The International Labour Organization

(ILO)
&
International Labour Standards
(ILS)

Tim De Meyer,
Specialist on International Labour Standards &
Labour Law
International Labour Office, Bangkok Subregional Office for
East Asia (SRO Bangkok), Thailand

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO)

ESifh
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;

wif'Dar,m
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh
tvkyform;Oya'
rm;Oya' txl;u|rf;usifol
ta&S@tm&Sa'o&kH;cGJ (SRO befaumuf) xdkif;EdkifiH
demeyer@ilo.org
3

Part I
The International Labour Organization

tydkif; (1)
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO)

International Labour Organization

Organization of Governments, Employers and Workers from
181 countries

Mandate to promote social justice through decent work as a
matter of

Respect for individual dignity

Economic and social development

International peace and stability

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO)

EdkifiHaygif; (181) EdkifiHrS tpdk;&rsm;/ tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;.tzGJ@

atmufygudpP&yfrsm;twGuf oifhjrwfaom tvkyf rSwqifh
vlr_w&m;r#wr_ udk tm;ay;jrifhwif&ef tcGifhtm%m

vlwOD;csif;. *k%foduQmudk av;pm;jcif;

pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; zGH@z;wdk;wufr_

EdkifiHwum+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wnf+idrfa&;

ILOs Decent Work Agenda

Decent work = work which does not only provide men or

women a pass-time and a short-term livelihood, but also

Rights, i.e. the power to choose and negotiate accordingly

Protection against the uncertainties of (working) life for workers
and their families

Participation in the workplace and the wider community

(ILO) . oifhjrwfaomtvkyf vkyfief;pOf

oifhjrwfaomtvkyf ] trsKd;om;a&m trsKd;orD;twGufyg acwfESifhtnD
a&wdk toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tvkyfudk ay;&kHru

tcGifhta&;rsm;/ Oyrm- oifhwifh avsmufywfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifh
ndE_dif;aqmif&GufcGifhtm%m

tvkyform;rsm;ESifh wdk@. rdom;pkrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkifb0 raocsmr_rsm;rS
tumtuG,fay;jcif;

vkyfief;cGifY omru &yf&GmwckvkH;wGifyg yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@udkvnf;
ay;pGrf;ygonf?
9

Decent Work Strategic Objectives

To promote and realize fundamental principles and rights at
work

To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure
decent employment and income

To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection
for all

To strengthen tripartism & social dialogue

10

oifhjrwfaom tvkyfenf;AsL[m &nf&G,fcsufrsm;

tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGif tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
em;vnfoabmaygufI tm;ay;jrifhwif&ef

oifhjrwfaom tvkyftudkifESifh 0ifaiGudk tmrcHEdkif&ef trsKd;orD;ESifh
trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf ydkrdk}uD;rm;aom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;&ef

tm;vkH;twGuf vlr_a&;umuG,fr_rsm;. xda&mufr_ESifh us,fjyef@r_udk
wdk;csJ@&ef

okH;OD;zvS,fpHepfESifh vlr_a&; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_ tm;aumif;vmap&ef
11

ILO ITUC Relationship

ILO is an international forum for G, E & W

ITUC gives a voice to workers

ITUC is a consultative organization of the ILO, as is

the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)

The Organization of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU)
The European Trade Union Council (ETUC)
The International Organization of Employers (IOE)

12

ILO ITUC qufqHa&;

ILO onf tpdk;&/ tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
EkdifiHwumawG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_ rsufESmpmw&yf jzpfonf/ / ITUC onf
tvkyform;rsm;. toHjzpfonf/

ITUC onf ILO . twdkifyifcH tzGJ@jzpfonf/ ITUC onf

tvkyform;or*~rsm;. urBmhtzGJ@csKyf (WFTU)

tmz&du tvkyform;or*~ nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (OATUU)
Oa&my tvkyform;or*~aumifpD (ETUC)
EdkifiHwum tvkyf&Sifrsm;tzGJ@ (IOE) wdk@ yg0ifaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
13

ILO ITUC Relationship

Where independent trade unions are absent or weak, ITUC

plays an important role in bringing

Representations or complaints

Information on the application of ratified conventions

ITUC may endorse information from NGOs such as AntiSlavery International or the Global March

14

ILO-ITUC

qufoG,fr_

vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;r&Sdaom odk@r[kwf

tm;enf;aomae&mrsm;wGif ITUC onf atmufygwdk@udk
aqmifusOf;&ef ta&;}uD;aom tcef;urS yg0ifonf/

udk,fpm;yaqmif&Gufay;jcif; odk@r[kwf wdkif=um;jcif;

twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;udk tokH;y&ef
owif;tcsuftvufay;jcif;

u|efyjcif; qef@usifjcif; EdkifiHwumtzGJ@ odk@r[kwf

wurBmvkH;csDwufjcif; paom NGO rsm;rS
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ITUC u twnfyay;Edkifygonf?
15

ILO means of action

Setting and supervising the application of
international labour standards

Providing technical cooperation to developing
countries

Collecting and disseminating information
(knowledge)

16

ILO onf v_yf&Sm;r_udk udk,fpm;yonf?

EdkifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;udk tokH;yjcif;tm;
}uD;=uyfjcif;ESifh ypkcsrSwfjcif;

zGH@z;qJEdkifiHrsm;odk@ enf;ynmqdkif&m yl;aygif;ulnDr_ ay;tyfjcif;

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh jzef@a0ay;jcif;
(A[koko)
17

Part II
International Labour Standards

18

tydkif; (2)
tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;

19

International Labour Standards

Conventions
(Protocols)

States must consider
ratification, but do not
have to ratify

If ratified, they are
binding under
international law

ILO does not accept
reservations

If not ratified, they still do
influence national law &
policy

Recommendations

Not open to ratification

Same authority as
Conventions

Contain good practices,
guidelines, higher directly
addressed to W & E
organizations

20

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;
jyXmef;csufrsm; (us
(usifhxkH;rsm;)

EdkifiHawmfonf twnfyjcif;udk
pOf;pm;&rnf/ odk@aomfrjzpfrae
twnfyay;&efrvdk

twnfy+yD;ygu EdkifiHwum Oya't&
rjzpfrae vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnf/

ILO onf cif;csufrsm;udk vufrcHyg/

twnfryxm;v#ifvnf;
jynfwGif;Oya'ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay:
v$rf;rdk;r_ &Sdonf/

t}uHycsufrsm;

twnfy&efrvdk

jyXmef;csufrsm;uJhodk@ vkyfEdkifcGifh &Sdonf/

tavhtusifhaumif;rsm;/
vrf;!$efcsufrsm;/ tqifhjrifhpHE_ef;rsm;
(odk@) tvkyform;ESifh
tvkyf&SiftzGJ@rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
OD;wnfaom t}uHOm%frsm;

21

International Labour Standards

Since 1919, the International Labour Organization has adopted
188 Conventions, 199 Recommendations and 5 Protocols

Fundamental human rights at work

Occupational safety and health
Social security
Employment policy

Governing Body has extensively reviewed the relevance of the

all ILS since 1995

22

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;

1919 rS pwifI ILO onf jyXmef;csuf 188 ck/ t}uHycsuf 199 ck ESifh
usifhxkH; 5 ck csrSwf+yD; jzpfonf?

vkyfief;cGifqdkif&m tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
tvkyftudkif vkHcHr_ESifh usef;rma&;
vlr_zlvkHa&;
tvkyftudkif rl0g'

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@onf 1995 ckESpfuwnf;u EdkifiHwum

tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm; tm;vkH;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jyefvnf
avhvmokH;oyfcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
23

ILO Conventions in Asia Pacific

Ratification average at about 66% of world average, 40% of
OECD average

60-40-24-15

East Asia ratifications significantly lower than in the rest of

Asia

Many countries start to ratify again after long periods of
drought

Ratification record dominated by older technical Conventions,
but FHR Conventions are on the rise

24

tm&Sypdzdwfa'o ILO jyXmef;csufrsm;

wurBmvkH;wGif 60 twnfy+yD;/ OECD EdkifiHrsm;. ysrf;r# 40

60-40-24-15

ta&S@tm&S twnfyrlonf useftm&SEdkifiHrsm;xuf ododomom

avsmhenf;onf/

rdk;acgifa&&Sm; jzpfaomumv +yD;qkH;aomtcg EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
pwiftwnfyvm=uonf?

twnfyr_rSwfwrf;onf enf;ynm jyXmef;csufa[mif;rsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_
&Sdonf/ odk@aomf FHR jyXmef;csufrsm; ay:aygufvm+yD jzpfonf?

