Principles and Elements of Architectural Composition: 1.1 Plane 4
Principles and Elements of Architectural Composition: 1.1 Plane 4
Principles and Elements of Architectural Composition: 1.1 Plane 4
Architectural Composition
UO
Sy llabus :
Qualities of Architecture : User friendly, contextual, eco-friendly, utility of spaces, future growth etc.
Role of “Urban Planner and Architect” in planning and designing In relation with spatial organization, utility, demand
of the area and supply.
— The term architecture applies only to buildings designed with (c) Harmony (f) Discord
(g) Texture (h) Contrast
a view to aesthetic appeal.
— It should therefore be noted that Engineering and (i) Monotony (j) Scale
(k) Proportion () Character
Architecture are fundamentally different.
truth.
(a) Positive and Negative Space
The principles of architecture are,
(b) Flowof Space
1. Goodness of convenient arrangement ~
(c) Continued Space
2. Beauty
(d) Circulation and Inter circulation
3. Truth
Mass- Volume 3. Style
(a) Clarity of purpose (b) Clarity of structure.
Light, Shade and Shadow 5. Dramatics
Art 8. Feeling
ics which
There are more than seventeen elements of Aesthet
Sky Line 10. Solid and Void
are given below :
1. Point 2. Line
Out of these all elements the architectural Composition is These all elements are briefly explained here,
briefly explained in next section.
1.3.1 Focus
i
Syllabus Toplc: Principles and Elements of
Tt, isa prime point or. dlehient. of acathetlc
Architectural Composition ‘dointposition where centre ofa
attraction lies, |
1.3. Principles and Elements of - Central focus is necessary to order all number of foci may
Architectural Composition Not start competing to each other, which may destroy the
> (SPPU - May 12, May 13, Nov. 13, May 16, outcome,
May 17, Aug. 16, Dec. 16) - In town planning, focal point is considered as a building like
Q. * Expiain Row’ architectural planning principles helpIn recreational area, historical building etc is known every one.
» Iniptoon g and quality architecture,
- The focal point is always comparable with other element of
composition
>, 3. Balance
- To avoid this there must be one central feature which must -
dominate over the others having sub-ordinate relationship. -
| 4. Rhythm
And unity can be achieved by combining two elements
5. Harmony together with dominant central feature of interest.
+ 6. Discord
7. Texture
9. Monotony
10. Scale
Fig. 13.1: Unity
11. Proportion
12. Character
1.3.3. Balance > (SPPU- Dec. 15)
13. Colour -Q. Explain: Balance as Principles of architectural
Fig. C1.1: Principles and Elements of Architectural a “composition and “observed ‘Impact, (este fs
Composition expected).
Strategies symmetry, asymmetry and radial balance. Fig. 1.3.3 : Unsymmetrical ba!ance
\ establishment of rhythm.
This type of balance presents the greatest challenge to the — The use of rhythm within architectural design implies a
architect since effort must be extended to ensure there is melodic response incorporated into the built solution.
Bricks
ni % 1, va
Fig, 1.3.5 : Texture
(a) Harmony by form
1.3.8 Contrast
ei
Yj Contrada. OPT LD a eae
For example- White and Black, Up and Down, Rough and
Smooth etc. |
they have an unpleasant effect. These can be discord in all It is therefore necessary that the composition should avoid
elements of harmony. monotony and induce interest to the observer. This interest
will be obtained by careful and skilful introduction of variety
1.3.7. Texture
or contrast with experience and aesthetic sense.
It is a design element that relates to the surface appearance of Contrast Is Introduced in many ways
:
an item. Texture is perceived architecturally in two ways Contrast Is Introduced
In many ways
visual and tactile.
we
Texture in materials relates to the manner by which ke} (2) Contrast in form
soft
perceive the fecling of an item's surface : smooth, rough,
kee} (b) Contrast in mass and bulk
etc.
bee! (c) Contrast in colour
The use of texture in design must be carefully considered in
combination with the use of colour smooth textures will be kes} (cd) Contrast in texture
perceived as hard while rough texture may present a soft
= (0) Solids and voids
appearance.
- It helps to break the monotony and creates interest by ep} (f) Lights and shada
producing contrast in one material.
Fig. C13 : Contrast is Introduced in many ways
see that solids are dominant and voids are subsidiary and in
ie
Yi
— These are important factors in the design of any building. 1.3.10 Scale
The contrast of light and shade may be formed not only by
- It means proportion of creation with respect to human being.
the difference in colour, tone, texture, but also by the actual
It is like a measure which regulates the division of parts in
shadows cast by projections on wall surfaces. These help to
building and it is by right use of sub-divisions that perfect
express the form and depend on aspect of building.
harmony
can be achieved.
In a building, doors, windows, cornices should be in due For example, the "Pythagoras theorem" on a diagram schoo}
proportion to one another and to the general scheme, building,
By taking certain standard sizes, for different elements have Also in case of jail building, to convey a stern and fearful
been fixed to an eye, and if these standard sizes are changed expression it should be constructed with massive stone-walls
bad scale is produced. of great height, a narrow door opening with sharp nails
For example a small building should not be decorated with pierced on it.
omaments of big scale. If the scale is big the sizes of the Similarly a temple should be characterized by Gopuram a
elements should also be big and vice-versa. For deciding the church by itsspire and a mosque by the minaret and the
scale human figure is best factor. dome.
Fig. C1.4 : Types of scale in architecture Colour may also be used to convey the intended spirit of
design.
1.3.11 Proportion
Colour is not however the solution to bad design. A paint job
Proportion relates to a perceived equality of ratio between is merely the application of product, not a remedy to
eiements of architectural design. An understanding of aesthetic failure.
proportion combined with its effective use will aid the
The use of colour is one of the most appealing design
architect to create aesthetically complete compositions.
elements to enhance the product, not resolve it. Colour as an
Proportion establishes a consistent set of visual relationships entity contains three related characteristics.
between the buildings individual components, the
1. Hue — it is related to pure state of colour, its essence.
components to the whole and the whole composition to its
2. Value - related to depth of hue contained either defined
context.
as light or dark.
The principle of proportion is most closely related to the
3. Intensity - relates to the saturation of colour, chroma.
principal of scale in architectural design. Both of these
Principles relate to the relative size of the element or This characteristic defines the purity of final colour relative
composition. to ils original state.
aaeQs——
>
The qualities which must be bome in an architect should be : “orphane from the rest of architecture. The whole is an
It is the architect who combines the art of plannin
g and orchestration of the parts.
designing into an aesthetic whole. pot T Tt 4
| 1
I '
2. “A thing of beauty is a joy forever” must be his motto. | !
| !
3. A good architect requires the sculptors and painters modes of I I
| !
vision in addition to his own spatial imagination. I I
I I
I I
4, The architect should have imagination, the ability to visualize I I ee
pe a J
and make the use of materials and in still into hem an
Fig. 14.1
aesthetic meaning. So as to transform the building into a
piece of architecture. Cohesion runs within functional sub-components of
5. His aim should be to "design in beauty and build in truth". architecture.
6. He must use his knowledge to combine all the elements in Failing to ensure common purpose and coherency in the
the construction to produce harmonious unity and beauty.
elements of a design results in fractured experience that
7. Architects should aim to make new types both functionally frequently requires manual intervention where automation
and aesthetically satisfactory.
would
be expected.
8. Architects should possess a sound knowledge of new
> 2 Completeness
materials, their properties, strength and new techniques of
design. Having all the necessary or appropriate parts.
> 3. Elegance
O—O—O
outcome.
7. Vision
Fig. 144
AD arrangement or classification of things according to The vision need to be articulated from the perspective of each
relative importance or inclusiveness. key stakeholder group.
, Fig. 1.45
> 6. Modularity The structure which is designed should be easy to use or
Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis of understand.
design or construction. There should be “a proper grouping for an easy use of the
rooms and a fair and measured allotment of any structure
Sccording to its purpose”, and can be seen as the quality of a efficient throughout a building's life cycle from sitting to
building of corresponding entirely to the porpose for which it design.
Was Created,
- Construction operation, mzintenance and renovation to its
In other words, the ideal effectiveness and functioaality of demolition. This requires abutting -co-operation of the
the built space defines its utility and caa be jodged by
: architecture team, the architects, the engineers and the
The placement and orientation of the rooms in a building, 2s applicant
at all activity stages.
well as of the structures in the building site; Green architecture must mean :
The way in which certain issues have been handled, such as 1. Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the activity of
Connecting the roms and making sure there is easy access the building.
both horizontally and vertically throughout the isterior of the
Energy conservation.
pr
building.
3. Greater architectural flexibility.
Syllabus Tople : Contextual Architecture Green builders use eco-friendly architecture in projects
=
— Local workers
Syllabus Topic : Role of Urban Planner - For example, They uses GIS. GPS to analyze and
manipulate about area.
1.10 Role of Urban Planner - Software tools include statistical software, financial
spreadsheet, database manager, and visualization and
> (SPPU
- May 12, Dec. 16)
=My presentation program,
They determine development of communities and 10. In developing their plan for community commercial
metropolitan areas and must spend much of their time residential, agricultural, natural, urban planners must also
collaborating with others, including politicians, engineer, consider wide array of issues such as sustainability, air
developer. pollution, traffic congestion, crime, land value.
