LEARNING RESOURCE

SPA - MUSIC

MUSIC AND THE

INTEGRATED ARTS
Grade 7 – Quarter 1
LEARNING RESOURCE for MUSIC

MUSIC AND THE INTEGRATED ARTS

Grade 7, Quarter 1

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Published by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Development Team of the Learning Resource

Writers: Arvin Manuel R. Villalon

Editor: Jose S. Soliman, Jr.
Cover Illustrator: William Matawaran
Layout Artist: Arvin Manuel R. Villalon
Management Team: Marichu Tellano and Henrietta Kangleon (NCCA),
Tanya P. Lopez (PerfLab)

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NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS

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 FOREWORD

Welcome to this Learning Resource for Music.

This Learning Resource was developed by experts from the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts as a reference to aid you in developing rich, meaningful, and
empowering learning in the creative fields. Every effort has been exerted to produce a
Self-Learning Learning Resource that incorporates the most fundamental elements and
principles of each discipline, while providing a spiraled, scaffolded, and multi-sensory
approach to allow you to explore your innate creativity while building discipline and rigor in
your chosen discipline.

Each lecture, activity, or reflection here is designed to be meaningful. Each one designed
to build from the previous one, and each one with the objective of building up for the next
skill or competence. We hope that you will find these activities challenging but
empowering, and that your potential as a Filipino artist and Creative is further enhanced
and inspired.

These Learning Resources take into consideration the various limitations and challenges
brought about by the current situation and provide you with the flexibility to manage content
and pace to your individual needs while maintaining standards for creativity, embodying
21st Century skills, and aspiring towards artistic excellence. Beyond compilations of dry
information, these Learning Resources seek to develop Higher Order Thinking Skills of
Analysis, Evaluation, and Creation.

If you are planning to use this Resource as a facilitator or teacher, you are expected to
guide and orient your learners in the proper and efficient use of this Learning Resource.
Most, if not all activities, will entail exploration, investigation, and experimentation, as such
it is imperative that you, as the facilitator, establish the guidelines which will allow your
students to be creative but within responsible, safe, and academically-sound limits. Your
guidance and mentorship is expected and encouraged throughout the learning process.

We look forward to your journey as an artist, MABUHAY!

 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Dear Readers,

In this Learning Resource, you will be introduced to the world of the arts by exploring its various
expressions: visual, architecture, dance, literary, drama, film and music. This includes
explorations of its different elements and how the different arts are actually related to each other.
In the last lesson, music is given special attention by focusing on the physical, physiological and
psychological component of sounds. The concept of soundscapes is also explored giving an idea
that music does not exist in a vacuum but according to the environment where it is contextualized.

At the end of this Learning Resource, you will be able to:

1. identify the elements of each art form;

2. define the various concepts under each art form;
3. explore the art and performance practices of the art form;
4. appreciate the importance of integrating the arts;
5. relate music to the various art forms.

This Learning Resource may be used for, and is applicable to the following DepEd code:
SPA_MU7-Ia-1

SPA_MU7-Ib-2

SPA_MU7-Ic-3

SPA_MU7-Id-4

SPA_MU7-Ie-5

SPA_MU7-If-6

SPA_MU7-Ig-7

SPA_MU7-Ih-8

Lesson The Concept of the Integrated
1 Arts (Week 1)

You will explore the world of art as applied to music for the next four years but first you
must understand the whole concept of culture and arts.

ACTIVITY 1. Write all your answers on your notebook.

1. Try to find different art forms within your house. Locate for objects, materials or evidence of
the following art forms inside your house. You might ask the help of any member of the family.
The table below will be your guide for this activity.

Art Form Name of the Picture Why?

Object/Material
1. Visual Arts
2. Literary Arts
3. Music
4. Dance
5. Architecture
6. Theater/Drama
7. Film

2. In the first column you have the 7 art forms. Look for an evidence in your house for each art
form. For example, for visual arts, you might have a carved figure. Write the name of the object.
Take a picture of it or draw it. Paste the printed picture on your notebook. On the fourth column
answer the question, “Why is the object, material considered art?” Just write a phrase or key
word. For example the wood carving is an art form because of its color. If you cannot complete
all the 7 art forms, you can get examples from your community. Make use only of what is within
your home or community. Do not get examples from other regions or from other countries.

3. So what have you realized? Enumerate what have you learned from the activity? This will be
submitted to your teacher for grading.

What is art?

Art is actually difficult to define because there is no universal defintion (Brigino, 20212). In
grade school perhaps you have learned that arts is about expression and the act of creating
something of beauty. We can use the following defintions for art.

Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to
be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power (Oxford Dictionary).

 In the activity you made, you must have realized that each art form conveys the following:

a. Message – the art form tells something based on a reality or imagination of the
creator;

b. Meaning – the interpretation we give to the art form;

c. Medium – how the message and meaning are tangibly expressed.

For example a contemporary jazz ballet can show

strong feelings of how it feels like when someone you love
passed away. The steps, the movement and the facial
expression tell this message.
Source: Entity Contemporary Dance Company photo by
Mike Esperanza;
https://expressionplatform.com/contemporary-dance-
vs-lyrical-dance-all-you-need-to-know/

Art is “a person’s interpretation of reality manifested in a particular medium and shared

with others “ (Sporre, 2014).

Let us explore how we have expressed the

different art forms in our country. From the pre-
colonial period, Filipinos have tried to expressed
themselves. For example the Angono petroglyphs
give evidence of an art form composed of drawings in
a cave found between Angono and Binangonan,
Rizal.

The picture of a woman singing the Darangen Source: Photo by Ger Victor;
of the Maranao people is another example. The http://www.baldtrekker.com/2017/03/10/the-angono-binangonan-
petroglyphs/
darangen is a piece of poetry expressed in a chant or
song. It sometimes incorporates the use of traditional instruments such as the kulintang and
tablor and people move according to the rhythm of the songs. This is an example why in the
Philippines our concept of art is not exactly the same as that of the West. In the past, early
societies saw arts as an expression of the values of a people. It is also practical for it was used
as a teaching device and at the same time an expression of
beauty. Moreover, the arts are integrated. For example
dance is mixed with the songs, movements along with the
visual motifs (designs) of the Maranao people.

As students of the arts, you need to locate yourselves

in the bigger field of the arts. Because , the arts are
expressions of what it means to be human, we call this big
field humanties.

Humanties is the “study of how people process and

document the human experience” (Stanford, 2020). This
field also includes languages, philosophy, religion and is very
much related to the social sciences. The arts is one big
Source: https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/darangen-epic- chunk of humanities. As you can see the other expression of
of-the-maranao-people-of-lake-lanao-00159 being human is in the sciences. It is important to note that both

humanities (arts) and the sciences are equally important. While people in the past thought that
the answers to our problems can only be found in science, the humanities can actually also
provide solutions to our common problems such as pollution, war, climate change, etc.

Within the humanities itself, there are categories. Art, for example can be broadly
categorized according to the medium of expression or the way it is expressed such as visual arts,
dance, music, literary, drama film, architecture. We can also put together these art forms into just
two major categories namely the visual arts (painting, sculpting, architecture) and the performing
arts (drama, music, dance, literary arts). When we put categories and start to define each form,
the arts are not just expressions but become fields of study called disciplines. Each art
discipline contains principles and theories that have been studied, researched and expressed.
Therefore if you are seriously taking SPA as your field, you need to study and learn other
disciplines aside from music.

The table below shows the medium or media of each art form:

Art Form Medium

Visual Arts (Painting, Drawing) Paint, Ink, Pencil, etc.
Visual Arts (Sculpture, Pottery) Woord, Stone, Clay, etc.
Dance Movement
Music Sound
Cinema Film, Photography
Literary Words
Theatre Body, Voice

Let us now explore more concepts related to the arts: The picture below is an umbrella.

Can you list 10 ways on how you can
use the umbrella? Write your answers in your
notebook. Perhaps you answered the
following: 1) to protect you against rain or the
heat of the sun; 2) a walking stick; 3) as
protection against dogs or animals; 4) as a
decoration for your garden set.. and more.

Did it ever cross your mind that an

umbrella can be CREATIVELY turned into a
crib for a baby; or moving pinwheels for a
theatre production or a pot for plants.. and
more

photo: Miraslov Vajdic via flickr

Filipinos have a way of defining art. The concepts are based from Brigino’s Philippine Art (2012).

1. Art is a form of expression:

2. Art reflects our environment through the materials that we use. For example we use
bamboo for musical instruments or wood for sculptures in Ifugao.