25

Governing Body Revision Policy

Up to date: 79 C (+ 5 p), 79 R

To be revised: 22 C, 14 R

Outdated (including withdrawn; replaced or shelved
instruments): 60 C, 69 R

Requests for info: 5 C, 12 R

Interim status: 24 C, 26 R

No conclusion: 1C, 1 R

26

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ jyifqifcsufrl0g'

,ae@txd- 79 pD ( 5 yD) 79 tm

jyefvnfjyifqif&ef- 22 pD 14 tm

acwfrrDSawmh (&kyfodrf;/ tpm;xdk;/ acsmifxdk;xm;aom ud&d,mrsm;
tygt0if)

60 pD/ 69 tm

owif;tcsuftvuf- 5 pD/ 12 tm twGuf yef=um;csufrsm;

=um;umv tajctae- 24 pD/ 26 tm

qkH;jzwfcsufrus- 1pD/ 1 tm
27

ILO: Organizational Structure

International Labour Conference

Tripartite world assembly of labour

(1 E + 2 G + 1 W) x 181

Adopts Conventions and Recommendations

Governing Body of the IL Office

Tripartite executive council

14 E + 28 G (10) + 14 W

Sets agenda of the Conference

International Labour Office

Secretariat, headed by a Director-General

28

ILO tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@pnf;ykH

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;nDvmcH

okH;yGifhqdkif tvkyform; (urBmhnDvmcH)

(1 tvkyf&Sif 2 tpdk;& 1 tvkyform;) 181

jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh t}uHycsufrsm; twnfyjcif;

EdkifiHwum tvkyform;tzGJ@&kH;.
;. tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@

okH;yGifhqdkif tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD

tvkyf&Sif 14 tpdk;& - 28 (10) tvkyform; 14

EdkifiHwum tvkyform;tzGJ@&kH;

!$ef=um;a&;r;csKyf OD;aqmifaom twGif;a&;r;tzGJ@

29

IL Standards Terminology

Adoption ( = creation)

Submission to the competent authorities ( = dissemination and
orientation)

Ratification ( = commitment)

Denunciation (= cancelling commitment)

Application (= law and practice)

Supervision (= monitoring application by ILO)

30

EdkifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm; a0g[m&rsm;

wifoGif;jcif; (] zefwD;jcif;)

Oya'ytm%m&Sdaom tm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm;odk@ tqdkywifjyjcif;
(] today;jcif;ESifh &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;)

w&m;0iftwnfyjcif; (] vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;)

oabmwlpmcsKyf &yfpJjcif; (] twnfyvdkufemr_udk zsufodrf;jcif;)

vufawG@tokH;yjcif; (] Oya'ESifh vufawG@ usifh}uHr_)

}uD;=uyfuGyfuJjcif; (] ILO u }uD;=uyfI vufawG@tokH;yjcif;)

31

How an international labour standard is adopted

PROBLEM IS
IDENTIFIED

OFFICE PREPARE S LAW AND

GOVERNING BODY

PRACTICE REPORT WITH QUESTIONNAIRE ON

CONTENT OF POSSIBLE NEW INSTRUMENT

PUTS TOPIC ON AGENDA OF

INTERNATIONAL
LABOUR CONFERENCE

REPORT SENT TO GOVERNMENTS,

EMPLOYERS AND WORKERS FOR
COMMENTS

G.E.W
FIRST DISCUSSION OF

OFFICE ANALYZES COMMENTS

AND PREPARES PROPOSED
CONCLUSIONS

PROPOSED CONCLUSIONS
AT THE CONFERENCE

OFFICE PREPARES REPORT

WITH SUMMARY OF
DISCUSSION AND DRAFT
INSTRUMENT

REPORT SENT TO
GOVERNMENTS, EMPLOYERS
AND WORKERS FOR COMMENTS

G.E.W
OFFICE PREPARES REVISED
DRAFT OF INSTRUMENT

SECOND DISCUSSION OF DRAFT

INSTRUMENT AT THE
CONFERENCE

INSTRUMENT IS
ADOPTED BY THE
CONFERENCE WITH A
2/3 MAJORITY VOTE

Who adopts international labour standards ?

The international Labour Conference brings together delegations from all ILO member states. Each delegation comprises:
2 government delegates
1 employer delegate
1 worker delegate
Government, employer and worker delegates each have one vote in plenary.
32

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;udk twnfyykH

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
ILO ESpfvnfnDvmcH.
tpDtpOfwGif
acgif;pOfxnfhoGif;

jy\emudkazmfxkwf

tpdk;&/tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk
a0zeft}uHy&ef tpD&ifcHpm ay;ydk@
&kH;rSt}uHycsufrsm;udk qef;ppfI
t}uHyqkH;jzwfcsufudk jyifqif

jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;v$mESihftwl &kH;uOya'ESihf
vufawG@usihfoHk;ykHukd jyifqifa&;qGJ

tpdk;&
tvkyf&Sif tvkyform;
t}uHyqkH;jzwfcsufukd
nDvmcHY yxrt}udrf
aqG;aEG;

&kH;u aqG;aEG;csuf
tusOf;ESihf pmwrf;
rl=urf;udkjyifqif

tpdk;&rsm;/ tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;rsm;odk@

rl=urf;tpD&ifcHpm wifykd@

&kH;u pmwrf;rl=urf;udk
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJ

tpdk;&
tvkyf&Sif tvkyform;
t}uHyqkH;jzwfcsufukd
nDvmcHY 'kwd,t}udrf
aqG;aEG;

pmwrf;rl=urf;udk nDvmcHY
okH;ykHESpfyHk trsm;pkjzifh twnfy

EdkifiHwum tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;udk b,folawGu twnfy=

y=uovJ/
EdkifiHwum tvkyform;nDvmcHu ILO tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
nDvmcHodk@ aqmifusOf;vm+yD;
tpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,f 2
tvkyf&Sif udk,fpm;vS,f 1
tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,f 1
pkHnDtpnf;ta0;wGif tpdk;&/ tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rJwrJpDom ay;cGihf&dSonf/
33

The regular supervisory process

GOVERNMENTS
SUBMIT REPORTS
ON RATIFIED
CONVENTIONS

COMMITTEE OF
EXPERTS SENDS
DIRECT REQUEST
TO GOVERNMENT,
AND EMPLOYERS
AND WORKERS
ORGANIZATIONS

EMPLOYERS AND
WORKERS MAY
COMMENT

G.E.W
COMMITTEE OF
EXPERTS REVIEWS
REPORTS,
COMMENTS AND
RELATED
DOCUMENTS

TRIPARTITE COMMITTEE
AT THE CONFERENCE
DISCUSSES THE REPORT
AND A SELECTION OF
OBSERVATIONS

COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS
PUBLISHES AN
OBSERVATION IN ITS
ANNUAL REPORT

CONFERENCE DISCUSSES
AND ADOPTES THE
CONFERENCE
COMMITTEES REPORT IN
PLENARY

34

ykHrSef}uD;=uyf
;=;=uyfuGyfuJa&;jzpfpOf
tpdk;&u twnfyxm;aom
jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufI
tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifoGif;

u|rf;usifolrsm;aumfrwDu
tpdk;& tvkyf&Sif ESifh tvkyform;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wdkuf&kduf
arwWm&yfcHcsufay;ydk@

u|rf;usifolrsm;aumfrwDu
odk@r[kwf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/
a0zefcsufrsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom
rSwfwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfavhvm
okH;oyf
u|rf;usifolrsm;aumfrwDu
a0zefcsufrsm;awG@&Sdcsufudk 4if;.
ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmwGif
ykHESdyfjcif;

tpdk;&
tvkyf&Sif/ tvkyform;
okH;yGifhqdkifaumfrwDonf
tpD&ifcHpmESifh avhvmokH;oyfcsuf
tcsKd@udk nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;

nDvmcH aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh pkHnDtpnf;ta0;wGif

nDvmcHaumfrwD. tpD&ifcHpmudk csrSwfjcif;

