Group 5

Third year - B
•Located in
southeastern Europe

•Surrounded by Aegean
Sea, Ionian Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.

• Land borders are

Albania, FYROM, and
Bulgaria to the north,
and Turkey to the east.
Athens
• Biggest and richest city-
state in Greece
• The capital of Greece
took its name from the
goddess Athena, the
goddess of wisdom and
knowledge.
• Where that marvel of
architecture, the
Parthenon, was created.
Lycabettus

Acropolis
Sparta
 Located in the centre of the Peloponnese in southern
Greece, is the capital of the prefecture of Lakonia
 SPARTA ( known in Greek as Sparti) has a history
which dates back to the Neolithic period, at least 3,000
years before Christ.
 Even in its most prosperous days, it was merely a group
of five villages with simple houses and a few public
buildings. The passes leading into the valley of the
Evrotas were easily defended, and Sparta had no walls
until the end of the 4th century BC. The city itself was
destroyed by the Goths under their king, Alaric I, in
396 AD.
 Greece is the first area in Europe to have advanced
early civilizations emerge, starting with the Cycladic
civilization.

 Greek kingdoms and city-states or Polis began to

emerge. Examples are Athens and Sparta.

 Culture then began to develop fast through

architecture, drama, science and philosophy. This was
in Athens under a democratic environment.
 • Broken up to two divisions, Free people and Slaves.
Slaves
• No political rights

• Used as servants and laborers

• Few we’re skilled craftsmen and even

fewer we’re paid

• Sometime slaves are prisoners from

war or from foreign slave traders.
Free People
• Citizens
 Only free, land owning, native-born men

 Entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state

After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be

government officials and take part in Jury Service.

• Metics
 Foreign birth that had migrated to Athens

 Had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in

the army

 Never achieve full rights of a Citizen, own houses or

land and not allowed to speak in law courts
Government
 800 BC
The majority of Greek states were governed by groups of rich
landowners, called aristocrats; this word is derived from 'aristoi',
meaning best people. This was a system known as 'oligarchy' the rule
by the few.

 750 BC
Athenian power in the Archaic Period was controlled by Aeropagus, or
council. Their policies were delivered through three magistrates called
Archons.

 500 BC
Democracy was introduced by an aristocrat, Cleisthenes. Who was
from family of the Alcmaeonids in 508 BC, after 2 years of civil war,
they used the help of Spartans to secure power.
Education
Formal Education
• Primarily for men, and was, in general, not offered to slaves, manual
laborers, or women. In some poleis, laws were passed to prohibit the
education of slaves. Formal education is attained by attending a public
school or by hiring a private tutor.
Informal Education
• This is done through an unpaid teacher in a non-public
setting. For example a mother teaching her daughter how to
maintain a household.
Economy
• Ancient Greece was the most advanced economy in the
world.
• To some economic historians, it was one of the most
advanced preindustrial economies.
• Craftsmanship and commerce we’re later on developed and
gradually became more important in the classical period.
Philosophy
 deals with a wide variety of subjects, namely political
philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric,
and aesthetics.
 Although reason and inquiry we’re focused on in Ancient Greek
Philosophy none of them began with the Greeks.
 Examples of some great Greek philosophers are Plato, Socrates and
Aristotle.
Literature
 Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun
with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey
 Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, in many
ways, lyric poetry as a genre.
 A playwright named Aeschylus introduced dialogue into playwright. In
doing so, he essentially invented “drama”
Theatre
 Theatre is centered in Anthens where it
was institutionalized as part of a festival called
the Dionysia, which honored the god Dionysus.
 Tragedy (late 6th century BC), comedy (486 BC), and
the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge
there.
 Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies and
allies in order to promote a common cultural identity.
 Western theatre originated in Athens and its drama has
had a significant and sustained impact on Western
culture as a whole.
Stage
Music and Dance
 Music was present almost universally in Greek society,
from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies,
theatre, folk music and the ballad-like reciting of epic
poetry. There are significant fragments of actual Greek
musical notation as well as many literary references to
ancient Greek music. Greek art depicts musical
instruments and dance. The word music derives from
the name of the Muses, the daughters of Zeus who
were patron goddesses of the arts.
Science and technology
 Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many
important developments to the field of mathematics,
including the basic rules of geometry, the idea
of formal mathematical proof, and discoveries
in number theory, mathematical analysis, applied
mathematics, and approached close to establishing
the integral calculus. The discoveries of several Greek
mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid,
and Archimedes, are still used in mathematical
teaching today.
 The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch
of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level.
 The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the
apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th
century BC by eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus
 The Antihythera, a device for calculating the movements of
planets, dates from about 80 BC, and was the first ancestor of the
astronomical computer.
 Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period, and is
considered one of the most outstanding figures in
the history of medicine. He is referred to as the “father of
medicine"
Architecture
 The Greeks developed three architectural systems,
called orders, each with their own distinctive
proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are:
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Doric Order
• Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos
("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the
Acropolis in Athens. Built in the 5th Century BC
Ionic Order
• Erechtheum - temple from
the middle classical period of
Greek art and architecture, built
on the Acropolis of Athens
between 421 and 405BC. The
Erechtheum contained
sanctuaries to Athena Polias,
Poseidon, and Erechtheus.
The Temple of Apollo at Didyma

The Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey

(about 300 BC). The design of the temple was known as
dipteral, a term that refers to the two sets of columns
surrounding the interior section.
The Temple of Athena Nike
Nike means "victory"
in Greek, and Athena was
worshiped in this form, as
goddess of victory in war
and wisdom, on the
Acropolis in Athens, Gree
ce. Her temple was the
earliest fully ionic temple
on the Acropolis,
compensated by its
prominent position on a
steep bastion at the south
west corner of the
Acropolis to the right of
the entrance
Corinthian Order
 most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was
also the latest, not arriving at full development until
the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known
example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at
Bassae (c.420 B.C.).
Sculpture
 Greek art and sculpture has had a profound effect
throughout the ages. The Greeks used many different types
of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and
limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other
materials such as clay were also used but due to their brittle
nature very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very
important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about
Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek
culture in general
Religion and Mythology
 Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the
ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the
nature of the world and the origins and significance of
their religious practices. The main Greek gods were the
twelve Olympians, Zeus, his wife Hera, Poseidon, Ares,
Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Arte
mis, Demeter, and Hades. Other important deities
included Hebe, Helios, Dionysus,
Persephone and Heracles (a demi-god). Zeus's parents
were Kronos and Rhea who also were the parents of
Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter.
Olympics
 The Greeks invented athletic
contests and held them in honour of
their gods. The Isthmos game were
staged every two years at the Isthmos
of Corinth. The Pythian games took
place every four years near Delphi.
The most famous games held at
Olympia, South- West of Greece,
which took place every four years.
The ancient Olympics seem to have
begun in the early 700 BC, in honour
of Zeus. No women were allowed to
watch the games and only Greek
nationals could participate.
1st Day
 The first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices.
On the Middle Day of the festival 100 oxen were
sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed
and made small sacrifices themselves..

2nd Day
The first was stadion, the oldest event of the Games, where runners
sprinted for 1 stade, the length of the stadium(192m). The other races
were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which ranged
from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).The fourth type of race
involved runners wearing full amor, which was 2-4 stade race (384 m.
to 768 m.), used to build up speed and stamina for military purposes.
Other days
 On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium,
a combination of the two, were held. In wrestling, the
aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three
times, on either his hip, back or shoulder. In ancient
Greek wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.
 Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse,
was confined to the wealthy but was nevertheless a
popular attraction. The course was 6 laps of the track,
with separate races for whereupon the rider would
have no stirrups.
 After the horse-racing came the pentathlon, a series of
five events: sprinting, long-jumping, javelin-hurling,
discus-throwing, and wrestling.
END