3. Art reflects our belief in a Supreme Being (God). For example, early Philippine theater
forms originated from pre-Christian rituals. Oral traditions of the Ifugao Hudhud, Maranao
Darangen and Manobo Ullahingan are based on the relationship of indigenous and Moro
peoples’ to God or a Supreme deity.

4. Art can be expressed in everyday Life. For example we create baskets and mats. The
weavers of Bassey, Samar showcase such beautiful works that is worthy to be framed but
are actually used in every day life.

5. Art can use technology. Technology is anything that makes work faster and more efficient.
Many of art forms rely on traditional technologies such as the guitar-making heritage of
Cebu or rondalla instrument-making in Guagua, Pampanga. Technology can of course
include modern forms such as digital and media arts.

6. Art can be a source of income. The production of art is also a form of livelihood. Artisans
engaged in traditional jewelry designs or woodcarvers of Paete and the cantorit (singers)
of Cagayan rely on their art form to support their daily needs.

In summary, Philippine art takes a more integrated apporach as compared to the Western
approach which is more discipline-based.

Activity: Watch a staged singkil performance of the Bayanihan Dance Company from this
website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d2LVHba_So

Analyze the perfromance and answer the following questions:

1. What makes singkil an art form? Base your answers on the concepts you learned.
2. Why is singkil an integrated art form?

Lesson Elements of the Arts and
2 Principles of Artistic
Organization (Week 2 & 3)
How do you analyze a certain work of art? Do the first activity for this week. Avoid reading the
succeeding sections. Just rely on what you know or
your common sense or experience.

1. The painting is entitled “Seasoned” by Jeff Cablog,

a young visual artist from Barlig, Mt. Province. He
was hailed as one of the top 40 contemporary
portrait painters of the world.
2. You can group yourself with a classmate/s
(maximum of three in a group) or you may choose to
work alone in the analysis.
3. Answer the following questions to analyze the
painting. Rely on your gut feel or kutob to analyze:
a. What is your reaction to the painting? Did you
enjoy looking at it or did you not enjoy looking at it?
Why?
b. What is in the painting that makes it a form of art?
c. What makes the painting beautiful (aesthetics)?
What did you realize from the activity? Did
www.celesteprize.com
you find it hard to answer the questions?

If your answer is yes, then you will realize
that we need a guide to be able to analyze arts.
The next section will be a form of a review. Your art teacher in elementary school introduced this
concept. This time you will have an in-depth look into it and hopefully at the end of this week, you
have something to use to be able to delve deeper into the arts.

Elements of the Arts

(Source: https://www2.oberlin.edu/amam/asia/sculpture/documents/vocabulary.pdf)
All photos courtesy unless indicated are courtesy of Ingles, 2008

Elements mean the basic unit or structure of any art form. These elements actually come from
the Visual art traditions but can also be applied to the other arts although specific art forms also
have additional elements which you will learn for the next weeks. Without these element, the
artist has nothing to build on it.

1. Line - An element of art defined by a point

moving in space. Line may be two-or three-
dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.
Identify the kind of lines that you see in the
picture on your right? (Visual Art)


2. Shape - An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.
What are the shapes created by the shadow play? (Theatre)

3. Form - An element of art that is three-

dimensional and encloses volume; includes height,
width and depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or
a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing. The
building takes on the shape of a pyramid (Architecture)

4. Space - An element of art by which positive and negative areas

are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art
The dancing inmates of Cebu made use of space to convey a
symbol. Can you idenify the symbol? (Dance)

Space that is
occupied is Blank space
positive refers to
negative

5. Texture - refers to the way things feel or how they look as if they would feel if you could
touch the surface.

Can you guess what is this?

Photography and Film can capture
texture.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISUoCbJhjPo

 6. Color - An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
a. Hue: name of color
b. Intensity: quality of brightness and
purity (high intensity= color is strong
and bright; low intensity= color is faint
and dull)
.

wwww.pomono.edu

The orchestra and choir produces a variety of colors of sound. Which gives a bright sound?
How about darker sounds? (Music)

c. Value - The lightness or darkness of

tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is
the darkest. The value halfway between these
extremes is called middle gray.

Application of the Different Elements of the Arts

The elements of the arts are like building blocks of any art form. By combining two or more
elements together, the artist is able to design, compose or make his art form. For example, look
at the picture of a theater scene:

The director used several elements of the arts

during the blocking (position of theater actors on
stage). He made use of the lighting design to produce
the dominant color of the scene. Let us analyze which
of the elements of the arts did he use:

1. Line – the position of the actors creates a line of

sight for audience to appreciate all players and not a
specific actor.

Ingles, 2008

2. Shape and Form – the arrangement of the players take the shape of a triangle if it is
2 dimensional. Or it can be a house if it is three-dimensional. So without hearing the dialogue,
we can deduce that they are a family.
3. Color – the director or the designer chose white and pink as the colors.
4. Value – the whole effect of color is light and bright evoking a feeling of comedy.
5. Texture- the position of the players shows depth making the scene very three-dimensional.
The texture conveyed is smooth as seen in the costume design

Here you can see that the over-all effect of the scene creates balance using 5 to 6 elements of
the arts.

Principles of Artistic Organization

1. Balance is created in a work of art when textures, colors, forms, or shapes are combined
harmoniously. Visual balance causes you to feel that the elements have been arranged
appropriately.

Ingles, 2008

Describe which of the following art work dsiplays balance. What is the effect when there is no
balance?

In other textbooks, balance may mean symmetry. For example if we divide a visual art
equally, the left side will mirror the right side such as in the first art work. The third art work
shows radial symmetry which is a form of balance that is even, radiating out from a central point
to all four quadrants of the art work (www.leighcotnoir.com). For example the parol shows
balance from the center point and extending to the four quadrants.

In other art forms, balance can be applied to dance or theatre when the different dancers
or actors are divided equally on stage such as in the picture below:

The literary
arts can show balance
such as in the number
of lines or the number
of syllables per line in
a poem. In music,
balance can mean the
equal loudness or
softness of the sound
produced. You do not
want that in a choir,
the voices of the girls
Source: Noli Me Tangere The Opera 2019; https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwopera/article/PHOTOS-Get-a-First-
Look-at-NOLI-ME-TANGERE-THE-OPERA-2019-20190306

are overpowered by the voices of the boys just because the boys sings too loud. In architecture,
the classical architecture shows balance of the different elements of the art. The Manila
cathedral for example show such balance.

2. PROPORTION is the principle of art concerned with the size relationship of one part to another.
Proportion is the comparison of dimensions or distribution of forms. It is the relationship in scale
between one element and another, or between a whole object and one of its parts. Differing
proportions within a composition can relate to different kinds of balance or symmetry, and can
help establish visual weight and depth ((www.leighcotnoir.com).

Proportion (ratio)
Proportion (scale)

Proportion is important to portray beauty or aesthetics. For

example there is a specific proportion for sculpture of the human body
For example the size of the head should be smaller than the rest of the
body. Proportion
when used
effectively may
denote depth even
for a two
dimensional art
work

The painting “An

Interior View of https://smarthistory.org/pr
oportion-and-scale/
Westminster
Abbey on the
Commemoration of Handel's Centenary”
(fineartamerica. com) by Edward Edwards in
1793 show how a 2 dimensional oil on
canvass painting can create an illusion of
depth and perpective through the use of
porpotion. The people at the bottom center
are drawn bigger than the people who are at
the altar or choir area (center of the artwork).
The use of scale proportion can create such
an illusion that fools our mind to see that the
smaller figures means they are farther away.

Theatre creates illusion on stage by using proportion such as in the set design or in the
lighting effects.

 Proportion is created when the sizes of elements in a work of art are combined
harmoniously. In this image, all of the proportions appear exactly as one would expect; the
human figures are much smaller in scale than the natural world that surrounds them.

2. Unity (or Harmony) is created when the

principles of analysis are present in a composition
and in harmony. Some images have a complete
sense of unity, while some artists deliberately
avoid formal unity to create feelings of tension and
anxiety. In this image, the large areas of
contrasting textures, patterns and colors create a
sense of balance and unity within the composition.
UNITY allows the viewer to see a complex
combination as a complete whole. If all of the parts
are joined together in such a way that they appear
to belong to a whole,
the work of art will be unified. The dance
The Bonifacio movement by Guilermo Tolentino
demonstrates such unity.
showing the proportions of the figures.

Photos courtesy
of E. Ingles ppt

In some textbooks unity can connote harmony such as in a musical performance where the
different vocal and instrumental parts jell together to create an opus or masterpiece.

