlets exhibited similar root swelling (galling) symptoms
    MZ420666, MZ420667, MZ420668, MZ420669) in comparison to the controls (Fig. 2), with a Pf/Pi ratio of
    26.4.

    Fig. 2  Plantain cv. Agbagba


    roots infected with Meloidogyne
    arenaria in the screenhouse: (A)
    galling of roots, (B) control plant
    without nematode, and (C) gall-
    ing and extensive necrosis of M.
    arenaria

    13
    19   Page 4 of 4 Australasian Plant Disease Notes

    Caveness FE (1967) Report on nematology project, USAID. Proj-


    Further to a cursory listing of M. arenaria associated ect 620–1 1–1 10–050. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
    with roots of banana and plantain (Musa spp.) in west and Resources, Western Region, Nigeria
    mid-western Nigeria in an internal report (Caveness 1967), Coyne DL (2021) The shifting sands of banana nematode communities
    this is the first listing of M. arenaria associated with plan- under mixed cropping conditions. In: Sikora RA, Johan D, Leen-
    dert M (eds) Integrated Nematode Management: state-of-the-art
    tain in Eastern Nigeria, and the first molecularly confirmed and visions for the future. CAB International, Wallingford UK, pp
    report, as well as the first report demonstrating the patho- 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0024
    genicity of M. arenaria on plantain. Meloidogyne spp. in Coyne DL, Omowumi A, Rotifa I, Afolami SO (2013) Pathogenicity
    Africa are often not identified at the species level (Onkendi and damage potential of five species of plant-parasitic nematodes
    on plantain (Musa spp., AAB genome) cv. Agbagba Nematology
    et al. 2014), and durable molecular techniques are only 15:589–599. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002704
    recently being employed. Identification of M. arenaria FAO (2022) FAOSTAT food and Agriculture Organization of the
    using morphometrics is also prone to error due to wide vari- United Nations. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.fao.org
    ability and overlap with other species. Thus, to the best of Janssen T, Karssen G, Verhaeven M, Coyne D, Bert W (2016) Mito-
    chondrial coding genome analysis of tropical root-knot nema-
    our knowledge, this is the first report of M. arenaria natu- todes (Meloidogyne) supports haplotype based diagnostics and
    rally infecting and damaging plantain (Musa spp. AAB) and reveals evidence of recent reticulate evolution. Sci Rep 6:22591.
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    crop production is important in developing mechanisms for incognita and Pratylenchus coffeae, and their interaction with
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    tance. Further studies are required to assess crop losses due org/10.1163/156854106776179999
    to M. arenaria infection on plantain and to develop effective Onkendi EM, Kariuki GM, Marais M, Moleleki LN (2014) The threat
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    root development of some Musa cultivars in hydroponics. Fruits
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    female gonoduct (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Mol Phylogenet Evol dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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    13

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