11. Works to improve welfare of people and their communities Differences between the Working
by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient Strategles of an Urban Planner
attractive place for present and future generation. and an Architect
(GPPU- Dac, 16)
Syllabus Toplc : Role of Architect
- The role of architect is to turn your vision into reality. Urban planner deals with Architect tends to deal with
large plans such as master the function anddesign
of |.
— Role is important in every stage of building construction
from their initial concept to opening ceremony.
plan of city. smallerarca—
(i) Documentation Urban planner predominately Architect work with 2D & 3D|
works with
2D spaces, spaces,
(iii) Construction role
@ Design
Q.1 State and explain any one elament of architectural
Architect is hired by client to produce detailed design.
composition.
(ii) Documentation
Q.2 Distinguish between unity and discord.
- During documentation phase, responsibilities are to capture
Q.3 Explain qualities of architect in briof,
the design on paper, producing detailed drawing.
— This stage can involve continuous revision, budget and Q.4 — Explain qualities of architacturo.
— These are construction docume.its, which translate the design Q.6 — Explain role of architecture in town planning.
into instructions and technical specification.
Q.7 Explain role of urban planner in town planning.
— Ones project reaches construction stages architect will be
involved in site visit, meetings, resolving problem at site.
ood
Syllabus :
* Landscaping: importance, objectives, principles, elements, material (soft and hard).
4. Scale better with planned transitions to slowly mave into the new
' look.
Your outdoor design should balance the size of the buildings
4. Proportion
or established plants it surrounds, while maintaining a
comfortable human environment for the individuals who will It simply refers to the size of elements in relation to each
use the area. other.
vegetative materials which are used to improve a landscape Fig. 2.1.1: Symbols used in soft and hard landscaping
— The range of soft landscape materials includes each layer of — Prepare detailed site plans and layout of the site.
the ecological sequence: aquatic plants, semi-aquatic plants, - Develop a planting plan of trees, flowers, shrubs, and other
field layer plants (including grasses and herbaceous plants) plants.
materials, > (SPPU - May 16, Aug. 16, Dec. 16, May 17)
landscape products.
pedestals etc,
2.2.1. Need Sustainable Architecture since it does not contain volatile organic compounds
(VOC's).
> (SPPU - May 13)
2. Low VOC Paint
- The built environment has a massive impact on the natural
environment, human health, and the economy. By sustainable VOC's stands for organic volatile compounds, which are
architecture, we can maximize both economic and chemical compounds emitted from most paints and can affect
building materials are materials that are Cotton provides high thermal resistivity values, emits no
Sustainable
is not
ecologically responsible because their impact on the planet VOC's, works as a sound attenuator, is non-toxic, and 100%
These insulation panels are made from recycled newspapers that they can respond to varying conditions, and intelligently
and cardboards, monitor and control resource use, security, and usage of fire
fighting systems and other such system in the building.
They are an ecological alternative to using insulating foam
and they are made fire-resistant by adding boric acid and Water, another vital resource for the occupants, gets
operation.
2.2.3 Benefits of Sustainable Material
Several building processes and occupant functions generate
> (SPPU - May 12, May 13, Nov. 14)
large amounts of waste, which can be recycled for use or can
be reused directly,
Eco-friendly ———_——---------~—- and provides a bettcr place for the occupants to live and work
in.
2.3 Green Building Thus, the challenge of a green building is to achieve all its
benefits at an affordable cost.
Trainings lt: efficieer ceuling systams have sensors that can sense the heat generated from human body and automatically
adiuse the cou tamgensnae, saving emergy. It applies to lighting systems too.
~ Grven sdidlings have a smarter lighting system thar automatically switches off when no one is present inside the rooms.
— Simgie meboelinges Eke aie heed Aushing system in .oilets that avoids water use by 100%, Use of energy efficient LED's and
CRU imsnad of conventions! incandescent lamp, sew generation appliances that consume less energy, and many other options help
un oaaking She hatlitings geeea and make them: different from conventional
ones.
\
Safe room ‘rain walter
Lostero"VOC"” exsaGY zu s < . 3
foeemgard reitt «sjaR we
0 dehumidificatin
qesn _ Seed ae Natve plantings
aaumsysiem collection
Acolances & mechsnics's
Sght Scturas
> -Innsetaion of resewable energy sources to generale energy A green building has lower resource consumption as
oo-site compared to conventional buildings. The following is the
percentage reduction of various resources in a building and
3. Water sod waste misagemest i ‘
their respective reasons.
& Selection of ecologically sustainable materials (with high Green buildings consume 40% to 60% (depending on the
recycied coatent, rapifly resewable resources with low range of measures adopted) lesser electricity as compared to
emission potential zed so oa). conventional buildings.
7. Indoor eavironmental quality (maintain indoor thermal and Green Buildings also used to generate renewable energy
= nfoet and air quality). utilization to cater to its energy needs.
(i) Solar PV panel can be used to generate electricity. (excepting renewable energy for power generation),
— Green buildings consume 40% to 80% (depending 2.3.2 Building Materials used In Green
on the
fange of measures adopted) lesser water as Buildings ‘
compared to
conventional buildings by utilizing ultra low-flow
fixtures,
dual_plumbing systems, waste-water recycling system — Green building uses ecologically sustainable materials
s and
rain-water harvesting, etc. typically considered to be ‘green’. They include rapidly
renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, lumber
- Green buildings generate lesser waste by employing waste
form forests certified to be sustainably managed, recycled
management strategies on site. They also generate energy
stone and recycled metal.
from waste.
- Other products that are used are non-toxic, reusable,
- Green buildings generate lesser pollution both during
renewable, and/or recyclable e.g., sheep wool, panels made
construction as well as while in use.
from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay,
— Through best-practices such as proper storage of construction vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay
materials, barricading of the site to prevent air and noise grains, coconut, wood fiber plates and calcium sand stone.
pollution during construction, proper storage and disposal of - Ensure that the embodied energy of materials used for
waste during construction. construction is low. For example, use of brick that removes
Green buildings offer higher image and marketability. precious top soil and uses high heat to get baked.
Green buildings restrict the use of high ODP - They should have zero or low off gassing of harmful air
—
emissions, zero or low toxicity.
(Ozone Depleting Potential substances in their systeras as
well as in finishes). - They should be sustainably harvested materials, having high
recyclable strength durability and longevity. 7
on
— — Green buildings ensure proper safety, health and sanitati
the laborers (during constniction) and the
facilities for
"Resource efficient”
manufacturing process :*
Locally available
2.3.3__D Ign-o _G - g 5. Application of fly ash, cement blocks, seatents crapets etc
I
Green architecture starts right from the judicious choice of | 6. Roof gardening.
materials,
ne ques ofof using
to the techniques i
usi them. Regional i
difference has | 7 ;
Utilization of day light for most part of building. If 75% of
(0 be respected and houses should be built in a manner that work building is designed to use lighting is achieved
with the environments in which they fit.
8. Use of cavity walls.
- Green building design challenges designers to go beyond
9. Use of high performance glasses for glazing.
‘meeting building code requirements’ and minimize life-
10. Recycling of almost all possible waste materials like ceramic
cycle environmental impact and cost.
. 2
tiles, glass, buildi
nae . Blass, building waste, concreie waste i
building design is based on the philosophy of
— Green construction waste.
sustainable design that attempts to minimize negative human
and | !1. Solar thermal heating for hot water requirement.
impacts on the natura! surroundings, materials, resources
agricultural
Vastushastra | 12. Use of boards for partition, manufactured from
processes that prevails in nature. This is where
energy with indoor waste.
come in, which is used to balance human
13. Use of vermin composting to treat canteen waste.
environments.
14 Use of wind turbines.
forms this design goal into |
Green building rating system trans
a framework to for pathways and
ific performance objectives and rovide 15. Use of solar lights around the building
spectlic perle : P oo,
assess overall design. other areas illumination.
be
_
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———
structure, performance, assessment methods, relative importance for innovatioa and design process adopted for the below
on environmental performance categories and documentation mentioned five different aspects. Viz.
However,
the -aim- remains the same i.e. to promote (b) Water efficiency
environmentally sensitive built-up development.
(c) Energy and atmosphere
> 1. Building Research Establishment Environmental
(d) Maiesials and resources,
Assessment Method (BREEAN)
(e) Indoor air quality.
- Recognized by building industry in UK, Australia and
Canada. Categories of bullding design
and IIfe-cycle performance
=> 2. Green Building Challenge Assessment Framework
(GB tool)
(a) Sustainable sites
- Developed by US Green Building Council in 2000, popularly For each aspect, a number of pre-requisites and credits with
- Widely accepted rating system due to its simplicity. Pre-requisites do not provide any credits towards score, but
must be met irrespective of meeting other credit
- 12-15 percent of the public construction in US abide LEED
requirements. Credits can be obtained when the building
tating system.
design meets or exceeds the requirement depending upon the
2.4.1 LEED Rating System in India performance level achieved.
Prinicle of ‘
SPPU - Som 7 - 2-10
ea Architecture & Town
“P (a) Sustainable sites (14 points maximum) pre-requisites
(vill) Light polluthon reduction (1 potas)
impacts
Ienprove night thy access s0d redoce Gevelopmnat
(i) Erosion and sedimentation control
(a)
To reduce the negative impact on water quality. on nocturnal eavisonrattt.