4. Variation and Contrast is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer's attention
and to guide the viewer's eye through the artwork. Variety is the use of different visual elements
throughout a work (smarthistory.org)

VARIETY: is concerned with difference. Too much sameness might be dull. Artists add
variety to their work to make it more interesting. In music, the orchestra give different sounds
which sustains the interest and curiosity of the audience watching the performance

vigattintourism.com

Emphasis is created in a work of art when the artist contrasts colors, textures, or shapes
to direct your viewing towards a particular part of the image. EMPHASIS makes one part of a
work dominant over other parts. An artist uses emphasis to focus the viewer's attention on the
most important areas of a work of art. Part of emphasis is the principle of subordination which is
defined as minimizing or toning down other compositional elements in order to bring attention to
the focal point. Focal point or focus refers to an area in the composition that has the most
significance, an area that the artist wants to draw attention to as the most important aspect. In
the picture that shows the street dancing for the Sinulog, emphasis is given to the festival queen
while the other dancers are subordinated to form the background. The main focus actually is

more than the festival queen but the image of the Sto. Nino which is highlighted by the movement
and its contrast to the white background of the woman holding the image.

6. Rhythm and Movement is the way a viewer's eyes

are directed to move through a composition, often to
areas of emphasis. Movement can be directed by lines,
contrasting shapes, or colors within the artwork. In this
mat pattern, our eye moves through the pattern of
alternate colors
which create an
illusion of
movement. The
conistent
pattern

connotes rhythm.

RHYTHM AND MOVEMENT, as a principle of design,

indicates the repetition of visual elements, such as shapes,
lines, or spaces. Visual rhythm creates the sensation of
movement as the viewer's eyes follow the "beats" through
a work of art.
Photos courtesy of E. Ingles, 2008

ACTIVITY 1. For this week you are to make a project for each art form that will apply the
principles of artistic organization. You will be graded accordingly using the rubric shown below,.
Each genre is equivalent to 30 points. Since there are three genres the total points is 90 points.

Genre Specific task Prinicple

1. Visual arts and Literary Make an artwork (drawing or Show in your artwork the
Arts painting) based on any poem principle of balance and
proportion
2. Music and Dance Record yourself singing any Show emphasis and rhythm
song along with a dance or in your performance
movement
3. Theater and Media Arts Ask the help of your family Use unity and variety
members. You are a director
of a shoot and you will dress
up your family to portray
characters in a movie or film.
Take a picture of them with a
theatrical pose

Lesson Fundamentals of Artistic
3 Processes (Week 4)

For the past weeks, you have undersood and produced art from various art disiplines
while focusing on the elements and its principles. The lesson for this week will focus on the
fundamentals of artistic processes using the Discipline Based Art Education (DBAE) as the
approach. Through this topic you will relate arts to the bigger concept of culture.

You were asked to become judge for a singing contest entitled, “Tawag ng Tanghalan sa
Barangay”. How would you judge the contestants? Write down your own criteria for judging and
put the percentage you are looking for. The total is 100%.

Criteria for Judging Percentage

TOTAL

Are you comfortable with your criteria for judging? Why or why not? Write your answers and do
not forget to pass this to your teachers as part of the class requirements.

You must have realized how difficult it is to judge a competition without any basis. This
week you will learn these principles. You will understand art processes through Discipline-Based
Art Education (DBAE). Art invoves four processes:

A. Art Production (art making) – the creation of art with the

use of tools, manipulation of media and one’s creativity

B. Art Criticism - an artist needs to evaluate his work even

if it is sometimes difficult since we can be very subjective
of our output. When we critique we see the good and the
areas for improvement in the art we created. The elements
of the art can be used in art criticism. For example do the
colors clash or are they complementary?
Source:
C. Art History - studying art with its social and historical https://www.pinoyadventurista.com/2014/05/the-art-
context. You have to know what is the history for example of-bulacan-pastillas-wrapper-making.html

of a certain dance or music.

D. Aesthetics – this refers for the philosophy of art and its appreciation. What is art? What is good
art? What is beauty? What makes art beautiful? Why is art appreciated? Aesthetics is what
makes a thing beautiful.

Let us see how DBAE is applied to music

 1. Listen to the music clip of a choral piece, entitled “April in My Mistress Face”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ylDjv1Tsso&list=RD1ylDjv1Tsso&start_radio=1&rv=1
ylDjv1Tsso&t=15&t=15

2. These are students like you in Junior High. They were able to produce art with the help
of the conductor who taught them how to sing the piece. In the weeks to come you will be
producing more music. Production is important because learning becomes deeper and
long lasting when it is practiced.

3. Without the process of DBAE, we can just end up just singing the song. The challenge is
to further deepen your expression by learning the history of the song. The excerpt below
is a research about the song, its composer and the dominant style during its time:

Art History: April is in My Mistress Face is an example of a madrigal piece..

Madrigal is a secular vocal music composition of the Renaissance and early
Baroque eras. Traditionally, polyphonic madrigals are unaccompanied; the
number of voices varies from two to eight, and most frequently from three to
six (Haar, Grove online). The song was composed and arranged by Thomas
Morley,
P an Englishman who specialized in the English madrigal.

Perhaps the text you read seems a bit difficult to understand. It is because this topic will
be explained to you once you reach Grade 9. Just to simplify what it says, Madrigal is a style of
singing. Like now, we have the rap or hiphop. Polyphony means many voices. You watched how
the students sang in acapella (unaccompanied) and they are assigned according to a specific
voice. The higher female voices are sopranos while the lowest voices comprise the bass of the
male section.

The question now is, are the perfromers doing it correctly? How would you know? That is
now in the realm of Art Criticism. When we do art criticism we do not look for the negative or
the flaws in the performance but how the performance can be evaluated according to the
elements and principles of music. Now you do not have the full knowledge on how to do a critic
of a madrigal performance. This requires experience and study of the elements of music which
you will learn until Grade 10. If you make a criticism based on just your opinions without knowing
about the prinicples and concepts, your comments will be unfair and unfounded.

Lastly, the topic of aesthetics is an analysis on the beauty of the art performance. In
classical music the focus is on the elements of harmony or unity. It also includes the beauty as
provided by the lyrics or what we call text. The rendition, the emotions that come out from the
performance is also another area that is worth looking into.

Lesson Overview of the Art Forms and
its Elements: Visual Arts and
4 Architecture (Week 5)

Last week, the focus of your learning was on the fundamentals of artistic process using
the DBAE or Discipline Based Art Education framework. For this week and the succeeding
weeks you will delve into each art form. The goal is to see the connections between the art forms
while you yourself are very much focused in honing your skills in music. Some of the topics will
serve as a review since these were introduced in Grade school. Others will be a deepening
process since you will not only learn the art by theory but also by experience.

Visual Arts – are arts that can be perceived by our

eyes. The arts created primarily for visual perception,
as drawing, graphics, painting, sculpture, and the
decorative arts (www.dictionary.com). Visual arts may
include the fine arts such as painting or sculpture but
also may inlcude crafts.

Fine Arts: The figures on the right is a sculpture by

National Artis for Sculpture, Napoleon Abueva. He was
born in Bohol and ihis work depicts the blood compact
which is found in the marker of the controversial site of
the historical event. There are also paintings such as
that of Fernando Amorsolo, National Artist for Painting.
The painting is a market scene in Baguio in the early
1900s

thriftytraveler.wordpress.com

But would you consider crafts as as an artform in itself? Take for example the beautiful mats or
banig produced by the women of Bassey, Samar. The patterns are intricate and the level of skill
is high. (Photo courtesy of: travefindsshop.com)

In the past, crafts were not seen as equal to fine arts. But at present with an increase in the level
of cultural awareness and sensitivity, these crafts are fine works of art.
In traditional humanities concepts, the visual arts may be classified into two:

a. Graphic Arts (flat or two-dimensional surface)

b. Plastic Arts (three dimensional)

Below is a list of some of the different graphic visual art forms which you have encountered in the
past:

1. Painting - the process of applying pigment to surface to secure effects involving forms and
colors. The diffrenet media of painting are oils, watercolors, etc. Traditional surfaces are
canvas, wood, paper. Medium refers to the substance the artist uses to create a piece of
artwork.

2. Drawing - the art of representing something by lines made on a surface or the process of
portraying an object, scene or forms of decorative or symbolic meaning through lines,
shading, and textures. The different media of drawing are pencil, pen and ink, crayon,
brush, charcoal.