35

The Representations Procedure

GOVERNING BODY
SENDS
REPRESENTATION TO
COMMITTEE ON
FREEDOM OF
ASSOCIATION

REPRESENTATION BY
EMPLOYERS OR WORKERS
ORGANIZATIONS IS
SUBMITTED TO ILO

OR

ILO INFORMS THE

GOVERNMENT
CONCERNED AND
SUBMITS
REPRESENTATION TO
GOVERNING BODY

GOVERNING BODY
APPOINTS TRIPARTITE
COMMITTEE

GOVERNING BODY
MAKES FINDINGS
ADOPTS REPORT, AND
PASSES CASE TO
COMMITTEE OF
EXPERTS FOR
FOLLOW-UP

TRIPARTITE
COMMITTEE ASKS
GOVERNMENT FOR
INFORMATION AND
SUBMITS REPORT
WITH FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

OR
GOVERNING BODY DECIDES
NOT TO RECEIVE THE
REPRESENTATION

OR
GOVERNING BODY
ASKS FOR A
COMMISSION OF
INQUIRY TO DEAL
WITH THE MATTER AS
A COMPLAINT

36

udk,fpm;yr_
m;yr_ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;
tvkyf&Sifrsm;/
tvkyform;rsm;.
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ILO
udk,fpm;yr_udk wifjy

ILO u
oufqdkfif&m
tpdk;&udk
ta=umif;=um;I
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@odk@
udk,fpm;yr_udkwifjy

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
vGyfvyfpGmtoif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh
aumfrwDudkudk,fpm;yr_ay;ydk@

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
okH;yGifhqdkifaumfrwDcef@tyf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
udk,fpm;yr_udk
vufrcH&efqkH;jzwf

okH;yGifhqdkifaumfrwDu
tpdk;&udkowif;tcsuf
tvufawmif;IawG@&Sd
t}uHycsuftpD&ifcHpm
ay;ydk@

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
awG@&Sdcsufrsm;avhvm
tpD&ifcHpmudk
twnfy
u|rf;usifolrsm;tzGJ@odk@
qufvufaqmif&Guf
&efay;ydk@
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
TudpPtm; wdkif=um;csufw&yf
taejzifh qufvufudkifwG,f&ef
pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifudk
awmif;qdk
37

The Complaints Procedure

MEMBER STATE OR
INTERNATIONAL
LABOUR CONFERENCE
DELEGATE OR
GOVERNING BODY
INITIATES COMPLAINT

GOVERNING BODY MAY

APPOINT A
COMMISSION OF
INQUIRY

COMMISSION OF INQUIRY
INVESTIGATES COMPLAINT
AND ADOPTS REPORT WITH
RECOMMENDATIONS

OR
GOVERNING BODY
FORWARDS COMPLAINTS
CONCERNING TRADE UNION
RIGHTS TO COMMITTEE ON
FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION

GOVERNING BODY NOTES

REPORT AND PASSES CASE
TO COMMITTEE OF
EXPERTS FOR FOLLOW-UP

ILO PUBLISHES REPORT

GOVERNMENT ACCEPTS
RECOMMENDATIONS OR MAY
APPEAL TO THE
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF
JUSTICE

GOVERNING BODY MAY TAKE

ACTION UNDER ARTICLES 33

38

wdkif=um;csuf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;
tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH (odk@) ILO ESpfvnfnDvmcH
tvkyform; (odk@) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS
wdkif=um;jcif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@onf
pkHprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sifudk
cef@tyfEdkif

pkHprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sifonf
wdkif=um;csufudk pkHprf;avhvmI
t}uHycsufrsm;jzifh tpD&ifcHpm
a&;qGJ twnfyonf

(odk@r[kwf)
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u tvkyform;or*~
tcGifhta&;ESifhqdkifaom wdkif=um;csufrsm;tm;
FAO aumfrwDodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;onf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS tpD&ifcHpmudk
rSwfcsufa&;I u|rf;usifolrsm;
aumfrwDodk@ qufvufaqmif
&Guf&ef ay;ydk@onf

tpdk;&u t}uHycsufrsm;udkvufcH
(odk@) tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;&kH;odk@
qufvufyef=um;

ILO rS tpD&ifcHpmudk
xkwfa0onf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS yk'fr 33 t&

ta&;,lonf

39

The Freedom of Association Procedure

DIRECT CONTACTS
MISSION MAY BE
INITIATED

COMPLAINT IS
SUBMITTED TO THE
COMMITTEE ON
FREEDOM OF
ASSOCIATION BY
EMPLOYERS OR
WORKERS
ORGANIZATIONS

GOVERNING BODY
APPROVES
COMMITTEES
RECOMMENDATIONS

G. E. W
COMMITTEE REVIEWS
COMPLAINT AND
EITHER RECOMMENDS
NO FURTHER, OR
ISSUES
RECOMMENDATIONS
AND REQUESTS
GOVERNMENT TO
KEEP IT INFORMED

FOLLOW-UP BY THE
COMMITTEE ON
FREEDOM OF
ASSOCIATION

IF THE GOVERNMENT
HAS RATIFIED
RELEVANT
CONDITIONS, THE
CASE MAY ALSO BE
REFERRED TO THE
COMMITTEE OF
EXPERTS

40

vGyfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;

wdkuf&kdufqufoG,f
aqmif&Gufaom
vkyfief;wm0efudk
aqmif&Guf

tvkyf&Sifrsm; (odk@)
tvkyform;rsm;.
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
FAO aumfrwDodk@
wdkif=um;csufrsm;
ay;ydk@onf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u
aumfrwD. t}uHycsufrsm;udk
twnfy

vGyfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@
zGJ@pnf;jcif; aumfrwDu
qufvufaqmif&Guf

tpdk;&/
;&/ tvkyf&Sif/ tvkyform;
rm;
aumfrwDu wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfI
aemufxyfta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsKd; xyfrHyvkyf&ef
t}uHy (odk@) t}uHycsufrsm;xkwfjyefI tpdk;&udk
owif;ay;ydk@&ef arwWm&yfcHonf

tpdk;&u oufqdkif&m
jyXmef;csufrsm;udk
twnfy+yD;jzpfygu
u|rf;usifolrsm;tzGJ@odk@
v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifonf

41

Submission: what is it ?

To bring newly adopted Conventions and Recommendations
before the national authorities competent to legislate or take
other action to give effect to the C. & R.

Government must send Report of Submission to the ILO

Copy of governments report must be sent to most representative
workers and employers organizations

42

tqdkywifjyjcif;qdkwm bmvJ

xyfrHwifoGif;xm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh t}uHycsufrsm;udk
Oya'tm%m&Sdaom EdkifiHawmftm%mydkif tzGJ@rsm;odk@ wifjyjcif; odk@r[kwf
jyXmef;/ t}uHycsufrsm; xda&mufr_ &Sdvm&ef ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;

tpdk;&rsm;u tqdkywifjyr_ tpD&ifcHpmudk ILO odk@ ay;ydk@&rnf?

tpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpm rdwWLudk tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform; tzGJ@rsm;. udk,fpm;jyK
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHodk@ ay;ydk@&rnf?

43

Submission: why ?

Obtaining a decision from the competent authorities on action
to take

Submission must be accompanied by a statement of the governments
view

(C. 144 = consultation !)

Legislature should hold debate

Informing and mobilizing public opinion, thus submission to

the legislative assembly even when

this assembly is not vested with legislative power or

the instrument does not require legislative action

44

bma=
bma=umifh tqdky wifjy&wmvnf;

vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdaom tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf
&,ljcif;

tqdkywifjyjcif;wGif tpdk;&.oabmxm;tjrif azmfjycsuf yg&rnf?

(jyXmef;csuf 144 ] wdkifyifESD;aESmjcif;)

Oya'ytzGJ@onf vGyfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHEdkifonf

atmufygtajctaersm;wGif jynfolwdk@. oabmxm;udk &,l+yD; Oya'y

nDvmcHodk@ wifoGif;Ekdifonf

TOya'ytzGJ@u Oya'ytm%m r&SdcJhv#if (odk@)

pmwrf;onf Oya'y&ef

45

Submission: when ?