= Credits
<> (b) Water efficiency (5 prints maximam) credits
(1) Site selection (1 point) ngs)
(2 point
Water efficient landscapi
(if)
- Avoiding farmland/parkland/habitat of endangered species. landscage irsigation
Limit of eliminate the wie of potable water for
~~~ Land elevation higher than 1.5 m of 100 year flood evel. Ghroogh high efficiest
(a) Reduce water wage by $0 peronst
- Proximity to wetlands. irrigation technology (1 potst)
water tough we of
(ii) Urban redevelopment (1 point) : (b) Complete elimination of potable
site watex adésticaal | oes)
infrastructure. captured rainwaterirecycied
— Tochannel development in areas with existing
es (I point)
ties and facilities. (ii) Innovative waste water technologi
Avoid under/over utilization of ameni
te water and indirecly edo
: pedoce geceration of was
(iii) Brownfield developmeat (1 point) -
potable water demand.
rehabilitation of damaged sites and reduce
To promote
Increasing local aquifer Et
pressure on undeveloped land.
ce by SO pescest
Cotting down sewage conveyea
sportation (4 points)
(iv) Alternative tran ent to tertiary standards.
100 & waste water treatm
ation (1point)
(a) Access to public transport
points)
(additional ! Water ose reduction (2
e and changing rooms
(i)
(b) Access to bicycle storag Been
icacy mad moder
Maxinize woercse eff
point) lE
e and allied facilitie
s to alternative
fuel
watc
muni suppplyaSE
e i
(c) Parking advan tag
l 1point) ccos (1 poist)
vehicles (additiona (2) 2G percest reda
«car «= USE
reduction 10 curb ion (sisson! post)
(d) Parking capaci ty
(b) 30 percent reduct
(i) Optimize energy performance above pre-requisite Encourage the use and development of local-level renewable
standards (10 points) energy technologies i.e. wind power, solar power, bio-mass,
geo-thermal etc.
(ii) Renewable energy (3 points maximum) buildings related to materials manufacturing and transport.
Engaging commissioning authority in early design phase. Redirect recyclables back to manufacturing process
- Reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with (a) Divert 50 percent from landfill (1 point)
Montreal Protocol. (b) Divert 75 percent from landfill (additional 1 point)
- Continuous monitoring for accountability and optimization of Reduction in extraction and processing
building energy and water consumption.
neice
Scanned with CamScanner
- — Toreduce waste indirectly Primary Rating systoms
In india
(a) At last 5 percent of building materials from salvaged,
refurbished of reused materials / products / furnishings
1. GRIHA
(1 point)
- Encourage demand for building products thal incorporate > 1. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Tecycled content materials. (GRIHA)
~ Reduction in extraction and processing of new virgin Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is
materials India’s own rating system jointly developed by TERI (The
in the project (additional 1 point) buildings are rated in a three-tier process. The process
(additional 1 point).
2. Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
There is a huge amount of construction waste, and the
The Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)
potentia] to reuse this to reduce landfill and new materials is
is the rating system developed for certifying Green
enormous. When reclaimed materials are secured from an existing
Buildings.
building site, the environmental impact is virtually zero. Even
when they are sourced from far away, reclaimed materials are sti!] LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council
the most environmentally friendly option for supplying materials to (USGBC), the organization promoting sustainability through
Whether Green buildings are really green is to be decided The benchmarks for the LEED Green Building Rating
against the predefined rating systems. There are three primary System were developed in year 2000 and are currently
Rating systems in India. available for new and existing constructions.
| LEED
4. | Biodiversity Conservation India Ltd
‘Platinum’ rated
(BCIL) - Bangalore
r LEED ‘Gold’
5, | Birla International Schuul, Jaipu
rated-
LEED
6. | Cll-Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre ‘Platinum’ rated
LEED
7. | ITC Green Centre - Gurgaon
‘Platinum’ rated
Fig. 2.4.1
8. | Olympia Technology Park - LEED ‘Gold’
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian rated
Chennai
Green Building Council (GBC) in year 2001.
9. | Rajiv Gandhi International Airport ~ LEED ‘Silver’
IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices Hyderabad rated
in Cll-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is itself
10. | Suzlon Energy Limited - global LEED
a LEED certified Green building. ‘Platinum’
headquarter in Pune
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed
the LEED Green Building Standard from the USGBC. IGBC 2.4.3 Case Study Suzlon-One Earth Pune
facilitates Indian greea structures to bocome one of the green => (SPPU - May 13, Nov. i3, Nov. 14, May 16)
buildings.
Q. Write a short note on “Green building case study.” ”!
IGBC has developed the_following green building rating
systems for different types of building in line and conformity
@. Explain Green Building case study. [ETRE
with US Green Building Council. Till date, following Green Q. Write a short note on green bullding case study. os
Building rating systems are available under IGBC.
1. LEED India for New Construction
Q. Elaborate : Importance of sustainable architecture
2 LEED India for Core and Shell
with Gasé study. Ea
3 IGBC Green Homes
Suzlon One Earth is Suzlon group global headquarter based
4. IGBC Green Factory Building
at Hadapsar, Pune, India.
5. IGBC Green SEZ
Suzlon One Earth is the only building in India which has got
6 IGBC Green Townships
highest ratings from both Rating Systems by LEED India and
GRIHA.
Plot Area: - 45,392 Sq. M. The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfill 7% of the
Built up Area :- 70,865 Sq. m total energy consumption; the rest of energy demand is met
from offsite wind turbines. 90% of the occupied spaces in the
Accommodation ;- 2500 Employee
campus have daylight exposure; all the lighting used is also
Master Plan includes following building components:- Office LED that reduces the overall consumption.
complex, Corporate Learning Centre.
Daylight-sensors-and occupancy sensors are installed across
@ Features of the project
the building that automatically controls the artificial lighting
Passive design strategies ensuring visual and thermal in presence of daylight and tum off the lights when no one is
comfort. around.
Majority of building facades face North, South, North - West More than 70% of the building material used has a reduced
and South — East enabling adequate day lighting and glare carbon footprint. Jet fans are installed in the basements that
control Buffer spaces located on the overheated south- air and bring in fresh air from time to time, this
push out stale
western exposure. systems consumes 50% less energy as compared to
Glazing on the first-and second floors has been shaded from conventional ducted basement ventilation system.
direct solar radiation using louvers. are
Even the pavements and roads within the campus
The landscape incorporates the landscaping method that designed to enable water percolation and thereby control
employs drought — resistant plants in an effort to conserve storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased
resources with efficient water management systems. water table level.
——_—
2.4.4 Infosys Limited, Mysore Bullding Case
Study > (SPPU- May 17)
Syllabus Toplc : Urban Renewal For Quality of Life
and LIvabllity
Lighting “quality
of fifa end fivabiitty*. = GREE
90% of this office space harvests natural light, reducing the ‘The term URBAN has Greek origin from the word "URB"
need for_artificial iighting during daytime. Lighting: 90% of which means “Centre of any activity”. It means centre
this office space harvests natural light, reducing the need for development starts from centre.
artificial lighting during daytime.
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities,
The contrasting brightness within the building has also been towns and villages whereas architecture focuses oa
reduced by using light color surfaces and ceilings, thus individual buildings, urban design sddress the larger scale of
reducing the strain on pupils, and as a result, employees are groups of buildings of streets and public spaces, whole
less tired. neighbourhoods and districts, and entire cities to make urban
100% energy consumption of this building is met with green Urban design is about making connections between people
and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built
power.
fabrics. Urban design draws together the many strands of
Efficient Material Selection and Management: For this
place making, environmental stewardship, social equity and
project, Infosys has diverted construction waste from
economic viability into the creation of places with distinct
landfills. 10% of the total construction material used was
beauty and identity.
recycled material including aluminium, pies and steel. 41%
of the total project material by cost was manufactured ‘The term urban design is associated with designing the third
regionally, thereby reducing pollution due to transportation. dimension for the master plan of settlement. Esch of the type
of land uses may have different architectural features and
architectural styles. The third dimension of a city should be
part of planning process so that from concept level only the > 2. Landmark
land uses can be organized in such a way to create an These are the individual building or the complexes or the
interesting urban skyline. natural sites which are popular by city population as well as
There are various elements of urban design such as the the visitors from outside.
People, the culture, architecture and various types of These are generally used as references for locating various
landscape features. types of building and their addresses. Hand marks are also
divided as major and minor.
‘There are various urban design theories. Urban design theory
deals primarily with the design-and-management of public Major landmarks are less in numbers -but-they are able to
Spaces, and the way public places are experienced and used. define the image of the city to its people as well as visitors
from outside. The minor landmarks may not be recognized at
Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a
the city level but they are recognized at neighborhood or
day-to-day basis by the general public such as street, plazas
colony level.
and parks and public infrastructure.