3. Graphic Processes: processes for making multi-

reproduction of graphic works. Processes involve the
preparation of a master image of drawing or design
on some durable material such as wood, metal or
stone from which printing is done. Processes may be
classified by the nature of surface in which the
printing is done such as raised (relief); depressed
(intaglio); or flat (surface or plane). The print of the
cat is an example of an intaglio print made by a High
School student.
Othe graphic processes include surface printing such
as lithography, silkscreen printing, book printing,
photography.
www.fhsart.net

The Plastic Arts as a category under the visual arts refer to 3D art forms and the following are the
specific forms:

1. Scultpture - refers to the design and

construction of three-dimensional forms
representing natural objects or imaginary
(sometimes abstract shapes). Common
materials are stone, wood, clay and metal; but
ivory, jade The wooden figures are the carved
figures of the bulul of Ifugao. (Photo:
cordillermuseumweebly.com)

2. Crafts – refers to the designing and making of objects by hand for use or for pleasure. It
includes such fields as ceramics, jewelry, leatherwork, and weaving. If these fields are mass
produced, they are classed as industrial design. The example below is a furniture design by
Kenneth Cobopue. And the horsefigure is taka or paper mache made in Paete, Laguna.

artesdelasfilipinas.com
www.miliashop.com

3. Industrial Design – refers to design of objects for machine production.

4. Dress and Costume Design –covers the design of wearing apparel of all types – dresses,
coats, suits, shoes, ties and the like.

5. Theater Design –design of settings for dramatic purposes such as for stage and theatre
productions. Salvador Bernal has been declared National Artist for Stage Design.

Stylistic Movements of Arts

An art movement is a tendency or style in the visual arts with a specific common stylistic
approach, philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time.
There are several stylistic movements and those presented here are the more popular or has
been used in the history od Philippine Visual Arts.

1. Realism - depiction of subjects as they appear

in everyday life, without embellishment or
interpretation. An example is the work of
Fernando Amorsolo.

Fruit Gatherer”
Photo from www.pininterest.ph

2. Abstraction - Nonfigurative art, nonobjective art,

and nonrepresentational; a departure from reality
in depiction of imagery in art. This May be
presented in many ways like: distortion,
elongation, mangling, cubism, abstract
expressionism. Vicente Manansala become
known for his style of transparanet cubism as
shown in this work entilted, Magbabayo”.

Photo from www.artnet.com

 3. Symbolism – a movement in art that uses symbols to
depict social realities or issues. The Spoliarium by Juan
Luna while the subject is about the Roman gladiator
and their situation, actually is a symbol of the
experiences of Filipinos as a colony of Spain at that
time.
Subject = the thing, theme being protrayed in visual arts.
Examples of subjects are people, landscape, nude,
stilllife, etc
www.pinterest.com
4. Surrealism - feature
the element of surprise,
unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur. It is confusing and
startling as those of dreams. National Artist for Visual Artist, Ang
Kiukok used this style.

davaocitybybattad.blogspot.com

5. Expressionsim – style that is heavily based from the artist’s

expressions or emotions. It is utterly subjective in perspective,
violently distorting it to obtain an emotional effect and vividly
transmit personal moods and ideas. The “Thinking Man” by Ang
Kiukok is an example.

Dance
The Thinking Man Watercolor on paper
Oil on canvas Jun Martinez
115 x 89 cm 2010
Ang Kiuok
1977

6. Impresionism - it demonstrates the techniques many of the independent artists adopted: short,
broken brushstrokes that barely convey forms, pure unblended colors, and an emphasis on the
effects of light. The painting, “Dance” by Jun Martinez is an
example.

7. Pop-art – mass-produced visual commodities of popular

culture. “Pinoy Pride is an example of pop-art

8. Fauvism - wild brush work and strident colors, while their

subject matter had a high degree of simplification
and abstraction.[ Pinoy Pride
Digital Illustration
Harrison Espina
2013
There other sytlistic movements such as dadaism, futurism or styles during a period in art history
such as romanticism or neo-classicism. There will be more art styles that will emerge in the future
since art is an expression of creativity, and as long as there are human beings, there will be
movements that would influence the style of a generation of artists

Architecture - art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures.

cbrainard.blogspot.com
www.propertyasia.ph

It is not only houses or buildings that are included in this art form but also it includes landscape
architecture, city planning and interior design.

Architecture is both an art and science. The architect has knowledge of mathematics,
engineering, physics and technology when physics when he makes plans. As an art, architecture
can embody cultural ideals and reflect the soul of the people. In the course of time, architectural
structures reflect historical periods and can count as as a heritage of a community.

Architecture can be classified according to:

1. Historical periods and styles; Ancient, Classical Antiquity, Medieval (Byzantine,

Romanesque, Gothic), Renaissance, Neo-Classical, Asian, Revivalism, Modern

2. Type of building; Vernacular architecture, Temples & Churches, School Buildings,

Government building, Monuments, Houses, Commercial buildings, Theaters

3. Material Used: stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass and plaster, etc.

 The pictures below show historical periods in the Philippines, and examples of type of
architecture

1. A house in Vigan, Ilocos Sur built during the Spanish

colonial period made of wood, brick and concrete.

archiandesigns.wordpress.com

2. A vernacular
architecture of the
traditional house of the
Maranao called
torogan made of wood

Cultural Mapping Toolkit, 2019

3. Metropolitan Theatre built during the

American Colonial period and neoclassical style

tripthe islands.com

4. The Cultural Center of the Philippines as a

Modern Architecture designed by National Artist
for Architecture Francisco Mañosa.

www.dmcinet.com

Lesson Overview of the Art Forms and
its Elements: Dance, Theater, &
5 Literary Arts (Week 6)

In week 5, you had a review and deepening of the two related art forms of visual arts and
architecture. Many of you might be wondering aboout the relationship of these arts to music.
First, we were able to see how elements, processes and principles are applied in each art form
which we will do for music as well. Second, it is important to know how the visual arts operate.
Many of he musical pieces are described visually such as the lightness or darkness of the piece.
For architecture, the setting will count when you perform. This week will be a continuation of your
immersion in the performing arts specifically, theatre and dance. The literary arts are included
since this form of art hinges on the importance of a story which is essential when we create a
dance or when we stage a play. The story shown in film is the realm of cinema.

We shall explore the world of literary, dance and theatre. Follow the instructions below:

1. Think of a story you want to show or perform. The story should have a beginning, middle,
and an end. You are the only character in the story. Fill-in the blanks on what should be
in the story.
a. Theme: what is the story all about?
b. Plot: What are the details of the story from beginning to end?
c. Conflict & Resolution: What is the problem that you would like to showcase? How will
this be resolved in your story?

2. The story that you created will be performed through a dance. Choose the music that you
would like to use. You may do the dance without any music too. It is up to you.
Compose dance steps for your storyline. The following will help you when you create
your movements:
a. What type of dance will you portray? Is it ballet, jazz, modern (people sometimes call
this interpretative) or mixed?
b. Using the storyline that you created above, think of the steps from the beginning to the
end.
c. Tip: create steps that will express the emotions using your body. You can have large
or fine movements. Movement includes facial expressions too.
d. If you are using music, time your movement to the music.

3. Now it is time to stage your creation. Observe the other elements in your performance:
a. Character: think of who you are based on your story. If your character is an old
person, then your movement will show such. Or if anger is the mood, then the
character should show it.
b. Costume & Make-up – this should enhance your performance to help your character.
c. Space – where would you perform?
d. Props – do you need to use any materials in your performance

 4. Rehearse before the actual performance. Now on your actual performance convert a
portion of your house as your performance space. You might ask the help of a family
member to assist in playing the music or if you have lighting effect, to operate the
technical.

5. Invite family members, to watch your performance. They will serve as the audience. Ask
a member to record this using a phone or video camera. Your teacher will give you further
instructions in terms of the submission of this requirement.

DANCE

“The art of dance uses movement to communicate meaning about the human experience.
It is far more than exercise or entertainment. It is a powerful medium to express one's values,
thoughts, and aspirations about the lives we live and the world in which we live” (www.ndeo.org).

Dance is said to be the oldest of all the art forms and hence called the mother of arts
because human beings expressed themselves through the body. Evidences of such activities are
in cave paintings and even in writings of ancient history. For example, the Greeks termed dances
as heros. In the Bible, dance was mentioned around 30 times. In the Philippines evidence of its
longevity is seen in the dances of the indigenous peoples (IP). The IP incorporated dance in
occasions such as weddings, victory in war, thanksgiving rituals, healing rites and entertainment.
Until at present, we continue to use dance in many occasions such as birthdays and celebrations.
Perhaps you are a member of a dance organization and you regularly rehearse to hone your
skills or prepare for a competition. We shall look into the world of dance, its styles and its
elements.