DG sends a certified copy of the authentic text of the
instruments to the Government

Labour and/ or foreign affairs ministers

Submission within 12 or, in exceptional circumstances, 18

months of adoption for

Unitary states

Federal states that consider the Convention or Recommendation
appropriate for federal action

Submission within 18 months for federal states if constituent

states are competent to deal with the matter

46

b,ftcsdef tqdkywifjy&wmvJ

!$ef/csKyf u pmwrf;. rl&if;rdwWLrSefudk ay;ydk@onf?

tpdk;&tzGJ@. tvkyform;ESifh odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;rsm;odk@ wifoGif;

12 v twGif; tqdkywifjyjcif; odk@r[kwf xl;jcm;aom atmufygtajc

taersm;twGuf tqdkyv$m vufcHcsrSwf+yD; (18) vtwGif; twnfyonf

wjynfaxmif EdkifiHrsm;

jynfaxmifpktaejzifh oifhawmfaomjyXmef;/ t}uHycsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&ef

jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm; jy\em&yfudk aqmif&Guf&ef pGrf;tif&Sdonfh

jynfe,fEdkifiHrsm;twGuf (18) v twGif; tqdkywifjy&ef

47

Art. 19 Reports: Features

in respect of unratified Convs & Recoms, by topic

every year the ILO Governing Body selects a different subject
matter

follows a report form from the GB

Govt reports due by 1 April of the year for which the GB has
requested the report

Committee of Experts analyses reports with comments in a
General Survey

48

yk'fr 19 tpD&ifcHpm/
m/ vuQ%m&yfrsm;

twnfryxm;aom jyXmef;/ t}uHycsufrsm;. acgif;pOftvdkuf

ESpfpOf ILO tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u uGJjym;aom ta=umif;t&mudpPudk
a&G;cs,fonf

tkyf/zGJ@ . tpD&ifcHpm ykHpHudk vdkufem&onf/

tkyf/zGJ@ u yef=um;xm;aom tpD&ifcHpmudk tpdk;&u ESpfpOf {+yDv (1)
&ufae@ aemufqkH;xm; ay;ydk@&onf?

a,sbk,s pDppfjcif; wGif u|rf;usifolrsm; aumfrwDu tpD&ifcHpmudk
a0zefokH;oyfI rSwfcsufrsm; azmfjyonf?

49

Art. 19 Reports: Purpose

to document comparative law and practice on a topic of
current interest

to renew interest in an important, but forgotten standard

to identify obstacles to ratification

e.g. verify if certain provisions are too prescriptive

to establish need for renewed promotion or revision of the

instruments concerned

50

yk'fr 19 tpD&ifcHpmrsm; &nf

&nf&G,fcsuf

vwfwavm tusKd;&Sdap&ef acgif;pOfjzifh Oya'ESifh vufawG@tokH;csr_wdk@udk
E_dif;,SOf rSwfwrf;ypkjcif;

ta&;}uD;aomfvnf; usefvSyfaeonfh pHE_ef;rsm;. tusKd;rsm;udk
jyefvnfqef;opfjcif;

w&m;0ifjzpfatmif twnfy&mwGif ay:aygufvmonfh tcuftcJrsm;udk
azmfxkwfjcif;
Oyrm- tcsKd@jyXmef;csufrsm;onf usOf;ajrmif;vGef;aeovm;[k pkHprf;jcif;

oufqdkif&m pmwrf;rsm;tm; jyefvnfjyifqifjcif; odk@r[kwf xyfrHqef;opf
tm;ay;jcif; twGuf vdktyfcsufudk azmfxkwfjcif;
51

Art. 19 Reports: Topics

2002 Protection of Wages C., 1949 (No. 95)

2003 Employment Policy C., 1964 (No. 122) & R. 122, 169
& 189 (Job Creation in SMEs)

2004 Hours of Work (Industry) C., 1919 (No. 1) & the
Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) C., 1930 (No. 30)

2005 Labour Inspection C., 1947 (No. 81) & Labour
Inspection C., 1969 (No. 129)

2006 Forced Labour C., 1930 (No. 29) & Abolition of
Forced Labour C., 1957 (No. 105)

2007 Labour Clauses (Public Contracts), 1949 (No. 94)

2008 Occupational Safety and Health C., 1981 (No. 155)

52

yk'fr 19 tpD&ifcHpmrsm; - acgif;pOfrsm;

2002- vkyftm;crsm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;/ jyXmef;csuf-1949 (trSwf 95)

2003- tvkyfcef@xm;r_qdkif&m rl0g' jyXmef;csuf-1946 (trSwf 122) ESihf t}uH 122196 ESifh 189 (SME rsm;Y tvkyftudkif azmfxkwfjcif;)

2004- tvkyfcsdef (pufr_vkyfief;) (jy)-1919 (trSwf 1) ESifh tvkyfcsdefrsm;

(0gdZ ESifh &kH;rsm;) (jy)-1930 (trSwf 30)

2005- vkyfief;qdkif&m ppfaq;jcif; (jy)-1947 (trSwf 81) ESifh

vkyfief;qdkif&mppfaq;jcif; (jy)-1969 (trSwf 129)

2006- t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;r_ (jy)-1930 (trSwf 29) ESifh

t"rR tvkyfapcdkif;r_ zsufodrf;jcif; (jy)-1957 (trSwf 105)

2007- tvkyfqdkif&mursm; (tpdk;& ydnmOf) 1949 (trSwf 94)

2008- vkyfief;cGif ab;tEW&m,f uif;&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; (jy)-1981 (trSwf 155)
(jy) ] jyXmef;csuf
53

Ratification

Formal requirements: must clearly identify the Convention, be
an original document, signed by a person with authority to
engage the State, and clearly convey the intention to be bound

Compulsory declaration to be included for certain Conventions

Optional declarations as to the use of permitted exclusions,
exceptions or modifications

Entry into force: one year after ratification is registered

54

w&m;0iftwnfyjcif;

w&m;0if vkdtyfcsufrsm;- jyXmef;csufudk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjy&rnf/

,cifu r&Sdbl;aomrSwfwrf; jzpf&rnf/ EdkifiHawmftqifh tm%mydkifu
vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnf/ vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh &nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;vif;pGm
jyo&rnf/

tcsKd@ jyXmef;csufrsm;twGuf rjzpfrae azmfjy&rnfh a=ujimcsuf

cGifhyxm;aom cif;csufrsm;/ odk@r[kwf jyifqifcsufrsm; tokH;yjcif;twGuf
a&G;cs,fI&aom a=ujimcsufrsm;

vufawG@oufa&mufr_- w&m;0iftwnfyjcif;/ rSwfykHwif+yD; wESpft=um

55

Reports Ratified Conventions

Based on article 22 of the Constitution

Periodic reports:

Two-yearly reports: 8 fundamental Conventions, 4 priority
ones

Five-yearly reports: other Conventions

Exemption from reporting for certain outdated Conventions

Must reach the Office between 1 June and 1 September

56

tpD&ifcHpmrsm;- twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;

tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykH/ yk'fr 22 ay: tajccHonf

ykHrSef tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

ESpfESpfw}udrf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;- tajccHjyXmef;csuf 8 ck/ OD;pm;ay; jyXmef;csuf
4 ck

ig;ESpfw}udrf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;- tjcm;jyXmef;csufrsm;

acwfESifh ravsmfnDaom jyXmef;csufwcsKd@twGuf tpD&ifcHpm uif;vGwfjcif;

ZGefv (1) &ufESifh pufwifbmv (1) &uf t=um;wGif &kH;odk@a&muf&rnf?

