NMC 113 – Lecture

MODULE 2 COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY

CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY

TYPES OF COMMUNITIES

INTRODUCTION
 One of the distinguishing feature of community
health nursing is that it is population-focused or
aggregate-focused. This feature means that care
is not only given to specific individuals of
families but also extends to existing aggregates
or specific groups in the community and
eventually the community itself.

 This module will guide the student to have a

better understanding of community health
nursing through the discussion and related
activities on the different concepts in the
community, its focus of care, components and
the factors that affect the community and how
the nurse carries out her roles and
responsibilities in the delivery of health services
to the population group and community as a
whole. CORE
 Represents the people that make up the
TYPES OF COMMUNITIES community
 Includes the demographics of the population
1. URBAN COMMUNITY  Values, beliefs, history of the people
 high density of population
 basic requirements and good resources are
available
 opportunity for non-agricultural
occupations/employment is high
 heterogenous population
 high sense of anomynity
 social relations are temporary
 order, regularity and punctuality are observed

2. RURAL COMMUNITY
 population density is low
 houses are located far from each other
 agriculture (farming and fishing) is the primary
industry
 cost of living is cheaper 8 SUBSYSTEMS
 people are usually related to each other  Physical Environment
 population is composed of simple folk  Education
characterized by primary group relations, well-  Health and Social Services
knit, high degree of group feeling.  Communication
 Recreation
3. RURBAN COMMUNITY  Safety and Transport
 possess characteristics of an urban and a rural  Economics
community  Politics and Government

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CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS OF A OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH
HEALTHY COMMUNITY PROMOTION
 A healthy community is essential to health Paved the way for:
promotion – with this knowledge the community  “Healthy Settings Initiatives”
health nurses are motivated to work harder to
attain this.
 Health is affected by many factors that cannot be  Healthy City
controlled by individuals living in the AIMS:
community. 1. Achieve a good quality of life
 Social systems that functions effectively 2. Create a health-supportive environment
facilitates health promotion, disease prevention 3. Provide basic sanitation and hygiene
and access to resources needed for health. needs
4. Supply access to health care
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY
COMMUNITY
 A shared sense of being a community based on
history and values
 Recognition
 Respect

 A general feeling of empowerment and control COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL PHYSICAL

over matters that affect the community as a ACTIVITY PROGRAM
whole.  Physical Education
 Existing structures are present to allow  Physical Activity before and after school
subgroups within the community to participate  Family and community engagement
in decision making in community matters.  Staff involvement
 The community has the ability to cope with  Physical Activity during school
change, solve problems and manage conflicts
within the community through acceptable
means. The Philippines is member nation of the WHO Western
 Open channels of communication and Pacific Region – advocates for Health Cities and Health
cooperation among the members of the Islands Movement.
community.
 Equitable and efficient use of community
resources, with the view towards sustaining
natural resources.

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ELEMENTS OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY AFFORDABLE QUALITY HOUSING
 Access to care  Affordable, high quality, socially integrated
 Affordable Quality Housing housing
 Community Safety  Housing near public transportation if needed
 Ways to avoid displacement as older
 Economic Opportunity
neighborhoods are revitalized
 Educational Opportunity  Promoting housing development and design that
 Environmental Quality encourages social interaction
 Food Access  HEALTH IMPACTS: Economic stability,
 Community Design disease prevention, air quality, mental health,
 Parks and Recreation exposure to extreme climate, exposure to lead,
 Social and Cultural Cohesion early brain development, injury prevention
 Social Justice
 Transportation Options COMMUNITY SAFETY
 Safe communities, free of crime and violence
 Diversion programs available instead of
incarceration
 Promoting built environments that “feel” safe
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Mental health, injury
prevention, physical activity

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
 Access to capital for entrepreneurship
 Job training and mentorship/accelerator space
 Access to affordable and diverse commercial
spaces
 Clustering of commerce and integration with
residential uses for enhanced vibrancy
 A culture of local talent development
 Living wages in the community
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Economic stability/access,
air quality, walkability/physical activity, mental
health (stimulating, healthy work)
WHAT COMPRISES A
HEALTHY COMMUNITY? EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
 Opportunities for high quality and accessible
 A healthy community is one where people have
education
the opportunity to make healthy choices, in
 Opportunities for developmentally-appropriate and
environments that are safe, free from violence, affordable childcare
and designed to promote health. Factors that  Access to a variety of post-secondary opportunities
influence health range from early childhood  HEALTH IMPACTS: Healthier students tend to
education to quality housing and jobs, and have greater educational achievement
include many other areas of community
development such as financial inclusion, access ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
to health clinics and healthy food, sustainable  Clean air and waterways
energy, and transportation.  Healthy and clean soils
 Water supply protection and water security
ELEMENTS OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY  Tobacco- and smoke-free spaces
 Minimized toxics, greenhouse gas emissions and
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AND COVERAGE waste
 Affordable, accessible and high quality health  Affordable and sustainable energy use
care  HEALTH IMPACTS: Asthma and other
 Community Paramedicine/care coordination respiratory diseases, disease
 Health literacy  prevention, exposure to environmental
 Access to behavioral health services contaminants including lead, early brain
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Disease prevention, development
mental health

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FOOD ACCESS
 Affordable, accessible and nutritious foods TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS
 Promoting a variety of healthy food access  Safe, sustainable, accessible and affordable
opportunities transportation options
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Nutrition, obesity,  Promoting built environments that encourage
disease prevention, mental health, early brain walking, biking and taking transit
development  HEALTH IMPACTS: Obesity, disease
prevention, physical activity, mental health,
HEALTHY COMMUNITY DESIGN economic stability, air quality, injury prevention
 Walkability and places for multi-modal transport
 Mixed use developments
 Transit-oriented developments CROSS CUTTING LENS
 Adaptive re-use Equity and Social Justice:
 Access to cool and shaded spaces  “Health equity is achieved when everyone,
 Environments free of excessive noise regardless of race, neighborhood, sexual
 Vacant land reuse opportunities orientation or financial status, has the
 Access to green and open spaces, including opportunity for health – physical, mental,
healthy three canopy and agricultural lands economic, and social well-being.”
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Economic stability,
mental health, physical activity, air quality, Resiliency:
injury prevention, obesity, heat-related illness  Ability to bounce back from adverse events (i.e.
fire, drought, excess heat, economic
PARKS AND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES disruptions, etc). We seek social-ecological
 Access to affordable and safe opportunities for resilience to crisis or extreme events caused by
physical activity climate change, such as drought, heat, and
 Joint use opportunities with schools, libraries flood.” We define indicators of social-ecological
and community centers resilience in a variety of ways, including:
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Physical activity,  Social coherence and other coping,
disease prevention, mental health, early brain anticipation, preparation, adaptation and
development, air quality response mechanisms
 Water and food security
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COHESION
 Opportunities for engagement with arts, music FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF THE
and culture COMMUNITY
 Robust social and civic engagement
 Supportive relationships, families, homes and
neighborhoods
 Support services for behavioral health needs
 Community empowerment that can lead to
systems change
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Economic stability,
mental health, public safety

SOCIAL JUSTICE
 Addresses historical trauma and structural
racism
 Resolves the social and physical differences  P – Population (People)
adversely affecting socially disadvantaged
groups  L - Location
 Pursues fair distribution of resources  S – Social System
 HEALTH IMPACTS: Live longer, physical
and mental health, economic stability, intact
families, resiliency, public safety