Features of Dance:

1. Movement: the use of the body in organized

patterns.
2. Theme: the main message of the dance or what
the dance wants to convey
3. Techniques: Refers to skill in executing the
movement
4. Style: the genre of the dance which is influenced
by its geographic origin and period in history
when it was introduced or created
5. Design: refers to the arrangement of movement
according to a pattern in time (fast or slow) and
space (one’s position in relation to the
background)
6. Music – functions as the background and
accompaniment to the dancer’s movements
7. Properties and Costume – the attire of the
dancers including implements that convey the
theme and style of the dance.
Source: Photo by G-nie Arambulo;
https://balletmanilaarchives.com/home/2019/5/12/t
he-lisa-macuja-elizalde-i-know

Types of Dance

There are many ways to classify dances since it can be clasified according to context. Here are
some ways to classify dance:

1. According to function
For example is the dance for ritual purposes or for recreation or socialization? Social
dance is a popular category that recently enjoys attention because it is taught in many
schools. Social dance includes ballroom and folk dances.

2. According to ethnicity
Some categories include tribal, indigenous, folk. Dances can be named according to the
country of origin. Example: dances of Latin America or African dances, etc.

3. According to genre and style

This refers to specific period in time when the dance was invented or popularized.
Sometimes the style is difficult to pinpoint since time periods can extend and the dance
can have a long tradition spanning for centuries which remain unchanged with minor
influences only. Example of a genre style: ballet, jazz, modern.

4. Theatre versus non-theatre types

This classification according to Encyclopedia Britannica (2020) is the most obvious type
since the basis of the dance is if it is staged or not, although there are still contentions.
For example ballet is classified as a Theatre dance but actually has its origin to a more
ethnic or folk dance in Europe.

The Ballet

Ballet is a type of dance that people usually call “classical” or formal dance. It is a type of
theatrical dance that originated from the royal courts duing the Middle Ages. Ballet may be
performed solo, duet or in a group called corps de ballet. According to Anatole Chujoy in the
Dance Encyclopedia, the basic principle in ballet is “the reduction of human gesture to bare
essentials, heightened and developed into meaningful patterns.” (Sporre, 207). The movement of
the dance is subject to definite discipline of the hands, legs, feet and whole body in general.
Staged in theater, ballet includes staging, music, costumes and scenery to create an
unforgettable experience for all those who watch.

 Modern Dance

As a category, modern dance “covers a

broad variety of highly individualized dance works
limited to the 20th century, American in origin and
anti-balletic (Sporre, 2015, p. 207). The result is a
natural and free movement, free from rules
(conventions).

Source: Photo by Patrik Giardino;

https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-modern-dance-1007279

Source: https://www.psr.ph/index.php/fun-philippines-batangas-city-celebrates-
46th-foundation-day-sublian-festival/

World Concert/Ritual dance

This is dance specific to a particular country. This

includes dances that are used for rituals and ceremonies
that have been practiced for generations. Many of the
dances are used in religious rites such as the Subli dance
in Batangas or ritualistic dances of the Tagbanua in
Palawan.

Folk Dance

A body of group dances performed to traditional

music. The origin of the dance may be lost in
antiquity (no one knows how it originated). One
thing for sure, a folkdance binds people together
because it serves as an identity marker of a
particular community. Many communities
“preserve” their folk dances by codifying some of
its movement, music and costume/attire. It
performs a function of socialization through
collective dancing. In the Philippines folk
dancing has been popularized by the
Bayanihan Dance Company. National Artist for
Source: https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1025865 Music Francisca Reyes Aquino embarked on
dance research to document existing folk dances
in the mid 1900s.

Jazz Dance

Jazz dance traces its origin to Africa which found its

way to American society during the influx of African
brought to the New World as slaves. The dance
relies heavily on improvisation and syncopation

Source: https://brianancook.wixsite.com/blkdancehistory/styles-
techinques
Elements of Dance

Dance has its own elements that are specific to them. These elements help a
choregorapher and dancer in their dance composition ( the act of creating and planning adance).
The acronym , BASTE can help you remember the elements:

1. Body – is the medium of expression of a dancer. It is

the conduit of ideas, emotions and identity to reach out to
the audience or to the community. The body can be
divided according to the core (center of the body, torso &
back) and distal (apendages and ends of the body such
as arms, legs, hands, feet, toes, fingers). It includes the
shapes that can be created using the body such as lines,
curves, angles and defined shapes like circles, etc.

2. Action – is any human movement included in the act Source: https://primer.com.ph/event/2018/01/10/mnllikha-x-sipat-

of dancing . It inlcudes locomotor movements such lawin-ensemble-to-present-replay-dance-edit-at-circuit-makati/
walk, run, leap, hop, jump, gallop, slide, crawl, roll,
creep, slither. Non-locomotor movements cover bend, twist, stretch, reach, swing, push, pull, fall,
melt, sway, turn, spin, dab, punch, flick, float, glide,press, shake, rise, shrink, wiggle, burst,
explode, kick, poke, curl, etc.

3. Space - refers to the way the dancer moves through and interacts with the physical world. It
takes into cosideration sub-elements such as the place, the size of the space (small, medium,
large), the level occupied by the dancer (low, middle, high); direction (forward, backward, left,
right, up, down); and pathway (straight, curved zigzagged, turning)

4. Time – a dancer moves through time as well. Since dance is usually set to music, dance
becomes subject to the sub-elements of time such as tempo (slow, fast, suspend, etc.) or rhythm
(pulse, beat, pattern, syncopation). Isn’t it exciting to watch a dancer who has excellent timing?

5. Energy – is about how the movement happens

(https://www.elementsofdance.org/energy.html). “Choices about energy include variations in
movement flow and the use of force, tension, and weight.”Examples of key words are strong or
gentle force; heavy or lightweight; bound or free flow; tight or loose tension; sharp or smooth
attack; sudden or sustained attack.

 THEATRE

There are several definitions of what is a theatre. It could mean the audience assembled for
dramatic performance. It could refer to a place that is the setting for dramatic events. The word
theatre comes from from the Greek word theātron, from theāsthai, to watch, from theā, a viewing.
The Greek ancestor of theater is theātron, “a place for seeing, especially for dramatic
representation, theater.” Theātron is derived from the verb theāsthai, “to gaze at, contemplate,
view as spectators, especially in the theater,” from theā, “a viewing.”
TEXT
PLOT

Theater consists of many elements. As a student of music which is under the performing arts you
would encounter theater terms . Text refers to words used in a theater, such as the dialogue or
monologue. Sub-text is the meaning behind the words. Scenery is what ordinary people
describe as the back drop in a stage that add color, wonder and setting to a play. Lighting sets
the mood and gives focus and subordination for scenes. Costumes are the dresses, wardrobes
that would enhance an actor’s role. Part of this is the make-up which can create illusions on
stage. A young actress can be made-up to look like an old woman. Properties or props are the
materials that you bring on-stage such as a fan for an illustrado, scepter for a king, a kris for a
datu, etc. Sound includes music and effects which enhances also the mood and emotions. Color
refers to the emotions being conveyed in theatre. It can also refer to the the feelings that are
brought forth in an actors actions. Business/activity refer to an actor’s movements/actions to
keep the energy flow and to produce realism on stage. For example while two classmates are
chatting, the actor is doing the business of leafing through pages in a book while the other one is
busy fixing his schoolbag. Alll these are happening while throwing their lines (dialogues).
Gestures refer to small movements such as facial expressions, flick of a hand or crosssing of the
arms to convey a message as written in the script. Movement is the effective use of the body or
implements/extensions to create motion while on stage.

 The theatre consists of key players to produce the art form. These are:

1. Playwright – the person who writes the play, story or script.

2. Director – the person who executes the story and mounts this in the theater production

3. Actors/Actresses – the players who take on a specific role as specified in the script

4. Stage manager – the person who assists the director by carefully taking notes of blocking
(positions of actors on stage); execution of creative endeavors (lighting effect); checking the
props, making sure that sceneries are ready, and more.

5. Designers – person in charge with the creative work related to lighting, set (scenery), costume
& make-up. These are different persons who have been trained to specialize in these creative
endeavor.

7. Business Manager – the person in-charge of the business affairs of the group

8. Producer – the person/organization who gives support, usually in the form of funds for theatre
production.

Theatre genres

Like other performing arts, theatre is an interpretive discipline. It tries to stage human experience
for people to see, reflect and do action. Theatre performs a social function in many societies.
For example the Philippines has extensively used Source: https://bayaningfilipino.blogspot.com/2017/08/talambuhay-
theater for protest, for concientization and to ni-francisco-balagtas.html
sensitize people to the realities of life. The
different emotions and experiences created genre
or types of play from which the production
evolves.