57

Reports Ratified Conventions

First report due one year after the entry into force

form approved by the Governing Body

Copies of relevant laws and regulations

Position on permitted exclusions, exceptions or Detailed
report

Must reply to all questions set out in the report

Information on application in practice

58

tpD&ifcHpmrsm;- twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;

yxrqkH; tpD&ifcHpmonf tzGJ@0ifa&muf+yD; wESpft=umwGif
pwif&rnf?

tkyf/zGJ@ rS twnfyxm;aom ykHpH

oufqdkifaom Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;. rdwWLrsm;

cGifhyxm;aomcif;csuf/ uif;vGwfcGifh odk@r[kwf tao;pdwf
tpD&ifcHpmESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;

tpD&ifcHpmwGif ar;jref;xm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajz=um;&rnf/

vufawG@usifhokH;r_ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvuf

59

Reports Ratified Conventions

Subsequent reports

Simplified: indicate minor changes, provides information
on practical application

Detailed: in reply to comments made by the CEACR can
be out of reporting cycle in case of failure to report or to
reply to earlier comments (footnote of the CEACR or the
Conference Committee)

60

tpD&ifcHpmrsm;- twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;

aemufqufwGJ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

&Sif;vif;atmifyvkyfjcif;- tao;tzGJ@ ajymif;vJr_rsm; azmfjy/ vufawG@
usifhokH;r_ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufazmfjy

tao;pdwf azmfjyjcif;- CEAR . rSwfcsufrsm;udk ajz=um;jcif;

tpD&ifcH&ef ysufuGufjcif; odk@r[kwf tapmydkif;rSwfcsufrsm;udk
ajz=um;&ef ysufuGufjcif; jzpfygu tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;csdefrsm;ESifh
rudkufnDEdkifyJ jzpfEdkifonf/ (CEAR odk@ nDvmcH aumfrwD.
atmufajcrSwfpk)

61

Representation (art 24 Constn)

Can be filed by national or international organizations
of workers or employers

examination

by a tripartite committee (3 members), reporting to the
Governing Body (GB) on the basis of written information

representation

reply, if any, of the Government

62

udk,fpm;y azmfjyjcif; (yk

(yk'fr 24 tajccHOya')
ya')

tvkyform; odk@r[kwf tvkyf&Sifrsm;.EdkifiH odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwum
tzGJ@rsm;rS owfrSwfEdkifonf/

avhvmppfaq;jcif;

okH;yGifhqdkif aumfrwD (tzGJ@0if 3 OD;) rS pmjzifh a&;om;xm;aom
owif;tcsuftvufudk tkyf/zGJ@ odk@ tpD&ifcHjcif;

udk,fpm;y azmfjyjcif;

tpdk;&udk jyefvnfajz=um;jcif; (ajz=um;p&m&Sdv#if)

63

Art. 24 Procedure

(1) Office informs the Government and sends the
representation to the GB

(2) Officers of the GB report to the GB on fulfillment of
conditions of receivablity

writing
workers or employers organization
reference to art. 24 ILO Constitution
against an ILO member State

(and ex-member State)

that has ratified the Convention

indication of violation of the Convention

64

yk'fr 24 vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;
(1) ILO &kH;rS tpdk;&odk@ ta=umif;=um;I udk,fpm;y azmfjycsufudk tkyf /zGJ@
odk@ ay;ydk@onf?
(2) tkyf /zGJ@ t&m&Sdrsm;u tkyfzGJ@odk@ vufcHEdkifzG,f&m tajctaersm; jynfhpkHjcif;
&Sdr&Sd tpD&ifcHonf

pma&;om;azmfjyjcif;
tvkyform; (odk@) tvkyf&Sifrsm;. tzGJ@rsm;
yk'fr 24 ILO zGJ@pnf;ykHodk@ udk;um;
ILO tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHodk@ OD;wnfI

(tzGJ@0ifa[mif;odk@)

jyXmef;csufudk twnfyxm;aom

jyXmef;csufudk azmufzsufa=umif; !$ef;qdkaom
65

Art. 24 Procedure

(3) tripartite Committee with GB members OR reference to the
Committee on Freedom of Association

(4) tripartite committee conducts private examination, and
proposes to the GB conclusions and recommendations, but

committee may hear complainant

government may request

to be heard

direct contacts

66

yk'fr 24 vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;

(3) okH;yGifhqdkifaumfrwD (odk@) vGyfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;a&;
aumfrwDodk@ &nf!$ef;csuf

(4) okH;yGifhqdkifaumfrwDu oD;jcm;avhvm ppfaq;r_yvkyfI
awG@&Sdaom aumufcsufESifh t}uHycsufrsm;udk tkyf/zGJ@ odk@
wifjyonf/ odk@aomf

aumfrwDonf wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk =um;Edkifonf/

tpdk;&onfvnf;

=um;emcGifh&&ef

wdkuf&kduf qufoG,faqmif&GufcGifh&&ef awmif;qdkEdkif =um;Edkifonf/
67

Art. 24 Procedure

(5) GB considers the matter in private in the presence of the
Government

(6) GB decides on whether to publish the representation and
the reply, if any, in the Official Bulletin

GB can at any moment decide to have the representation further
examined under the complaints procedure

e.g. C.111 Germany

(7) Office notifies the decisions of the GB to the Government

and the complainant

68

yk'fr 24 vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;
(5) tkyf/zGJ@ onf tpdk;&tzGJ@. a&S@arSmufwGif jy\emudk oD;jcm;aqG;aEG;a&;udk
pOf;pm;onf
(6) tkyf/zGJ@ u xkwfa0onfh owif;jzef@csDr_ pmapmifwGif udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@
wifjycsufESifh jyef=um;csufwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; qkH;jzwfonf/
- tkyf/zGJ@ u wdkif=um;csufrsm; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;twdkif; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@
wifjycsufrsm;udk tcsdefra&G; xyfrHppfaq;&ef qkH;jzwfEdkifonf/ Oyrm- pD
111 *smr%D
(7) ILO &kH;u tkyf/zGJ@ . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&ESifh wdkif=um;olwdk@xH
today; ta=umif;=um;onf?

69

Complaint (art. 26 ILO Constn)

Can be filed by

(1) another ratifying Member State

(2) a delegate to the Conference, representing workers or employers

(3) the Governing Body

Examination by Commission of Inquiry

members are appointed by the Governing Body in their personal
capacity (not necessarily tripartite)

70

wdkif=um;csuf (yk'fr 26 ILO tquf)

wdkif=um;Edkifolrsm;rSm
(1) jyXmef;csufudk twnfyxm;aom tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH
(2) tvkyform; (odk@) tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk udk,fpm;yonfh nDvmcH
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;
(3) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@
pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;
q;a&; aumfr&Sif. avhvmpkHprf;r_r_
- tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk tkyf/zGJ@ u yk*~Kdvfa&; t&nftcsif;t& cef@tyfonf?
(okH;yGifhqdkifjzpf&ef rvdk)

71

Complaint (art. 26 ILO Constn)

basis COI establishes its own procedure

(evidence, hearing, local visits)

result

(a) report published with recommendations (R)

(b) govt accepts (R) or government does not accept (R) within 3
months

= International Court of Justic

(c) govt does not comply with (R)

= any appropriate measures proposed by GB

72

wdkif=um;csuf (yk'fr 26 ILO)

tajccH COI u . vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;udk a&;qGJonf (oufao/
=um;emjcif;/ jzpfyGm;&m a'oodk@ oGm;a&mufjcif;)

&vm'f

(u) t}uHycsufrsm; (R) ESifh xkwfa0aom tpD&ifcHpm

(c) tpdk;&u (3) v twGif; (R) udk vufcHjcif;/ vufrcHjcif;

] EdkifiHwum w&m;&kH;

(*) (R) udk tpdk;&u rvdkufavsm

] tkyf/zGJ@ u tqdkyaom oifhawmfaom tpDtrH udk csrSwf

73

Committee on Freedom of Association of GB

Set up in 1951

originally to examine complaints for referral to Fact-Finding &
Conciliation Committee

but involved without consent of States

it began examining the substance of cases

composition: tripartite 9 Governing Body members

meeting: 3 reports a year

74

tkyf/zGJ@ . vGyfvyfpGm toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;jcif; aumfrwD

1951 wGif xlaxmifonf
- tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;a&;ESifh aphpyfndE _dif;a&; aumfrwDodk@
v$Jajymif;ay;&eftwGuf yxrOD;pGm wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk
ppfaq;avhvmonf?
- EdkifiHrsm;. oabmwlnDr_ rygyJ aqmif&Gufonf
- jy\emrsm;. t"duta=umif;udk pwifavhvmonf/
zGJ@pnf;xm;ykH- okH;yGifhqdkif- tkyf/zGJ@ 0if 9 OD;
tpnf;ta0;- wESpfv#if tpD&ifcHpm (3) }udrf