3. District
Kevin Lynch technique is the most simple to understand
It is designed as specific area with two dimensional extent
urban design features [It is explained in book "Image of city”
which bears common architectural and cultural character one
by Kevin Lynch].
city may kave number of major district depending on its
2.5.1 Kevin Lynch Technique morphological growth.
Kevin Lynch has explained urban design with the help of There are two types of district; major district is substantially
following five elements : larger area which is part of pre-stages of morphological
3. District major district while the various streets and lane which have
individual character may be treated as minor district.
4. Edge
4. Edge
5. Node
It is a linear element such as river, railway line, or road
It includes all the types of roads and accessories in a specific bounds minor district.
town. These are further divided as major paths and minor For example : The river at Pune acts as major edge to divide
paths. All the arteries and important roads are parts of major two major district that is the old core and the newly
Sometimes major paths act as the edge for the major district. 5. Node
The minor paths are roads and lanes which connect various It is an intersection of two or more numbers of path. The
built areas to major path. intersection of major path is referred as minor node.
~ This wehnique is known as “Serial Vision Technique" and is - Urban planner has to consider lifestyle, culture, behaviour
describad in book “The concise TOWNSCAPE by Ganden pattem in addition to technical aspects during urban design.
Culler, ~ — Inurban cognition for example:
— Serial nwans a seties of views while approaching towands the = "If we sky scrapper
it is in Mumbai or New York".
major Landmark er the image of city.
— "Small houses with king post, Iueen post, roof of teak wood,
~ The awhitectural beauty of the image of city canbe red or yellow coloured, they are in Assam, Meghalaya or
appreciated in a better way if it is approached through a Kerala”.
series of interesting view, Here when the viewer finishes his
- Thus, the character, tells about the culture. The facade the
jeumey and reaches to the coneem image, last and most
building is having talks about the architecture.
interesting view of series is referred as “END VIEW".
- Insouth temple, the emphasis is on height i.e. Gopuram, thus
~ Serial vision can be achieved by using topographical
facade talks about architecture.
advantage or it can be created by means of various lendscape
features, Serial vision survey is carried out either by making - Unless one understand the behaviour, style of people
the sketches in the sequence or by clicking photographs in planning will not be successful.
the sequence,
- Forexample In design for mall it is necessary to consider that
2.5.3 Considerations In Urban Design commodities like bread, butter, milk which are required
"> (SPPU-Nov. 14) everyday should be on ground floor and could be accessed by
ain Withe
> (SPPU - Aug. 15)
3.
6.
Urban typology, density and sustainability
Accessibility WESs
SENEVRA
TRAE
7. Way finding
8. Animation [Designing places to stimulate public activity) - Spatial organization is all about creating space through land
10. Complementary mixed uses - The essence of landscape lies in the creation of quality space
11, Character and mearing (Recognizing and valuing the in temporal scale.
difference between one place and another)
- A spatial organization puts more attention on Spatial
12. Order and incident
pattern/distribution of land-uses/resources,
13. Continuity and change.
1. Roadway
With changing standard car occupancy rate has increased, (a) Vehicles that nun in water
Urban life style has lead to increase car occupancy ratio. And (b) Constructing roads in water (sea).
hence it has become very much important to have planned Waterway is very important for Mumbai. Some years back
vehicular way. However draft ran in Mumbai-fora-short-period of-about 8 to
Segregation of Cargo traffic from regular commuter traffic is 10 days. Because west coast of Mumbai is little tocky it was
must. In many cities, on many roads cargo transports, are not not feasible.
allowed between moming 8.30 am to evening 8.30 p.m. In Kerala, available waterway facility is used for tourism
(b) Pedestrian which fetches Kerala government economy,
People should not be forced to exert up and down to cross Thus, different means of urban transportation are very much
toad. Rather they should be provided with facilities for needed in day to day life of urban community. Yet the
comfortable walk. Golden mean for all this is
"Live where You Work" OR
Arrangement of footpath, pedestrian is must.
"Work where you live"
This will reduce road on all means of traffic as well as will unavoidable accidents, This is the point where urban renewal
help community in getting physical and mental peace. takes place.
Slum whether we like it or not is the part of our environment - — Itis a programme of land redevelopment in areas of moderate
and our society. -——~to high density urban land use,
Various categories of housing are : Urban renewal involves relocation of businesses, demolition
Various categories of of structures, relocation of people and the use of eminent
housing domain as a legal instrument to take private property for city
initiated development projects.
1. EWS (Economically Weaker Section)
In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl and less
congestion where areas of cities receive free ways and
2. LIG (Low Income Group housing)
express ways.
3. MIG (Middle Income Group housing) Urban renewal has been seen as an economic engine and a
reform mechanism, a mechanism for control,
4. HIG (High Income Group housing)
2.5.9 Flow chart for “Urban Renewal
Fig. C2.10 : Various categories of housing Process
> (SPPU - Dec. 16)
Housing is seen through two aspects
‘os watt vg
Q.~ Draw a flow chart for.“Urban Rendwal Process", _
(i) Economical (ii) Social
However, it is seen that increasing population, haphazard Q.7 — Whatis green building rating system ? Explain any
one,
growth is unknowingly pressurizing urban amenity exporting
them to the extent possible and planning knowingly for Q.8 — Explain concept of green building with case study.
Q.9 — Give anote on urban renewal.
qona
Syllabus :
e Goals and Objectives of planning; components of planning; benefits of planning.
- Town or city is a place of urban living, Urban means an as its rich culture and tradition. The following is the history of
environment in which natural surroundings have been town planning at different periodsin India.
dominated by artificial or manmade surrounding which man | (1) Indus - Valley civilization - (3000 B.C.)
builds for himself. As per census of India “A place becomes (2) Vedic period — (up to 400 B.C.)
is more than 1000 persons per square kilometer. However (4) - (up to 14" century)
Medieval period
there are some exceptions. There was a gradual development of trade and commerce. In
- — Town planning is an art of shaping and guiding the physical this period we have the famous cities such as :
growth of the town creating buildings and environments to (i) Dhaka for malmal
(v) Jaipur
2. Zoning
————— 4. Beauty
were redeveloped. Fatehpur, Bijapur, Lucknow etc. was
entirely planned, Fig C3.1 : Objectives of Town Planning
(Till 1947) : British introduced street planning and adopted To create and promote healthy conditions and environments
straight roads regardless of the cost or damage to social for all the peoples rich and poor, to live, to work, to play or
structure of the town. In the first decade of 20" century, they relax.
> (2) Zoning
took up the outstanding work of building of New Delhi, the
new capital of India. To make use of the land for the right purpose by proper
division of land called zoning such as residential, industrial,
(7) Post independeace period (After 1947) : Many industrial
institutional and recreational etc. in order to avoid future
towns were planned after independence mentioned in below :
conflicts.
(i) Durgapur
— West Bengal —> (3) Convenience
(ii) — Bihar
Jamshedpur The object of convenience is meant in the form of various
(iii) -— Gujarat
Gandhi Nagar needs of the community such as social, economic, cultural
(iii) Noisy traffic has almost disturbed the peace of the city.
> (SPPU
- May 12)
Principles of Town
Planning
= 2. Public building A recreation centre is a place where people can work out,
play sports, and sometimes also serve as a social hub for
+ 3. Recreation Centers
some people.
+ 4. Road systems
According to the size of town enough space should be
categories of people very carefully. A Road system plays vital role in development of any
- There should be No developments of slums. country.
- If exists should be removed by some alternative arrangement Properly designed road system puts a great impression in the
like SRS. minds of people.
“> 2. Public building > 5. Transport facilities
- There should be well balanced grouping and distribution of Tt includes all the land, water, air routes and other
various public buildiags throughout the town. transportation assets.
~ Unmecessary concentration of public buildings should be Adequate transport facilities should be available so that there
avoided. is minimum loss of time from a one place to another.
for
— The loads contained in the green belt are to be used
carrying out the agricultural activities and the construction of
building in green belt is strictly prohibited.
c nature
reservation is applied to the uses of land of specifi
(2) Commercial zone (2-5%)
such as gardens, schools, markets, police stations, fire
brigade, stations, parks, playground etc. LY (3) Industrial zone (2-25%)
@ Uses of Land
LJ (4) Recreational zone (remaining %)
The uses of land in town planning can broadly be classified
into the following two categories : Fig. C33 : Aspects of Zoning
(4) The number of houses per unit are is limited. for providing facilities to nearby residential area, for banks,
Offices, god owns, shops etc.
(5) The ratio of total size area to total built up area is
=> (3) Industrial zone (2-25%)
specified.
> (ii) Height zoning Great care should be taken in providing units of industrial
It is controlling the height of building by considering zone in various parts of towns. The light industries and
(1) Bulk or cubical content of building : to nearby areas may be allowed to be set close to the
(i) It controls development of central business area of cities. Syllabus Topic : Benefits of Town Planning
+> (iii) Use zoning Cities are planned by considering the aesthetics. Planners
enhance the attractiveness of a town through applying
It is the most important aspect of zoning and it depends on
various tools like growth management and zoning to manage
the uses to which various parts of the town will be put.
land use.