1. Tragedy – is a type of drama that makes a

statement about human frailty and failing.
For example, the play ends with the hero
being defeated or a country defeated in
war. It is a common notion that tragedy
always has an unhappy ending. Greek
tragedies from which theatre drew
inspiration are common such as Oedipus
Rex. Filipinos do not like tragedies since
we are by nature optimistic and believe
that good will triumph in the end.

2. Comedy – type of drama that evokes humor. There are different kinds, from farce, a low
comedy which deals with slapstick, to a dialogue-centered, intellectual type known as high
comedy. Comedy may not always evoke laughter. Some can sting like in a satire.
Comedy is about finding humor in everyday life. In a theatre, the comedy genre need not
always end happily

 3. Tragicomedy – a mixed form consisting of tragedy and comedy put together in a play.

4. Melodrama – a mixed form that portrays the

battle between good and evil that are staged to
bring about a spectacle to evoke emotions from
the audience. The focus is the triumph of good;
there is no middle ground. Good is good; evil is
evil. The villain tests heroes; rescue comes at
the end and the villain is defeated. Melodrama as
a genre has been used in motion pictures and in
our teleseryes.
5. Performance Art – a late 20th century form of Source: By Lilibeth Cuenca Rasmussen;
https://heathermasonblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/11/lilibeth-
theatrical presentation that veers away from the cuenca-rasmussen/
traditional concept of theatre. It combines
humanities and arts. It is a form that grew out of the pop-art movement in the 1960s
(Sporre, 2015).

Plot

This refers to the stucture or skeleton of the play. A play works in a timeline, which has a
beginning, middle and end. For each step there are tips on how to make the play exciting. The
idea is to keep the interest of the audience until the end. You do not want an empty audience by
the time the play finishes. Let us look into the different parts of the plot.

1. Exposition – introducing the necessary information about the play which includes the who,
what, where and why. The scenery can help and so with the dialogues that establishes
the characters.

2. Foreshadowing – the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story.
For example, the young man, a shepherd, unknown to him is actually the son of the king.

3. Inciting force – the event or character that triggers the conflict

4. Complication/conflict – focuses on the introduction to the conflict or issue. It can be an

inciting incident when an actor drops a bombshell to the audience through a dialogue that”
he is not who he is”.
Four kinds of conflict:
a. human versus nature;
b. human versus society;
c. human versus another human;
d. human versus him/herself.

5. Rising Action – a series of events that build the conflict. It begins from the inciting force
and ends with the climax.

6. Crisis – the conflict reaches a turning point. The opposing force in the story meet and the
conflict becomes more intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the
climax.

7. Climax – the high point of the story.

 8. Falling Action – the events after the climax which closes the story

9. Denouement (deh-noo-mawn) – final resolution of the plot or the conclusion of the action.

Character – is the psychological motivation of the person in a play. Character in play or in story
would have the protagonist, who is the main character. The story revolves around him or the
setting around him. He is often portrayed as the hero who tries to solve the conflict of the story.
The antagonist is the character that oppose the protagonist in some way.

Theatre types:

a. Theater in the round or arena- the audience surrounds the playing area on all sides. The
earliest type of theatre.

Source: Round Theater;

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/497295983837483334/

b. Thrust or three-quarter theatre – this is

the typical theatre set-up for Shakespearean

theatre

Source: Thrust Theater; http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/discover-

theatres/theatre-faqs/170-what-are-the-types-of-theatre-stages-
and-auditoria

c. Proscenium – the theatre that is most commonly used in the 20th century, where the there
is a stage (playing area), backstage and the audience area

Source: CCP Theater stage;
https://preview.redd.it/zah2vhip4tr21.jpg?width=960&crop=smart&aut
o=webp&s=4189237c6fe248dfdc67167152b0731bcf26e16f

What is the difference between Drama and Theatre?
(https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-drama-and-vs-theatre/)

1. Drama can be in the form of a text, prose or a verse composition delineating a story full of
human emotions and conflicts. However, it becomes theater only when it is performed on
stage with actors performing the roles of the characters in the text.
2. Drama is given life by performers on stage.
3. Audience and stage are necessary for theater.
4. Drama is one of the genres of theater where comedy, tragedy, or action may be other
genres.
5. Drama can be an episode of life such as the experience of Yolanda, whereas theater is a
particular setting of stage and audience.
6. Theater is physical while drama can be abstract and subjective.

Literary Arts

Definition: Literary Arts relate to the written word and include writing, editing, critiquing,
teaching, reviewing, and other activities related to written communication. These activities take
place in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, writers' workshops/centers, book and
magazine publishing companies, and libraries. (https://ocs.yale.edu/get-advice/literary-arts).

It comes from the Latin word, littera, referring to the art of written works, translated as
“acquaitance with letters”. Literary arts covers all compositions in writing or in print with the
exception of writing pertaining to the sciences.

In the Philippines, literature abounds such

as epics like Biag ni Lam-ang of the Ilocanos or
Ibalon of the Bicolanos. While this epics were
orally transmitted, our ancestors have developed a
system of writing called baybayin which until today
are being used by the Mangyans of Mindoro and
indigenous peoples of Palawan. Through this
system they were able to write lyrics of a song,
write prose and poetry, such as the ambahan. Source; https://www.panaynews.net/baybayin-101-learning-appreciating-
Other culture regard the literary arts as an indicator the-indigenous-script/
of a high level of culture since through writing one
is able to document and preserve one’s thoughts and ideas. Quite recently there is a resurgence
in trying to learn this ancient system of writing.

As an art form, the medium of literature is through words,

either spoken or written. Words are means to express one’s
sentiments, thoughts and observations of behavior. For this
reason the literary arts like the rest of the other arts, developed
several genre or forms. These genre are determined by

1. literary technique,
2. tone,
3. content and
4. length

Source: https://www.tagaloglang.com/tutubi-haiku/

Basic Types of Literature

1. Fiction - the class of literature comprising works of imaginative narration, especially in

prose form. Prose is the ordinary form of spoken or written language, without metrical
structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse. Under fiction there are several types that
you are already familiar with such as the novel, short story, fables, parables and
anecdotes.

2. Non-fiction – is an account, narrative or representation of a subject that is factual. Some

examples related to literary arts are: biographies, travel guides, journals, histories,
documentaries and essays. Essays are originally conceived as a form of writing about
oneself. Hence memoirs are an example of an essay or an epistle which is a sort of a
formal, didactic, elegant letter. The New Testament has several epistles which consist of
the writings of St. Paul to communities around Rome.

3. Poetry – composition written in verse which relies heavily on symbols, imagery, and
metaphor. A poem can take the form of measures consisting of patterns, such as the
having the same number of syllables and/or the rhyme at the ending syllable in line by
using a consistent vowel or a consonant. As a music student, poems are important
because lyrics of songs usually become more artistic if the musician has knowledge about
poetry. Some examples of poetry are the Japanese haiku, limerick and the sonnet (a 14-
line poem which means little song).

4. Drama – specific mode of fiction represented in performance. It comes from the Greek
word, meaning “action” which is derived from the word, drao, “to do. Drama has been
introduced earlier. Now, you see the relationship of the theatre and literary art forms.

Elements of Literature (https://blog.prepscholar.com/literary-elements-list-examples)

1. Language – the system of communicating ideas and feelings through signs, sounds,
gestures and words. It is the most important element in literature.
2. Plot – what happens in a story
3. Mood – refers to emotion or feelings
4. Setting – time and location where the story takes place
5. Theme- the main idea of a work that appear repeatedly through out a text. It can have
one or multiple themes. For example the teleserye story is riddled with themes such as
love, family, God, heroism
6. Point of view- the perspective from which the story is told
7. Narrator – the person who is telling the story
8. Conflict - gives a story purpose and motivates a story's plot.
It can be explicit or obvious or it can be implicit or subtle.
9. Character – a piece of literature should have at least one character. The antagonist and
protagonist are two characters that have been used in countless stories.

 CINEMA

Cinema or cinematography is aesthetic

communication through the design of time and three-
dimensional space compressed into a two-
dimensional image (Sporre, 2015). The physical
material used in cinema is the film. If you look at a
film reel, it actually consists of series of photographs.
The photos when flashed at a speed (16 to 18 frames
per second) create an illusion of the image as moving.
Hence we call the film as motion picture. Let us see
the three basic techniques of presentation.

1. Narrative or fictional cinema tells a story. It

has a plot and follows the basic elements in
story-telling which is used in literary and
theatre arts. This is one reason why there
are film versions of our popular novels or
books.