75

Committee on Freedom of Association of GB

examines

documentary evidence from complaints and replies

sometimes direct contacts

scope of action

76

tkyf/zGJ@ . vGyfvyfpGm toif;tyif; zGJ@pnf;jcif; aumfrwD

atmufygwdk@udk avhvmppfaq;onf?

wdkif=um;csufrsm;ESifh jyef=um;csufrsm;rS oufao/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&m

wcgw&H wdkuf&kduf xdawG@qufqH

aqmif&Gufr_ e,fy,f

77

CFA - Receivability

which organizations ?

national with direct interest

international with consultative status (IOE, ICFTU, OATUU, WCL,
WFTU, ETUC)

international for directly affiliated

NO RATIFICATION REQUIRED
specific infringements, no purely political allegations
no bound by national recognition of unions
not bound by withdrawal of complaint

78

CFA

vufcHEdkifr_

b,ftzGJ@tpnf;awG vufcHovJ
- wdkuf&kduftusKd;pD;yGm;&Sdaom EdkifiHtqifh tzGJ@rsm;
- twdkiftyifcH tqifh&Sdaom EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
(IOE, ICFTU, OATUU, WCL, WFTU, ETUC)

- wdkuf&kduf r[mrdwfyxm;aom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@rsm;

w&m;0if twnfy&efrvkd

wdusaom azmufzsufr_rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;pGyfpGJcsufoufouf r&yg/

jynfwGif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;jzifh tcsdefukef&ef rvdktyf

or*~rsm; udk EdkifiHtqifh todtrSwfyr_jzifh rcsDaESmifxm;yg/

wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk &kyfodrf;jcif;jzifh rcsDaESmifxm;yg/
79

CFA Scope of Action

no general conclusions
no interpretation of Conventions
no conviction of Governments or levelling of charges
recommendations, to be approved by the Governing Body

no call for further examination

interim or definitive conclusions

request to keep informed of progress on specific issues

80

CFA

aqmif&Gufr_ e,fy,f

a,bl,s tESpfcsKyfjcif; r&Sd/

jyXmef;csufrsm;udk t"dy`g,f zGifhjcif;r&Sd

tpdk;&rsm;udk tjypfay;jcif; r&Sd (odk@) pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk tqifhydkif;jcm;jcif; r&Sd
tkyf/zG@J u twnfy&efvdkaom t}uHycsufrsm;

aemufxyf ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef awmif;qdkjcif; r&Sd

=um;jzwf (odk@) t"dy`g,fzGifhaom tESpfcsKyf

owfrSwfxm;aom udpP&yfrsm;. wdk;wufajymif;vJr_udk avhvmrSwfxm;&ef
arwWm&yfcH

81

Involvement of Employers and Workers

Organizations

Constitutional obligation of the Govt to communicate copies
of information and reports sent to the ILO to the most
representative organizations (article 23, paragraph 2, of the
ILO Constitution)

Allows these organizations to the transmit their own views, to
the Government or to the ILO

82

tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
rm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yg0ifywfoufr_

udk,fpm;yr_trsm;qkH; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ILO odk@ ay;ydk@aom
owif;tcsuftvufESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm;udk qufoG,fay;ydk@&ef
zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya't& wm0ef&Sdjcif; ( ILO zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'.
yk'fr 23 tydk'f 2 )

TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; wdk@. udk,fydkiftjrifrsm;udk tpdk;& (odk@) ILO odk@
ay;ydk@&ef cGifhyjcif;

83

Involvement of Employers and Workers

Organizations

Under Convention No. 144, obligation to consult these
organizations on:

Replies to questionnaire and comments on proposed new instruments

Submission of instruments to competent authorities
Re-examination of unratified Conventions and Recommendations
Reports on Ratified Conventions

(according to Recommendation No. 152, on reports on unratified
Conventions and Recommendations as well)

Proposals for denunciation of Conventions

84

tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
rm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yg0ifyufoufr_

jyXmef;csuftrSwf 144 t& TtzGJ@rsm;ESifh atmufygwdk@udk
wdkifyif&ef 0wW&m;&Sdjcif;

tqdkyxm;aom pmwrf;topftwGuf ar;cGef;v$mESifh rSwfcsufrsm;udk
jyef=um;jcif;

tm%mydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ pmwrf;udk wifoGif;jcif;

twnfryxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh t}uHycsufrsm;udk
jyefvnfavhvmppfaq;jcif;

twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

(t}uHycsuf trSwf 152 t&/ twnfryxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh
t}uHycsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;yg)

jyXmef;csufrsm; zsufodrf;&ef tqdkyv$mrsm;

85

Involvement of Employers and Workers

Organizations

Any organization of employers or workers (not only the most
representative ones) can make comments on the application of
ratified Conventions

At any time

Whether they have been consulted on the Governments report or not

Without any formal requirements (just indicate the Convention dealt
with), by a letter to the Director General of the ILO

86

tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
rm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yg0ifyufoufr_

rnfonfh tvkyf&Sif (odk@) tvkyform; tzGJ@rqdk (udk,fpm;yr_
trsm;qkH;tzGJ@rsm; omruyJ) twnfyxm;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;udk
vufawG@tokH;csykHtm; a0zef t}uHyEdkifonf/

rnfonfhtcsdefrqdk

tpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmudk wdkifyifjcif; &Sdr&Sd

w&m;0if vdktyfcsufrsm; rygyJ (oufqdkifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;udkom
!$ef+yD;) ILO . !$ef=um;a&;r;csKyfxH pmjzifhay;ydk@

87

Involvement of Employers and Workers

Organizations

When organizations make comments on the application of
ratified Conventions, these comments are

Transmitted to the Government, which is asked to provide its own
views

Submitted to the CEACR

Mentioned in the report and often reflected in the comments of the
CEACR

88

tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
rm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yg0ifyufoufr_

tzGJ@rsm;u twnfyaom jyXmef;csufrsm;tm;
vufawG@usifhokH;r_tay: a0zeft}uHyEdkifaom tcsufrsm;rSm

. udk,fydkifoabmxm;udkawmif;&ef tpdk;&tm; ay;ydk@jcif;

CEACR odk@ wifjyjcif;

tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyjcif;ESifh CEACR . a0zefcsufwGif azmfjyjcif;

89

Part III
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights
at Work (1998) & ILO Fundamental Human
Rights Conventions

90

tydkif; (3)

ILO . tajccHrl0g'rsm;ESifh tvkyfcGif tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m

a=unmcs
a=unmcsuf (1998) ESifh
ILO . tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; jyXmef;csuf

91

Declaration: Politics ?

Builds on Berlin, Marrakesh, Copenhagen and Singapore

Reaffirms the constitutional value of ILO FPR in the context
of the global economy

Does not change international labour standards (ILS), but
affirms the pivotal role of FPR in the promotion of ILS

Establishes an official dialogue on FPR channel in the absence
of ratification

Mobilizes resources in support of FPR

92

a=unmcs
a=unmcsuf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufovm;
vm;

bmvif/ rm&muuf/ udkAifa[*if ESifh puFmylwGif tajccHonf

urBmvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif
ILO FPR . tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykH wefzdk;rsm;udk jyefvnftwnfy

tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;pHE_ef;rsm;udk rajymif;vJ odk@aomf
xdkpHE_ef;rsm; tm;ay;jrifhwif&mwGif FPR . ta&;}uD;aom tcef;uudk
twnfy

twnfyEdkifjcif; r&Sdaom umvwGif FPR . vrf;a=umif;jzifh
w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;yvkyf

FPR udkaxmufcHI t&if;tjrpfrsm; pkaqmif;

93

Declaration: economics ?