Rapid urbanization has resulted in the formation of slums in (3) Land market
Town planners usually have to consider threats like storm while deciding about residential commercial and industrial
Extreme weather or other kinds of emergencies like fire have (3) Land market
3.2 Concept of Land Use can be a measure to control land prices and also a reason to
railway etc. Every town has existing land use plan also helps
Rivers, sea, hills, lakes etc. are considered. Also mines,
to understand present situation.
chemical and other resources are identified before preparing
Overall economic transport activity can be analyzed from the
a land use plan.
existing land use plan and overall life pattern of the people
residing in that region can be understood.
(6) Topography
Following are the considerations taken into account while Topography of the region i.e. hills slopes etc. are considered.
— A regional planning agency prepares plans that serve as a includes redevelopment Jayout and sub division of any land
framework for planning by local governments and special and reclamation “to develop” will be constructed
districts. accordingly.
Regional planning
The procedure to be followed in the preparation of a deducting the land required for the open spaces, social
and takes ly weaker
development plan for a town is quite lengthy infrastructure, services, housing for the economicai
lities are to be
considerable time as many factors and Jegal forma section and road network.
for convenience, the various stages of to develop land
observed. However, The process enables the local authority
summarized as follows :
preparation of a development plan can be without fully acquiring it and gives it a positive contro
l over
- _ Prevision for social and physical infrastructure. ~- TPO varies the final scheme as pex the decision of the BOA
and submits to the state government for its sanction.
- — Redistribution of reconstructed plots amongs: original
owners. | Contents of the Draft T.P. Schemes
~ Automatic acquisition of land for public purposes. - Area, ownerthip and tenure
of each original plot
- Deciding the Town Planning area - Estimate of the net cost of the scheme to be bome by
appropnate authority.
- Declaration of the intention to prepare a TPS
- Full description of al details of scheme infrastructure
- Preparation of the Base Map.
facilities
- Preparation of the Draft Town Planning Scheme.
- Any other prescribed particulars.
- Arrangement of the Owners meeting to explain Draft TPS
- TPO working out valuation, incremental contribution and Fig. C3.5 : Levels of planning
informs the land owners.
=> 1, National level
- Further invitation for the objections and suggestions.
- This type of planning is characterized by it’s extensive
- Decisions on the Final Scheme proposals.
nature. However it is mainly confined to economical] and
ning
3-10 Town Planning and Various Lovols of Plan
(SPPU - Sem 7 - Civil)
ar Architecture & Town Planning
“> (4) Local or settlement level
planning at national
social policies. There is no authorized
the development
level. The policies laid down at national
level mainly The local conditions play's a vital role in
agriculture, plan of a city or town.
emphasis on the major items such as mining,
of the local planning are proper
basic industries, forestry. The main objective
traffic control, location of
national population density distribution,
Communications, defense as well as other aspects of
sion of suitable green
significance such as national park and conservation
of shopping and recreational centers, provi
belts.
historic and archaeological monuments.
viability and economic
rized Zoning of the area. The financial
In nvt shell the planning at national Jevel can be catego ing the development
conditions are the key parameters decid
as follows. under this category.
of the town, Development plan comes
National development in accordance with it’s
(a) (5) Sub-city level
administrative or political system.
The planning at sub-city comprises of
(>) Development in hierarchical order - i.e. development
(a) Town planning scheme’s
from top level to bottom level and vice-versa
(b) Area development scheme
(c) Economical sector development program.
(c) Projects under integrated urban development
(d) Social sector development
(d) Improvement scheme's
2. State level of development plans
The statutory zoning purposes
is also
The objective and scope of the planning at state level influences the sub-city level planning.
few
in alignment with the national level planning except
topics such as defense railways which are of nationa l Syllabus Toplc : Neighbourhood planning
at state level also.
significance. There is no statutory planning
3.4 Concept Neighborhood Planning
=> 3. Regional level
factors such as economics, spatial => (SPPU - Dec. 15, Aug. 16)
The predominant Tyee
into account for
dimensions are more effectively taken
and rural areas. In
planning is carried out for both urban
for one district as a
Maharashtra Regional plan is prepared
unit for region.
Neighborhood is a small unit which serves the local
@ Necessity of regional planning community and encouraged them to nurture a neighborhood
(a) To prevent the prodigal duplication of
facilities such as spirit or relationship which seems to have been lost in
highways, trunk routes etc. modem life.
—"Néighborhood planning is to organize neighborhood
ensure the optimal of ~resources~ to~
allocation”
(b) To
benefit for and seek their input throughout the planning
minimize the expenses and maximize the
residents
nities in process.
the welfare of both the individuals and commu
the region. The goal of Neighborhood Planning is to build social capital,
Neighborhood Unit’ is introduced by Clarence Arthur Perry resident to have one primary school among them, at walk
able distance.
(1872-1944),
2. Facilitles
Perry’s neighborhood unit concept began as a means of
insulating the community from the ill-effects of burgeoning All necessary facilities such as school, club, sport centres etc
Tesponse to the degenerated environmental and social There should be well planned street system in the unit for fast
conditions fostered as a consequence of industrial revolution and safe movement of traffic.
in the early 1900s. 4. Protective strips
Purpose of Nelghbourhood Planning
Units should be provided with minor green belts at periphery.
To make the people socialize with one and another. §. Layout of building
—s 2. Facllitias
= 3. Street System
+» 4. Protective strips
= 7. Community centre
Fig. 3.4.1
=p! 8. Open space
@ Benefits
Fig. C3.6 : Principal of Neighbourhood Planning 1. It make the people socialize with one and another.
5. It encourages creativity and builds partnerships both within | _ Both plan are the same.
a city showing
and outside the neighbourhood. Both plans contain a general future layout of
open spaces,
6. It enables others to become more informed and responsive both the existence and proposed streets or roads
about the policy and financial decisions of local government. public buildings etc.
of an old city
Both plans are prepared either for improvement
3.5 City Development
or for a new town to be developed on virgin soil.
fulfill the
- A City Development Plan is a comprehensive document | — Both plans are serving as a policy framework to
needs and aspiration of the community.
outlining the vision and development strategy for future
development of the city, prepared in consultation with a wide Structure Plan
3.6
range of stakeholders to identify the thrust areas to be
addressed on priority basis in order to achieve the objectives sets
A structure plan is an old-style development plan which
and the vision. It thus provides the overall framework within planning policies and forms the hasis for
out strategic
which projects are identified and put forward in a City detailed policies in local plans.
_
Investment Plan. It is plan drawn up by a local planning authority for the use
developed of a prescribed area of land.
— Itis an action plan for equitable growth in city,
e the | _
and sustained though public participation to improv A Structure Plan is a long term (ten to fifteen years) statutory
quality of life for all citizens. framework used to guide the development or redevelopment
future of land.
— CDP is both, a perspective and vision for the
development of city. It is used to define; future development and land use pattems;
the layout of trunk (primary distribution networks)
@ Features of city development plan infrastructure and main transportation routes, including
1. CDP presents current stage of city’s development. terminals; conservation and protected areas; and other key
features for managing the direction of development.
2. CDP indentifies thrust areas.
A Structure Plan should generally be prepared for
3, CDP sets goals for different sectors. the following urban and urbanizing areas
\
4. CDP attempts a resource based planning. Towns with rapid urban growth.
to achieve 4
5. CDP suggests altemative routes and strategies Urban settlements that are subject to redevelopment and
A structure plan is an old- A development plan or a master planning schemes are made in a proper manner and their
execution is made effective; to provide the creation of new
style development plan | plan may be defined as a general
towns by means of Development Authorities; to make
which sets out strategic plan for future layout of a city
provisions for the compulsory acquisition of land required
pianning policies and forms | showing both the existence and
for public purposes in respect of the plans; and for purposes
the basis for detailed policies proposed streets or roads open
connected with the matters aforesaid.
in local plans. spaces, public buildings etc.
@ Objectives of enactment of MRTP Act
It includes report and a| It includes regicnal plan , new — Planning development in “regions”
Zoning Plan. town development plan etc. — Constitution of Regional Planning Board
3.7 Maharashtra Reglonal Town required for public purposes in respect of the plans.
Chapter
I - Preliminary
Chapter I
Tt includes details regarding town Planning schemes and Under MRTP Act 1966, the second level of planning is-to—
guidelines for making of town planning schemes etc, prepare development plan for municipal region or any other
It consists of guidelines for New Towns etc. MRTP Act 1966, gives following procedure for sanctioning
of DP.
Chapter VI-A
Suggestion and
3.8 Legislative Mechanism for DP
(By MRTP Act 1966) objections from public
TT
and suggestions which are Q.1 Explain history and necassity of town planning in
received to a Planning brief.
Committee
Q.2 — Explain aim and objectives of town planning.
Matification made afler - Modification made by a
preparing and publishing Planning Authority or the Q.3 Explain principles of tovm planning in briaf.
notice of draft said Officer
in the draft DP
Q.4 — Explain concept of town planning schema.
Development plan - Publication of a notice in
the Official Gazette and Q.5 — Explain concepi of land usa in town planning.
also in the local
Q.6 Why and when D. P. of any town is prepared?
newspapers for inviting
objections and suggestions Q.7 — Explain concept of neighborhood.
from public
Q.8 Explain concept of city development plan.