2. Documentary – is the attempt to record facts

using either a sociological or journalistic
approach. It does not use re-enactments
although for Philippine television it has
adopted this method. The focus is on current events thepalladium.ph and issues
that are observed in society.

3. Absolute – also called avant garde, these are films that exist for its own sake. It does not
tell a story. “Created neither in the camera nor on location, absolute film is built carefully,
piece by piece, on the editing table or through special effects and multiple-printing
techniques. It tells no story but exists solely as movement or form (Sporre, 2015, p. 189).”

How is it Put Together

1. The Production – this is composed of the elements of:

a. Mise-en-scène (meez-ahn-sehn) in cinema, as in theatre and dance, encompasses

the entirety of the visual space of the production. However in cinema the mise-en-
scène is defined by what is captured in film. It is like framing a scene just like
photography. The audience’s definition of space is what they see even it is different
from the actual space of the shooting.

b. Director – their main function is to capture the three-dimensional to a two-dimensional

space. He also interprets what is written in the script by the playwright and directs the
actors and actress to complete each scene. The director is called auteur or the
dominant person who determines the product.

2. Editing – the actors do not shoot the film according to the order of the script. These are
bits and pieces. The film editor puts together these bits and pieces to make this into a
coherent story. The editor with the director cuts the product. The most aesthetic of all
cuts or editing is the montage. In a montage the editor puts together scenes to make the
audience understand the story even if is not sequential in approach. For example
different scenes are shown on screen to inform the viewer of the story.

3. Camera Viewpoint – the position of the camera and its viewpoint is essential to filmmaking.
You do not want to shoot a film from just the same direction.
a. the shot- is what the camera records over a particular period of time and forms the
basic unit of filmmaking. Examples of shots are

i. long shot – a shot taken from a

distance;
ii. establishing shot – the shot at the beginning of the scene to establish the
relationship of the elements found in a story;
iii. medium shot – is the shot taken nearer to the subject;
iv. close-up – a shot at very close range and the master shot – single shot of an
entire piece of action. An important aspect of any shot is the framing or the
amount of space within the frames. For example short shots produced tight
framed scenes, while long shot connotes freedom of space.

Photoinf.com

4. Objectivity – this is like a third person in a story that allows us to watch the story as a
universal spectator.

5. Cutting within the frame – a technique used by the director to avoid the editing process.
The purpose is to establish the artistic imprint in a film. By doing cutting within the frame,
any editor would have difficulty in tampering the film. This is usually done in certain
scenes in which the director finds it important.

 6. Dissolves – these are the fade-ins and fade-out that are put by the editor in scenes.

7. Movement - The movement of the camera as well as its position can add variety or impact
to a shot or a scene. If the filmmaker wants to show both near and distant objects, he
uses the depth of focus. If he wants to focus on one element in a shot, he uses a rack or
differential focus. Movement shots include track shot, where the camera moves at the
same speed as the object that is being photographed. Pan shot rotates the camera
horizontally. Tilt shot is moving vertically or diagonally. Dolly shot moves the camera
towards or away from the subject but now with the technology this can be achieved using
the zoom shot.

8. Lighting – light is needed in

photography. Cinema may use
either natural or artificial lighting.
Lighting can also be used to
indicate an emotion. The use of
available lighting such as when
filming a documentary is the
technique and effect called
cinema veritée (cih-nay-MAH
veh-ree-TAY).

9. Audio techniques – the effective

use of sound and its effects.
Sound which includes music can
suggest emotions. Lighting and audio for Harry Potter filmmaking
from www.premiumbeat.com

Click on the link below to know the tips in cinematography.

https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/cinematography-techniques-no-film-
school/?utm_campaign=Format-Screenplay-Youtube-Video-Description&utm_medium=video-
description&utm_source=youtube&utm_term=sharegrid-buyvsrent&utm_content=sharegrid-
buyvsrent

ACTIVITY 2. Choose from among the four arts discussed for your graded output. The topic is
about the impact of COVID-19 on your community. For those without any recording capacity at
home, you can choose the literary arts. For dance and music, you need a recording device
(videocam or cellphone).

1. Literary Arts: You will write a script for a short play. Use the elements of theatre and
literary arts to guide you. A script consists of lines for the characters in your play.

2. Dance: Compose a modern dance that will show the impact of COVID-19. Follow the
guidelines at the beginning of this week’s lesson to help you create your own dance.

3. Theatre: You are going to do a theater performance with you as the single actor/actress.
This will be in a form of a monologue. So before you act, you should already have
planned what are your lines, your actions on stage and what the story is about.

 4. Cinema: Create a five-minute video using your cellphone. Use the elements of
cinema that you have learned.

Remember you are to choose only one kind of performance as your output. The Rubrics will help
in the grading. Your teacher will communicate with you on how about the submission of this
requirement.

Poor Fair Good Very Good

Use of the Poor application of Fair application Good Elements have
elements in elements in the of elements application of been excellently
the output output with minor elements applied
errors

5 points 10 points 15 points 20 pts

Creativity Output is hurriedly Output is Output has Output is not
done, not original predictable, the some exciting predictable, well
and boring usual type of elements thought and
output shown exciting to read or
watch

5 points 10 points 15 points 20 points

Execution or Poor execution of Fair execution Good Very good
Final Output the output. of the output execution of execution of the
Hurriedly done The ouput is the output. You output. You can
and unprepared. only for the can see see effort in the
sake of attempts to work
submission. make it good.

5 points 10 points 15 points 20 points

Maximum
points 15 30 45 60

Lesson Overview of the Art Forms and
6 its Elements: Music

Lesson 5 focused on dance, theatre, literary arts and cinema. All these are performative
in nature and are very much related to music. We saw also the importance of knowing the basic
terms and concepts for each art form since these are also used in music. Each art from has its
own element which may be distinct. This module will focus on music specifially on sounds and
soundscapes.

ACTIVITY 1. Listen to the music by Joey Ayala and Bagong Lumag, “Magkaugnay (Ang Lahat
ng B1gay). Click on the link below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZ4eKUJOhYk

Listen to the sounds created by the indigenous instruments and the lyrics. What do you imagine
while listening?

Music

Among the various art forms, music can be considered as the purest because it has the
freeedom from restirction of spaces unlike the other art forms.

So what is music? Is it the same as sound? What is the difference?

So before we define what is music we begin first with the medium of music which is
sound.

Sound

Our world is filled with sounds. Sounds can be unpleasant or pleasant. Humans have the
capacity to focus on sound that is interesting for them, otherwise they can simply ignore it.

Sound begins as a result of a vibrating object and transmitted through a medium which is
air. This means in a vaccum or in outer space there is no sound.

 Let us explore soundscapes. Soundscapes are the sounds produced by an environment.
For example imagine that you live near the sea. The soundscape is comprised by the waves
lashing against the shore, the sound of the wind, the rustle of the leaves and the sound of birds.

If you are in a forest, you have a different soundscape which could be the murmur of a
brook; the rustle of the forest leaves as the gentle wind blows. You can hear perhaps the sounds
of different bird calls especially before night fall arrives.

Even a city will have its own soundscapes such as rush hour in Metro Manila. Perhaps
you can hear the honking of horns from cars, or the sound of motor engines, the rumble of the
train, and ambient sounds from vendors selling their wares.

Soundscapes are important because it defines our environment. If suddenly birds in a

forest do not chirp, then you know there is a problem with the enironment. Or a howling wind
means the storm is up and you need to take precautions. A noise at the middle of the night in
your home can mean many things. You only hope that there is no burglar inside the house.

The first skill to be a good musician is to LISTEN. Training how to listen is what we call
aural training.

Now let us explore sounds by trying to produce it ourselves. Tap your pen against the
table. The tapping is the source of the vibration. The vibration is transmitted through the air and
reaches our ears.

Physicality of Sound

Soundwaves are compressing and expanding molecules. The sound is able to sustain
itself depending on how loud the stimulus is. (Myers, 2001)

Two characteristics of the sound wave:

1. Frequency: refers to the number of vibration per second

that the whole wave cycle is repeated. Short wavelength
produces high frequency such as the voice of a soprano or
the sound of a piccolo or the banduria. Longer wavelength
produces low frequency such as low pitched sounds like the
sound of a bass voice or a drum or a bass guitar.