Economic growth is essential but not sufficient to ensure
equity, social progress and the eradication of poverty

In seeking to maintain the link between social progress and
economic growth, the guarantee of fundamental principles and
rights at work is of particular significance in that it enables the
persons concerned to claim freely and on the basis of equality
of opportunity their fair share of the wealth which they have
helped to generate, and to achieve fully their human potential

94

a=unmcs
a=unmcsuf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ywfoufovm;
vm;

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_onf ta&;}uD;rnf/ odk@aomf r#wr_ vlr_b0
wdk;wufr_ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_ wdkufzsufa&;wdk@udk tmrcH&ef rvkHavmuf

vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@z;r_wdk@t=um;&Sd qufoG,fr_udk
xdef;odrf;&ef tajccHrl0g'rsm;ESifh tvkyfcGif tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHr_onf
txl;ta&;}uD;rnf/ rS oufqdkifaomolrsm;tm; wef;wlnDr#aom
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; tajccHay:wGif wdk@. r#wonfh "e a0pkudk
(wdk@wlnD azmfxkwfcJhaom) vGyfvyfpGm awmif;qdk&efESifh wdk@.
vlom;. pGrf;&nfjzpfEdkifajc&Sdoa&G@ jynfh0&ef ta&;}uD;jcif; jzpfonf?

95

Declaration and Constitution

All ILO Member States have an obligation to respect, promote
and realize the fundamental principles and rights.

This obligation derives from the ILO Constitution, which
countries accept when they join the Organization.
Fundamental
Principles and
Rights

96

a=unmcs
a=unmcsufESifh tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykH

ILO tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHtm;vkH;onf tajccHrl0g'rsm;ESihf tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;&ef tm;ay;jrifhwif&efESifh vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf?

Twm0efonf EdkifiHrsm;u ILO 0ifaomtcg vufcHxm;aom
tajccHzGJ@pnf;ykHrS qif;oufonf?
tajccHrlrsm;
ESifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;
97

The Declaration and Follow-up: Key Features

Is promotional in nature
Is NOT to be used for protectionist purposes, nor to question
comparative advantage of countries (paragraph 5 of the
Declaration)
Supports member States in their efforts to realize principles
& rights

98

a=unmcs
a=unmcsufESifh aemufqufwGJ t"du toGiftjyifrsm;

obm0t& tm;ay;wdk;wufonfh oabm &Sdonf

tusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh tokH;cs&efr[kwf (odk@)
wdkif;jynfrsm;. tm;omcsufrsm;udk E_dif;,SOfar;cGef;xkwf&efr[kwf
(a=ujimcsuf tydk'f 5)
rl0g'rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;.
tm;xkwfr_udk axmufcHtm;ay;&ef jzpfonf

99

4 Categories of Fundamental Principles and

Rights at Work
 Freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to
collective bargaining
 Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour
 Effective abolition of child labour
 Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and
occupation
Fundamental
Principles and
Rights

100

tajccHrl0g'rsm;ESifh tvkyfcGif tcGifhta&;rsm;. trsKd;tpm;

tpm; 4 ck

vGyfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkr_ tcGifhta&;udk
xda&mufpGm todtrSwfyr_

t"rR tvkyfapcdkif;r_ (odk@) rvkyfrae& vkyfudkif&jcif;ykHpHtm;vkH;udk
zsufodrf;jcif;

uav;tvkyform;udk xda&mufpGm zsufodrf;a&;

tvkyftudkifcef@vma&; tvkyf&&Sda&;ESifh ywfoufI cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk
zsufodrf;a&;

101

Part IV
ILO Fundamental
Conventions

102

As of 1 September 2007 / ILO: 181 Member States

Year

No.

1930
1948

29
87

1949
1951
1957
1958
1973
1999

98
100
105
111
138
182

Official Title
Forced Labour
Freedom of Association and Protection of
the Right to Organize
Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining
Equal Remuneration
Abolition of Forced Labour
Discrimination (Employment & Occupation)
Minimum Age
Worst Forms of Child Labour

Ratifications
(172)
(148)
(158)
(164)
(170)
(166)
(150)
(165)

103

29

87

98

100

111

105

138

182

Cambodia

1969

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999 1999

2006

Indonesia

1950

1998

1957

1958

1999

1999 1999

2000

Lao PDR

1964

2005

2005

Malaysia

1957

1961

1997

2000

Myanmar

1955

1955
1960 1998

2000

Brunei

Philippines 2005

1953

1997

1953

1960

1965

2002

Singapore

1965

Thailand

1969

1999

Vietnam

2007

1997

1953

1997

2005

2001

1969 2004

2001

2003

2000
104

29

100

111

China
(1919/25)

1990

2006

1999 2002

Rokorea
(1991/22)

1997

1998

1999 2001

Japan
(1919/48)

1932

87

1965

98

1953

1967

1972

1972

138

182

2000 2001

US
(1934/14)
Canada
(1919/30)

105

1964

1991

1999

1959

2000

105

Ratification FHR Conv. in AP

Ratification of all 8 FHRC consistently well below world
average, although

> 50% of ratifications since 1995

25% child labour, starting 1997

Freedom of association & CB Conventions lag behind, in
particular in terms of population (China, India, Vietnam,
Thailand, IR Iran, Rokorea)

Forced labour Conventions lag behind in transition economies

106

FHR jyXmef;csuftay:
ay: oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;

FHRC 8 ckvkH; jyXmef;vufrSwf a&;xdk;&mwGif urBmysrf;r#
ta&twGuftm;jzifh- 1995 ckESpfwGif oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_rSm 50
&mcdkif;E_ef;atmuf &Sdonf

uav;tvkyform;ESifh ywfouf+yD; 1997 ckESpfrS pEdkifaomfvnf;
vufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ 25 &mcdkifE_ef;yJ&SdcJh

vlOD;a&ta&twGufESifh ywfouf+yD; vkyfaqmifonfhtcgrSmvnf;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGyfvyfcGifhESifh CB jyXmef;csufwdk@onf
aemufususefcJhonf

txl;ojzifh (w&kyf/ tdENd,/ AD,uferf/ xdkif;/ tD&ef/ udk;&D;,m;) pD;yGm;a&;
toGiful;ajymif;onfh EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; t"rRvkyftm;ay; jyXmef;csuf
udpP&yfawGrSmvnf; aemufususefcJhw,f

107

Freedom of Association C. 87

E & W should be free

to defend and further their interests through independent
organizations

to select the type of organization they think is appropriate

to elect their representatives

to join national / international federations

not to see their organizations dissolved than by an independent
judicial authority

to have their organizations protected against an arbitrary
application of law and order

to organize the activities of their organizations (including
going on strike)

108

vGyfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh C 87

tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform; vGyfvyfr_ &SdrSomv#if wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
vGyfvyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh umuG,fEdkifonf?

rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; ykHpHrsKd;onf rdrdwdk@ESifh oifhavsmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jzpfonfudk a&G;cs,f Edkifonf?

wdk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifonf?

EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzGJ@csKyfwdk@wGif tzGJ@0if jzpfEdkifonf?

vGyfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m tm%mydkifwdk@rSvGJI
wdk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rnfolr# zsufodrf;ydkifcGifh r&SdEdkif?

w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;rS wdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
umuG,fay;Edkifonf?

oydwfarSmufjcif; tygt0if v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk wdk@.
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u aqmif&GufEdkifrnf?
109

Collective bargaining C. 98

the law must protect workers against acts of anti-union
discrimination by employers

the law must protect workers against acts of interference by
employers

the Government must operate machinery to ensure that the law
protecting workers against anti-union discrimination is
complied with

the Government must promote collective bargaining to
determine terms and conditions of work

110

pkaygif;ndE_Edi_ f; ta&;qdkjcif;

C 98

tvkyf&Sifrsm;rSaeI tvkyform;or*~rsm; qef@usifa&; cGJjcm;qufqHr_

rvkyfEdkifap&ef Oya't& tvkyform;wdk@tm; tumtuG,f ay;&rnf?

tvkyf&SifrSaeI tvkyform;rsm;tay: pGufzufcs,fvS,fjcif; r&Sdap&ef
Oya'rS tumtuG,f ay;&rnf?

tvkyform;or*~ cGJjcm;qufqHr_ESifh ywfoufI tvkyform;rsm;tm;
Oya't& umuG,fr_ay;onfh ,EW&m;udk tpdk;&rS vnfywfap&rnf?

tvkyfESifhywfoufonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qkH;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf
pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkjcif;udk tpdk;&rS jrifhwifay;&rnf jzpfonf?