Submission of draft Submission of the draft
development Plan Development Plan to the State
Government
Q0a
Syllabus :
* Various typas of civic surveys required to be conducted for DP : demographic, housing, land use, Water Supply &
sanitation.
e Planning agencies for various levels of planning. Thelr organization and purpose (CIDCO-MHADA-MIDC,
MMRDA/PMRDA, SRA).
¢ Traffic transportation systems: hierarchy of urban road, traffic management, Intelligent Transport Systems.
2. There are variety of survey which are carried ovt for the
41 Concept of Development Plan purpose of planning.
> (SPPU - May 12, Nov. 14, Dec. 18) 2. Demographic survey
4. Density Surveys
5. Traffic Surveys
- Physical economic factors like agricultural value of the land, - Sir Patrick Geddes advocated the civic survey as essential to
mineral resources and water gathering lands areas with public urban planning : his motto was “diagnosis before treatment”.
— ° Social economic factors like areas of influence of towns and geography, the climate, the economic life, and the social
villages, employment, population changes etc. institutions of the city and region.
B. Town survey — The civic survey or town survey is conducted at local level
with special reference to the conditions prevailing in and
around the town to be planned.
The topics which are usually covered in the civic survey are
- These surveys are conducted to prepare a base map for the as follow:
Town planning scheme.
1. Land use
—- They are done at much small scale and apart from the above
— Iris the study of the way in which land is being used in area.
data collected from the regional surveys it also includes :
— Usually classified as commercial, industrial, Residential
=> 1. Land
use Surveys
public etc.
It is a study and recording of the way in which land is being
2. Public service
used in an area; usually classified as commercial, industrial,
public, residential, etc. It is the study of public service of such as water supply
=> 2. Demographic survey system, drainage system, electricity supply etc.
people
— It's a special type of survey that takes into account the It is a study of density of population, age structure,
gender,
surveyed in terms of specific factors like their age, occupational structure and literacy people.
etc.
where they live, income level, family situation
4. Health condition
=> 3. Housing survey
It consist of study of diseases, birth rate and death rates of the
used for
— It includes the points such as type Materials peoples of particulars area.
and Height of
construction, present Housing condition type
5, Communication
the buildings etc.
ty. It is the study of means of transport in particular area, such as
It also includes age of houses and type of proper
roadways railway, airways etc.
4. Density Surveys
t+Lid
work,
Planning Organization
at Different Level:
1. Central level
Various Planning
2. Stats level Agencies
(TCPO).
planning related work at district level. - CIDCO was formed on 17 March 1970 under the Indian
Ha)
Annual reports on the working and affairs of the company,
with audit reports, are regularly laid before the houses of the Meghdoot, New Nagpur Chikhaldara Hill Station (1953
State legislature. The Board of Directors of CIDCO meets at Ha)
least once a month.
Besides Mumbai, CIDCO operates successfully in
@ Objectives of CIDCO
Aurangabad, Nashik, Latur and Nanded in Maharashtra state. Some
CIDCO was given a mandate to undertake all development as very successful projects have been undertaken by CIDCO in
works and recoup the cost of development from the sale Aurangabad Neighborhood-Two (N-2) through N-12.
proceeds of land and constructed property.
4.4.2 MHADA => (SPPU - Nov. 13, Nov. 14)
Based on the mandate, CIDCO set several broad objectives
fees 7 Sesh ee
for itself. It aims to prevent population influx into Mumbai,
diverting it to the new town, by providing an urban
@ Introduction
alternative which will lure citizens wishing to relocate to a
city of peace and comfort. - MHADA (Maharashtra Housing and Development
Authority) is an apex public body constituted under MHAD
Immigrants are to be absorbed from other states and efficient
ACT 1976, established in 1977 under Housing Department
and rational distribution of industries is promoted by
Government of Maharashtra _
preparing a ground for them who otherwise could have opted
— Since then, it has been engaged primarily in constructing and
for Mumbai.
selling housing to low and middle income groups in urban
CIDCO plans to provide basic civic amenities to all and
and semi-urban areas, In Mumbai, it has constructed about
elevate standards of living for people of all social and
30,000 housing units.
economic strata.
- The Maharashtra Housing Board formerly called "Bombay
Moreover, it wants to offer a healthy environment and
Housing Board" was established in year 1948 and had a
energizing atmosphere in order to utilize human resources at
jurisdiction over the entire State of Maharashtra except
their fullest potentials.
Vidharbha region.
At present MHADA is coordinating and controlling the newspapers for the lottery.
activities of seven regional housing boards, setup for each @ Advantages lottery scheme
revenue division in the state viz. Mumbai, Konkan, Pune,
1. Transparency ia the process.
Nashik, Nagpur, Amravati, Aurangabad and two special
and 2. Lottery results are drawn by applicant only.
purpose boards viz. Mumbai Building Repairs
A.
Reconstruction Board and Mumbai Slum Improvement 3. — It became income generation to the MHAD
.
Board. 4. Minimum application fee is going to MHADA account
@ Objectives
ence
Chemicals In terms of the provision of the MID Act, 1961 and the
A fF
3. Providing of services TTC (Trans Thane Creek) near Thane and Navi Mumbai
different rates for different industrial areas. is responsible for the infrastructure development of the MMR
( Mumbai Metropolitan Region)
Coordinating execution of projects andor schemes in MMR. = Need for Sum RehabliRstion
Restricting any activity thet cold adversely affect
A rapidly cctenizing pogelstion and the imadequacy of city
eppropriate development of MAR, et.
governments 0 meet is demends have meant a ciitical
by MMRADA
@ Some projects undertaken
1, Mumbai Skywelks 2. Mombsi Mooccail It is esmeed he Gee == mostly 100 millicn dee
3. Wadala Truck Terminal 4. Mahim Nate Pek dwelless
ic Ge oenty.
Slum Rehabilitation Authority imperioes to raise he slom dwellers standard of Living and
increase their coafidence evel thoegh a perme:
zothorizad sractare.
The SRA model is a financially sustainable model, which transport facilities and standard of living, because of which
Tequires no government funding and gives new homes to society places a great expectation from transportation
in the long mun. — Road Provides a channel for movement of people and goods
between various centre's of the town.
It leads to the slum dwellers’ Social upliftment and improved
- Road provides means of spproach to all the residential
living conditions.
places.
This in tum leads to improved Quality of Life.
4.5.2 Classification of Urban Roads
Government
(Function Based)
Increased Tax revenues Functional classification is the process by which streets and
highways are grouped into classes, or systems, according to the
Open fand value for infringed areas character of service they are intended to provide.
‘The five functional systems for urbanized areas are : Pedestrian allowed to walk only at intersection.
Functional systems for Mobility on arterials road are high but land access is very
urbanized areas
low.
1. Freeway or expressway
> 3. Sub arterials road
Freeways have strict classification rules: These roads have Direct access to properties.
2. Noccross traffic. No stop lights or stop signs. These roads have Pedestrian access.
No parking. Highest speed limits, with minimum speed These roads Situated in residential, commercial, industrial
3.
limits sometimes. areas.
toads.
5) Iegular Pattam
172/3]4/5/61
18] 9 f10]14
7
Fits TaN
Blocks
Fig. 4.6.1
~ The main road which passes through the center of the area | - Chandigarh is good example of rectangular street pattem in
should be sufficiently wide and other branch roads may be
=
: © Advantages
comparatively narrow.
. . . ; . The rectangular
plots may be further divided into small
~ The main road is provided a direct approach to outside the
rectangular blocks for construction of buildings placed back
city,
to back, having roads on their front.
x AP,
SS
tT)
wth
Rew
arca may be wi
In between radiating main roads, the built-up AS fant
“205
NTT
planned with rectangular block. Do
yA
ALT
Lauter
Radial roads
“OH uy ‘ha
Fig. 4.6.3
ocd 1.
_—_ oo suitable from traffic
q different thoroughfares. Hence it is most
Bullt up area
point of view.
up as they approach
Removing the reason for drivers to speed
at red lights.
green lights and by reducing abrupt stops
the efficiency of traffic flow
Fig. 4.6.2 Because of roundabouts,
vehicle emissions and fuel
improves, they also reduce
@ Advantages
consumption.
at the primary bottleneck
1. Reduces level of congestion Limitations
location. d be
Center lines of roads leading to circular pattem shoul
ng local flow routes in the properly aligned with the central island.
_ Prevents_traffic_ from_accessi
operate in favour of egress
direction of the event venue that ‘There is wastage of open space due to irregular
portion which
NZS
- An intersection is a road junction where two or more roads
A. At-grade intersections
s
— This is type of intersection in which all the exchange
or same
between the roads take. place on the same plane
level.
INP —
4.7.1
It mainly consist of rotanes or roundabout.
section or junction in
A roundabout is a type of circular inter
almost continuously in
which road traffic is slowed and flows
3 Advantages d to several exits onto the
one direction around a central islan
aes
Scanned with CamScanner
SET
~— There are no traffic signals or stop signs in a modem higher than channelized intersection.
vehicles are
roundabout. 2, _Bven when there is relatively low traffic, the
— The vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in forced to reduce their speed.
aclockwise direction in orderly fashion. They then weave out Rotaries require large area of relatively
flat land making
3.
of the rotary to the desired direction.
them costly at urban areas.