 (Myers, 2001)

2. Amplitude – refers to the amount of contraction and expansion

(Myers, 2001)

Psychological Component

Sound is physical and at the same time perceptual. The physical dimension is what our
ears hear. The perceptual dimension is the psychological dimension it is our interpretation of
what we hear. The table below show the relationships:

Physical Physical Stimulus Perceptual

Dimension Dimension

Amplitude High -------------------- Low Loudness

Frequency Low---------------------High Pitch

Complexity Pure--------------------Rich Timbre

The psychological properties are: (Myers, 2001)

1. Pitch - the psychological correlate of a frequency of a sound (e.g. low, high, etc.)

2. Intensity - the loudness dimension of a sound. Loudness of sound is measured in terms of

decibels.

(Myers, 2001)

Loudness sometimes is relative or it depends on the listener. For example a person who loves
rock music may find the 100 decibels as just medium in terms of loudness. As musicians you
have to protect your ears since loud sounds may temporarily or permanently damage your
hearing. You do not want this to happen!

3. Timbre or Tone Quality

Refers to the difference between a tone of the same pitch and the same intensity, but given off by
a different source ( e.g. piano and violin).

4. Direction and Localization of Sound

How do we locate the direction of the sound? One, it is dependent on the difference in time
arrival. Sound travels at 1,100 per second. Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one
ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound (there is delay of ½ millisecond to the
other ear). Head acts as a shadow or partial sound barrier. The other reason for locating sound
is difference in intensity. For example if you see someone opening his mouth and shouting and
you barely hear what he is saying, it means he is really far away.

5. Distance of a Sound

The distance determines the intensity (e.g. the farther the sound the weaker). High
frequency is easily absorbed in the air. Low frequency can be heard in farther distances (e.g.
foghorn)

6. The auditory selectivity

This refers to the choice of what we want to hear. This is the reason why some people
prefer rock from ballad or classical instrument from drums. Selectivity is also affected by
exposure. We acquire our taste in music based on the number of times we have been exposed
to a certain sound. The associations produce our selectivity.

Perception of music and its elements such as tone or pitch also requires exposure and
training. This is the reason why there are some people who cannot distinguish differences in
pitch. It is not because they are tone deaf but because they needed to have practice. As you get
older and the more aural training you have, you get better. This is so important for rondalla
players when you tune your instruments or for singers to know if they are singing out of pitch or if
they are sintunado.

Noise and Silence

Since we are dealing with sound, we have to define two important topics that we will
encounter in music. This will play an important role in the aesthetics or beauty or when we crtique
how pleasant the sounds we create.

Noise can be described as unpitched, indeterminate, uncontrolled, loud, unmusical, or

unwanted sound. The perception of noise is relative. For example some do not find rock music
as noise while others would like to put it off because it is described as blaring and cannot be
understood. However, even if we play or produce music, a certain amount of noise is produced
such as when we sing, speech patterns by explotives p, b, t can affect the sound that is
produced. This is the reason why choir conductors train their choristers to sing at the same time
to avoid unnecessary sounds or noise. Instruments produce noise like the hissing sound in a
wind instrument or the scratch of a vinyl record when you play it. The “noise” produced by an
electric guitar can be part of its music when it its incorporated in the performance. Noise is also a
term used when the player or the singer produces unpleasant sounds.

In physics, when soundwaves become even and regular, people interpret this as pleasant
and hence we say it is music to our ears. Noise does the opposite.

Silence is also an important concept. In music this is symbolized as rests. Silence is the
absence of audible sound. Music depends on silence so that we may be able to appreciate the
elements of music such as its rhythm and dynamics. In music training, the period of silence is

part of aural training. Silence also allows the musician to feel the pulse inside and to concentrate
on the music or sound that he is about to produce.

Physiological Component: The Ear (Myers, 2001)

The ear is the sense organ which is composed of different parts as seen in the figure above. The
sense receptor, the part responsible to convert sounds into aural signal which will go to the brain
for processing is the cochlea. Le us look at the different parts of the ear:

Outer Ear: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones or
ossicles (hammer or malleus; anvil or incus; stirrup or stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of
the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.

Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and
vestibular sacs.

The signals are transported through the auditory nerve and reaches the auditory cortex of
the temporal lobe of the brain where we store our memories

 (Myers, 2001)

Now we can define what is music. Music is organization of sounds. It is the art of arranging
sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Music is a creative and a
performing art and may be integrated with other art forms such as:

a. Dance – when music becomes an accompaniment to the movement providing rhythm

and mood.
b. Theatre – provides background to any production. Some theatre production use
music as the main art form to deliver the lines such as in a Broadway musical or in an
opera.
c. Cinema – music as you have learned provides an important element in its production.
Some movie has theme songs.
d. Literary – it provides a backbone when you create songs. Pieces of poetry may be set
to music.
e. Architecture – buildings and monument make use of acoustics (a science that deals
with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound). For
example the Philam Life Theater in Manila was built to have excellent acoustics.
Sadly it is going to be demolished.
f. Visual Arts – although there is no direct interaction in the past, lately the visual arts
have explored the concept of a performance art, where a painter finishes his work
while a choir sings at the background while both are on stage.

For now these are the few things you need to know about music since the succeeding
lessons, quarters and year levels will focus on music.

 Before we finish this lesson, let us review the elements of music which you have learned
since grade school. This will be our building blocks for the whole SPA music program. The
definitons are simplified so that you can easily memorize these.

Elements of Music (http://www.soundpiper.com/mln/elements.htm)

1. Rhythm – the movement of sound through time

2. Melody – logical succession of musical pitches arranged in a rhythmic pattern
3. Harmony- The vertical blocks of different tones that sound simultaneously;
a progression of chords.
4. Form - The design of music, incorporating repetition, contrast, unity, and variety.
5. Timbre - The distinctive quality of tone of a sound.
6. Dynamics - The volume of sound; the loudness or softness of a musical passage.
7. Tempo - The pace at which music moves, based on the speed of the
underlying beat.

Clik on the youtube link to reinforce you understanding onf the elements of music:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9Mo-bkl4ko

Music like any arts will go through its processes which we have discussed in week 4 for
DBAE. In the whole course of your SPA Music you will do the following so that it becomes part of
your habit:

A. Music Production - You are to spend one-hour everyday rehearsing alone or in a group
your chosen major (voice or instrument). This will hone your skills especially if you want
to have a career in music.

B. Music History – you will realize that human beings have produced different kinds of music
throughout history. It is important to know the historical and cultural background of the
music produced according to different places and time.

C. Music Criticism – The elements of music will be the basis to make an informed critique on
the music that you hear or produced.

D. Aesthetics – How do you know beauty when you hear it? The experience and the music
theories that you will learn will introduce you to the aesthetics of music.

ACTIVITY 3. Exploring your soundscapes.

This will take a day to do the activity. Your task is to record sounds from your
environment from sunrise to sunset. You will need a videocamera or a cellphone with a video
function. Follow the instructions below.

1. Choose what is the theme of your soundscapes. If you live near the sea, the sounds of
the shore will be perfect. If you are on the mountains, the wind, forest or birds are good
choices. Those who live on a farm will have a different soundscape too. Those who will
live in urban areas may record the sound of tricycles, vendors.

2. Set your camera to record three points within the day. Example: One in the early
morning, one at the mid morning, afternoon or late in the evening.

3. Do not do still recording. Take long shots or pan shots of the scenery. Use cinema
techniques to record.

4. Now that you have recorded the soundscapes. Do an editing of the video to create a 2-
minute soundscape video, which will include natural sounds for the first part transitioning
to scene clips with an appropriate music of your choice. The effect is a video with sounds
featuring your place.

5. Give a title to your production and credits at the end,

6. Depending on your teacher’s instruction you may choose to post this on-line or submit this
through email. The rubrics for grading are:

a. Make an evaluation of how you take care of your ear. List down your bad and good
habits.
b. Write some of the steps on how you can REALISTICALLY take care of the sense
organ of hearing.
c. Post this list of how you promise to take care of your ear in your room or in your
house so that you will follow this from now on.

References

Print:

Brigino, R., et. Al (2012). The Nature of art. (pp. 1-19) In Philippine Art and Culture.
Quezon City: Anvil Publishing House.

Dobbs, S. M. (1992). The DBAE Handbook: An overview of discipline- based art education.
Getty Center for Education in the Arts: New York

Ingles, E. (2008). Cultural education lectures. Manila.

Myers, D. ( 2001). Introduction to psychology, 6th edition.

Worth Publishers: New York.

Sporre, D.J. (2015). Perceiving the arts: An introduction to humanities, 11th ed.
New Jersey: Pearson.

Internet resources:

https://smarthistory.org

www.leighcotnoir.com

https://shc.stanford.edu/about-us

http://www.soundpiper.com/mln/elements.htm