6. It is Less expensive.
- Transport system is developed much in recent years. sensors. These applications provide travelers with important
information while improving the safety and efficiency of the
- Number of stecets which are constructed decade before are
transportation system.
carrying high traffic volume due to increase in population
_and number of vehicles.
- These roads were not designed for the high traffic volume,
due to which there is problems of traffic blocks, delays etc.
community.
5, Automatic Passenger Counter
@ Advantages of ITS
Fig. C4.8 : Application of ITS
Time Savings.
> 4. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Better traffic flow.
A system of satellites, computers, and receivers in which
Lower travel cost
the
traffic data is incorporated in the map, the driver can get
Better emergency response times and services.
fastest route, can know the position of the signals ahead,
predict traffic jams, etc. Reduced Crashes and Fatalities.
U
Syllabus :
¢ Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act.
¢ UDPFI guidelinas (for land use, infrastructure etc.),
* Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act 2016 and MAHA-R
ERA.
Syllabus Topic : Land Acquisition Rehabilitation The Act has provisions to provide fair compensation to those
and Resettlement Act whose land is iaken away, brings transparency to the process
/ infrastructural facilities.
with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other
affected families,
9. Multiple checks and balances In case land remains unutilized after acquisition, the new Bill
empowers states to retum the land either to the owner or to
Fig. C5.1: Features of the act
the State Land Bank.
—> 1. Compensation pote
6. Exemption from income tax and stamp duty
The Bill proposes the payment cf compensations that are up WE
No income tax shall be levied and no stamp duty shall be
to four times the market value in rural areas and twice the
charged on any amount that accrues to an individual as a
market value in urban areas.
2 cose er
result of the provisions of the new law.
3. Compensation for livelihood losers and unless all payments are made and alternative sites
for the resettlement and rehabilitation have been
In addition to those losing land, the Bill provides
compensation to those who-are-dependent.on-the.land-being
prepared
acquired for their livelihood. - The Third Schedule even lists the infrastroctural
> 4. Rehabilitation and resettlement amenities that have to be provided to those that have
been displaced.
- Over five chapters and two entire Schedules have been
9. Multiple checks and balances
dedicated to outlining elaborate _ processes
(and entitlements) for resettlement and rehabilitation. - A ‘comprehensive, participstive and meaningful”
— The Second Schedule in particular outlines the benefits process by involving the participation of focal
(such as land for land, housing, employment Panchayati Raj has been put in place prior to the start
and annuities) that shall accumulate in addition to the of any acquisition proceeding.
Architocture & Town Planning (BPPU - Gorm 7 - 5-3 UDPFI Guidelines & Various Acts
It consists of details regarding special provisions to safeguard 5.2 UDPFI (Urban Development plans
food security, etc. Formulation and Implementation
Guldelines)
@ Chapter IV
> (SPPU
- May 12, ‘ay 13,
May 16
It consists of details regarding publication of preliminary
notice and scquisition process followed by preparation of
rehabilitation and resettlement schemes, etc.
@ ChapterV
@ Chapter VI
on, develop:
It consists of guidelines regarding allotment of compensati le ient
andib
= — System that is dynamic, flex effic
ek.
Fig. C5.2 : Urban development planning system (ill) Proposed land use structure of
urban centers In plain area
—> 1. Perspective plan
=> B. Infrastructure
— 20-25 years duration.
(i) Physical Infrastructure
— Includes Maps and Diagrams.
(ii) Social infrastructure
- State government’s goal, policies, strategies of
urban local authority regarding spatio-economic C. Commercial lacilities
development (i) Hierarchy of commercial centers
plan.
=> D. Recreational facilities
- Sewage
=> D. Recreational facilities => (lil) Proposed land use structure of urban omnters
in plain area
=> §. Traffic and Transportation
Medium town 50,000- } 20,000 less than 80,000 —— 214 | 1820 | 1620 | 20-25
Slakh Transport & 10-12 | 12-14 | 1214 | 45-18
Large cities More | 80,000 and more Communication
than5
lakh Agriculture and balance | balance ] balance | balance
Water bodies
nce
- Som 7 - Civil
UDPFI Guidelines & Varous Arts
> a. Infrastructure
@ Educational facilities
Public purpose 10-15
Iped @ Pre-primary to secondary education
The drainage system for any city/town is governed mainly by - Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 population.
natural course and topography. The discharge is calculated @ Technical Education centre
that guides the requirements for provision of additional drain
1 such ceatre provided for every 10 lakh population Includes 1
as well as up gradation of existing drains.
industrial training institute and 1 polytechnic institute.
The treatment of sewerage is essential to provide hygienic = College
conditions.
- 1 for 1.25 lacs population
The sewerage is estimated at the rate of 80% of the water
supply demand. - — Noof student 1000 to 1500
The large and metro cities shall be provided with regular - Area 1.80 Ha
sewerage treatment facilities at zonal / city level.
- University Campus with Area of 10 ha shall be provided.
The newly developed areas shall have community level
septic tanks based on economic and environmental
considerations. (a) General hospital
The squatter settlements may be provided with a facility of Hospital for 2.5 lakh population capacity | 500 beds
onc toilet for 4 to 5 families based on the concept of low cost Initially the provisioa may be for 300
and low water consumption. beds Sha
@ Electricity Area for hospital tha
Area for residential sccommodatioa 6ha
Power supply consumption works out to be about 2 KW per
Total area
household at the city level including domestic, commercial,
industrial and other requirements.
(e) Meditation and spiritual centre 5000 sq.m District office and battalion
1 for 1 lakh population area 1for 10 lakh population 0.80 ha
Distribution services
District jail 1 for 10 lakh population - area 10ha
@ Crganlisation Structure
Objectives
ne
The idea was to promote exports from the country and Exemption from minimum alternate tax.
realizing the need that level playing field must be made Exemption from dividend distribution tax.
to be
available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers
Exemption from Central Sales Tax (CST).
competitive globally.
Kxemption from Service Tax, Kestelctions were impos on developmental sctivitics and
& Advantagos of SEZ the notification would nccordingsy regulate the uve of land
within 500 meters of the const and 100 meters along the tidal-
- Growth and development,
Influenced water badies,
Attracts Forelgn Direct Investinent.
‘The above notification Includes only the intertidal uae and
Exposure to technology nnd global market
land part of the coastal area and dose nen include the ocean
Increasing GDP and Economic Model.
part,
Employment opportunities are created,
Malin objectives of the act
* Disadvantagos of SEZ
Ensure livelihood security.
Land acquisition at very low prices.
Conterve and protect coastal stretches.
Farmers loose their livelihood,
Protect coastal environment and marine area.
Syllabus Topic : CRZ
Promote development through sustainable manner.
6.3 CRZ (Coastal Regulatlon Zone) Dut consideration to Natural hazards, Sea level rise.
@ CAZI
India has a long coastline of 7,500km, ranging from Gujarat
It includes eco!ogically sensitive areas such as mangroves,
to West Bengal, and two islands.
coral reefs, salt marshes, turtle nesting ground and the inter-tidal
Our coastal ecosystems provide protection from natural
zone.
disasters such as floods and tsunamis to the 250 million
people who live in our coastal areas. fF CRZII
Our marine ecosystems are a treasure trove of biodiversity, It includes areas close to the shoreline and which have been
which we are only beginning to discover and catalogue. Thus developed.
our coastline is both a precious natural resource and an
@ CRZII
important economic asset, and we need a robust progressive
framework to regulate our coast. It includes coastal areas which are not substantially baik up
(CHTL”) and land between ‘Low Tide Line’ (“LT1L”) and the The MOEF has issued a separate notification tied Island
HT Las the Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ5). Protection Zone 2011 in relation to these areas,
Dumping of ash or aay wastes from the date of notifica Smart city has :
tion.
Mining of sand, rocks and other substrata materia
ls not (A) Basic infrastructure,
available outside CRZ areas.
(B) Uses ‘smart’ solutions to make infrastructure and
Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing
_ Services better, and-—————
industries, except these directly related to water front or
(C) Relies on Area based development.
directly needing foreshore facilities.
(A) The basic infrastructure elements in a Smart
Mesnufacture or handling or disposal of hazardous substances, City would include
Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of
1. Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
waste and effluents into the water course.
2. Affordable housing, especially for the poor,
Discharging of city untreated waters and effluents from
3. Adequate water supply,
industries, cities or towns and other human settlements.
4. Assured electricity supply,
Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of land
5. Sanitation, including solid waste management,
filling or otherwise; the existing practice, if any, shall be
phased out within a reasonable time not exceeding three years 6. Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
from the date of notification. 7. Good govemance, especially e-Govemance and citizen
8. Sustainable environment,
Syllabus Topic : Smart City
a
9. Safety and security of citizens,
increase efficiency and improve the quality of life. o — City-wide intelligent video surveillance network,
The term “smart city” encompasses a vision of an urban © Using mobile phones for cyber tour of worksites.
in order to of @
bt Ah
Parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces
— S00 cities are to be covered under the scheme and this would >! E. Urban Transport
include all cities with a population above
>, F, Green space and parks
— The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) is the nodal
| G. Reforms management & support
ministry for the scheme.
@ AMRUT will focus on the following Thrust Areas po] H. Capacity Building
(Civilian areas).
iii. Rejuvenation of water bodies specifically for drinking water
supply and recharging of ground water.
(ii) All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ UTs, not covered in
iv, Special water supply arrangement for difficult areas, hill and
above.
coastal cities, including those having water quality problems
(iii) All Cities! Towns classified as Heritage Cities by MoUD (e.g. arsenic, fluoride)
under the HRIDAY Scheme.
+> B. Sewerage
(iv) Thirteen Cities and Towns on the stem of the main rivers
sewerage systems,
with « population above 75,000 and less than 1 lakh, and (i) Decentralised, networked underground
> C Sep
(vi) Education, and
“se
(i) Faecal Sludge Management- cleaning, transportation and (vii) Wage employment programme and staff comp
walkways, sidewalks, foot over-bridges and | — The Central Assistance (CA) for the projects will be in three
(i) Footpaths/
installments of 20:40:40 of the approved cost.
facilities for non-motorised transport (e.g. bicycles).
— The use of state funds will be recommended by the State
(iii) Multi-level parking.
through State
High Power Steering Committee (SHPSC)
(iv) Bus Repid Transit System (BRTS).
and part Annual action Plan (SAAP).
> F Green
> K. Planning
(Gi) Development of green space and parks with special provision components have been
Under AMRUT, the following
for child-friendly components
introduced for better implementation of the project: .
G. Reforms management & support
=> 1. Service Level Improvement Pian (SLIP)
for reform
@ Support structures, activities and funding support
: — SLIP assesses the service level gap and the Urban Local
.
implementation.
. Body (ULB)develops a plan to correct these gaps. After
planning, a cost is estimated, and prioritizing of projects and
(ii) Independent Reform monitoring agencis®
> H. Capacity Building is done.
zones
(ii) Continuation of the Comprehensive Capacity Building | _ The States decide on the inter-ULB sliocation based on gap
analysis and financial strength of ULBs.
Programme (CCBP) after its realignment towards the new
Missions. - Typically the ULBs selected have higher gaps in provision of
Components of GIS
1. Hardware
2. Software
4. People
5. Mathods or Applications
1. Hardware
2. Software
In a general sense, the term describes any information system GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to
that integrates stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays store, analyze and display geographic information.
GIS is relatively new field, started in 1970s. o Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic
information
Over a time GIS applications have also become easier to use.
o A database management system (DBMS)
GIS is more than just a software, it refers to all aspects of
managing and using digital geographical data.
© Tools that suppom geographic query, analysis, and trscking delivery vehicles, recording details of planning
visualization applications, to modeling global atmospheric circulation.
co A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy socess to tools The working of a GIS can be summarized as follows :
> 3. Data
Working of a GIS
— Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-
1. Relating Information {rom different sources
___ house or purchased from a commercial data provider.
es
/ locations
2. Geographic referenc
— A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources
and can even use 2 DBMS, used by most organizations to 3. Data capture
world problems. |
i. Vector data model
— — GIS users range from technical specialists who design and
li. Raster data model
maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform
. their everyday work.
Fig. C6.3 : Working of a GIS
=> 5. Methods or Applications
=> 1, Relating Information From Different Sources
d plan
— A successful GIS operates according to 8 well-designe
— The ability of GIS to relate information from disparate
and operating
and business rules, which are the mociels
sources helps in planning and management of natural
practices unique to each organization. :
resources.
@& Working of GIS :
GIS can be used for converting existing digital
— A
world as a collection of
_— — GIS stores information about the information, which may not be in map format, into forms,
r by geography.
thematic layers that can be linked togethe which it can recognize and use.
d to
- For example, digital satellite images can be analyze
layer of digital information about
produce a thematic
vegetation.
can be
— Additionally, existing tabular data such as census
be usable, it
converted to map-like format. For the data to
in some way.
needs to be geo referenced to the map
=> 2. Geographic References
ini;
regular grid of cells.
features.
Electronic scanning devices are the other options for the data
capture. This step is the most time consuming part in creating
a GIS.
ic layers,
GIS stores information as a collection of themat
which are linked together by geography.
tables of spatial and
Underlying these layers are associated
Fig. 6.6.3 : Formation of real world image
aphic feanures.
descriptive attributes that describe the geogr
@ Examples of GIS Software
> 5. Projection and Registration
(i) ArcGIS (ii) GRASS
ned from various disparate
All the information that is obtai
(iv) Maplnfc ete.
consistent spatial references (iii) QGIS
sources has to be converted to
@ of GIS
Application
before using in GIS.
a
data layers by establishing
This process aligns all the Appilcation of GIS
for all the data layers. Before
consistent co-ordinate system
of the
the GIS projects, projection
data is analyzed, in most of 1. Planning
map is done.
is the leap} 2. Emergency Preparedness
damentals of mapmaking,
Projection, one of the fun
__mathema tical method. of
transferring information from
the
L, 3. Site selection
surface to two-dimensional
earth's three-dimensional
beep} 4. Land use planning
medium.
one
will result in the distortion of §. Transport Planning
Map projections, however, =i
: shape, area, distance and
or more of these properties
ections thal t are used are Univ
ersal 6. Environmental studies
direction. Some of the proj
Conic, etc.
M), Lambert Conformal
Transverse Mercator (UT 7. Construction planning
‘,
elling
= 6 Datastructures and data mod planning
8. Facilitii es Manageme: nt and
work i
with [wo
information systems of GIS
Geographic Fig, C64: Applica tion
els
t types of geographic mod
fundamentally differen
3. Site selection
GIS helps to find out suitable site for the project as per
requirement, in a short time. __snnepeint nd nee
7, Construction planning
& 9 segments of GPS
GIS can help the users to understand the site conditions GPS has three main segments :
which affect the schedule baseline and cost baseline.
Jsegments
of GPS
GIS can provide guidelines regarding utilization of resources
on site for keeping the construction within budget and
{a) Space segment
schedule.
(0) Control segment
$8 Facilities Management and planning
(c) User segment
GIS can be used for locating underground pipelines and
Fig. C65 : 3 segments
of GPS
cables for mainteasnce and planning.
geo ME
Control segment —
GPS satellives fly in circular orbits a an abtitade of and hack aijpeaments. The satellites in tum, use these
20,200) kin anid with a period of 12 terars. updates in the signals thet they send to GPS receivers.
User Segment
It is powered by wlar cells.
This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held
‘The satellites continuously orient themaclyes to point
ot, con te placed ja 2 vehicle.
their solar panels toward the sua ad their antenna
toward the earth. All GPS receivers have an elmanac programmed into
their computer, which tells them where each satellite is
Orbital planes are centered on the Excth.
wt eny given moment.
Orbits are designed 9 that, at leat, six satellites ae
The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the
always within line of sight from any location on the
signals received from the satellites.
planet.
2. The Control Segment ——- The receiver is usually used in conjunction with
computer software to output the information to the user
This consists of 5 worldwide unmanned base-ttations
in the form of a mzp.
that monitor the satellites to track their exact position in
ae opeeding As the wser does not have to communicate with the
space, and to make sure that they
satellite there can be unlimited users at one time.
correctly.
4. It is used for navigation purposes in Aircraft, Ships, and > 1. Passive Source
Submarines etc.
Source of energy is either the Sun or Earth/atmosphere.
5. GPS is useful tool in Traffic management.
> 2. Active source
6. GPS is used to locate different points, preparing Contour
Source of energy is part of the remote sensor system.
maps, giving Alignments of Roads, Bridges where high
RADAR is example of active system.
degree of precision is required.
@ Seven Elements of Remote Sensing (Passive remote
7. GPS is also used to track the location and usage of equipment sensing)
at construction different sites.
poe %
> (D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor 1. Regional Planning and Site Investigations
mond
ee ee ee ee ee
baa] 3. Landslide Studies
(F) Interpretation and Analysis
energy source.
What the remote sensor is really measuring is how the — Remote sensing data permits such an assessment.
Energy interacts with the target. —> 2. Terrain Mapping and Analysis
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor — — Assessment of the performance of the terrain for specific
The sensor records the reflected energy it receives developmental activities can be made through terrain
evaluation.
(E) Transmission, Reception, and Processing
— For this, terrain information can be acquired from RS data
All remote sensing systems have some method of
and by generating the Digital Terrain Model (DTM).
transmitting, receiving, and processing the data. Some
=> 3. Landslide Studies
satellites actually drop film canisters to Earth using
in
parachutes. Most remote sensing is now done digitally, and — Landslides are the most common and recurring hazards
property
the data is transmitted using radio waves. mountainous areas causing enormous loss of life and
LF architecture & Town Planning (SPPU~-Sem7-Civd) &15 Applications of Modem Tools in Town Planning
By analyzing multi date Remotely Sease (RS) data, it would after thst for the management and redevelopment
Se hs are
be possible to monitor the effects of dam construction.
“Review Questions:
Remotely sensed data of pre and post dam construction can
reveal the forest and other land st different water levels. Q.1 Give a note on spacial township.
This would also help in preliminary investigation of finding a.2 Give a note on land acquisition, rehabilitation and
suitable areas for human resetilemeat. rasettiement Oct. 2013.
waste
It is used for finding out area for disposal of medical
and other waste.
oo0