111

Collective bargaining C. 98

States must promote voluntary collective bargaining between
employers and workers as a means of regulating terms &
conditions of employment through collective agreements

Bargaining (<<the market>>) not legislating (<<the Government>>) is
the proper way of determining price and contents of labour

Collective bargaining must be preferred over individual bargaining if
workers so want

Further standards are laid down in the Collective Bargaining
Convention (No. 154), 1981

112

pkaygif;ndE_Edi_ f; ta&;qdkjcif;

C 98

pkaygif;oabmwlnDr_rS tvkyftudkifcef@xm;a&;ESifh ywfoufI owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk

csrSwfa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@qENtavsmuf tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;=um;wGif aqmif&Guf&ef
pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkr_udk tpdk;&rS jrifhwiftm;ay;&rnf?

ndE_dif;ta&;qdkjcif;onf Oya'yjcif;r[kwf/ aps;E_ef;ESifh tvkyform;a&;&mESifh ywfoufI
qkH;jzwf&mwGif rSefuefpGm enf;vrf;usap&ef jzpfonf?

tvkyform;rsm;rS vdkvm;v#if wOD;csif; awmif;qdkndE _dif;r_xuf pkaygif;ndE_dif;
vkyfaqmifjcif;udk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&rnf?

ydkrdkus,fjyef@aom pHE_ef;rsm;udk pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkr_ trSwf 154/ 1981 ckESpfwGif
csrSwfxm;onf?

113

Forced Labour C. 29

Define in C. 29, identical for C. 29/C. 105

does not cover one specific situation, but a qualitative characteristic of
potentially every working (or even non-working) relationship

Contains three elements

all work or service

which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty

and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily

114

t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;jcif;

C 29

C 29 udk t"dy`g,fzGifhr_onf C 29/C . 105 ESifh xyfwlxyfr# jzpfonf?

tajcaew&yfudk rcHikHrdap&ef odk@aomf vkyfief;tm;vkH; qufEG,faer_wGif
t&nftcsif; vuQ%m&yf toD;oD;udk cHikH&ef tvm;tvm &Sdonf?

tcsuftvuf (3) ck tygt0if

tvkyftm;vkH; (odk@) 0efaqmifr_ --
+cdrf;ajcmufr_ESifh '%fcwfr_jzifh vkyftm;udk &,ljcif;

azmfjyygolonf . oabmqENtavsmufvkyfr_ r[kwfjcif;

115

IS NOT Forced Labour (C. 29)

compulsory military service for work of a purely military
character

minor communal services

normal civic obligations

prison labour: work or service exacted as a consequence of a
conviction in a court of law (provided )

emergency

116

t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;r_r_ r[kwfjcif; C 29

ppfr_a&;&mESifhom vkH;0oufqdkifonfh ppfr_rxrf;rae&
wm0efxrf;aqmifr_

vkyftm;ay;r_ tao;pm;rsm;

EdkifiHom;wdk@. wm0eft& vkyfaqmif&rnfh omrefwm0efrsm;

tusOf;om;vkyftm;- w&m;&kH;rS pD&ifcsufcsxm;onfh
jypf'%ft& vkyf&onfhtvkyf odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_

ta&;ay:tajctae

117

No Forced Labour, never (C. 105)

Forced Labour for political mainstreaming

Forced Labour for purposes of economic development
as a means of labour discipline
as a punishment for having participated in a strike
as a means of racial, social, national or religious
discrimination

118

rnfonfhaomtcgr# t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;jcif; ry&

ry& C 105

t"duusonfh EdkifiHa&; vkyfief;&yfrsm;twGuf t"rRtvkyf
cdkif;apjcif;

pD;yGm;a&; zGH@z;wdk;wuf&ef &nf&G,fcsufESifh t"rRcdkif;apjcif;rsKd;

tvkyform; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& t"dy`g,foufa&mufr_rsKd;

oydwfarSmufqef@usifjcif;wGif yg0ifjcif;a=umifh jypf'%fay;jcif;
ykHpHrsKd;

vlrsKd;a&; vlr_a&; EdkifiHa&; bmoma&; taejzifh
ESdrfhcscGJjcm;vkyfonfh ykHpHrsKd;
119

Equal Remuneration C. 100

1. To bring member States to promote and to ensure equal
remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal
value

2. To promote acceptance that the contents of the job, and not
the sex of the worker, is the correct basis for the calculation
and payment of remuneration

120

wlnDaom vkyftm;c ay;jcif; C 100

1? usm;r vkyfom;rsm;. wlnDaom tvkyfwefzdk;ay:wGif tajccHI
wlnDr#waom vkyftm;crsm; &&Sda&;twGuf tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh
jrifhwifaqmif&Guf&rnf?
2? vkyftm;crsm;ay;&ef wGufcsufonfhtcgwGif rSefuefonfh
tajccHrsm;jzpfonfh tvkyfESifhom ywfoufonfudk axmuf&SL+yD; usm;r
rcGJjcm;yJ owfrSwfjcif;rsKd;udk jrifhwifjcif;tm; vufcH&rnf?

121

Equal Remuneration C. 100

C. 100 requires action & acknowledgement

that indirect and direct discrimination does occur against
women,

that discrimination must be eliminated,

and that the correction entails an analysis of pay systems
and establishment of corrective mechanisms

122

wlnDaom vkyftm;cay;jcif; C 100

C 100 t& atmufygwdk@udk aqmif&Guf&efESifh todtrSwfy&ef
vdktyfonf?

trsKd;orD;wdk@tay: wdkuf&kduf (odk@) oG,f0dkufI cGJjcm;ESdrfhcsjcif;rsKd;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;
r&Sdap&?

xdkodk@ cGJjcm;ESdrfhcs owfrSwfjcif;rsm; yaysmufap&rnf?

vkyftm;cay;jcif;tm; jyefvnfpDppf okH;oyfI rSefuefaom,EW&m;udk
taumiftxnf azmfjcif; rSefuefpGm aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;wGif yg0ifap&rnf?

123

Equality at Work C. 111

States must declare & pursue a national policy designed to promote
equality of opportunity & treatment in employment & occupation

Promoting equality at work means promoting that people can fully develop
their human capital, can allocate that capital where return is the highest,
and that they effectively get that return without interference of criteria
irrelevant to potential or performance (e.g. sex, religion)

Employment & occupation essentially means the sphere of economic
activity

access to vocational training

access to credit
access to employment or occupation
conditions of employment
remuneration for work of equal value
career progression in accordance with experience, ability
job security

124

vkyfief;cGifnDr#r_ C 111

vkyfief;cGifqdkif&m tvkyftudkif ae&mcscef@xm;r_ wef;wlnD tcGifhta&; &Sdr_wdk@tm;
jrifhwifa&;twGufwdk@udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHawmfrl0g'tjzpf owfrSwf
a=unmjcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Guf&rnf?

vkyfief;cGif wlnDr#wr_udk jrifhwifjcif;t"dy`g,frSm- vlom;t&if;tjrpfudk zGH@z;wdk;wuf&ef
vkyfaqmif&mY usm;r/ bmoma&; cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdyJ wdk@. taumif;qkH;
aqmif&Gufcsuft& tjrifhrm;qkH;cHpm;cGifhrsm; &&Sdap&rnf?

tvkyftudkifcef@xm;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;rS

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_qdkif&m oifwef;rsm; wufcGifh&Sdjcif;

*k%fyjcif; todtrSwfyjcif; cH&aprnf?
tvkyftudkif &&Sdap&rnf?
tvkyfcef@xm;r_ tajctae
tvkyfwefzdk;ay:rlwnfaom vkyftm;c
tawG@t}uKHESifh t&nftcsif;ay: udkufnDaom toufarG;r_ wdk;wuf&rnf?
tvkyftwGuf tmrcHr_ &Sd&rnf?

125

Equality at Work C. 111

C. 111 specifically requires national law to prohibit discrimination based
on race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social
origin

Discrimination is not any distinction, exclusion or preference based on

inherent requirements of the job

justifiable suspicion of activities threatening the security of the State (provided
the suspect can defend him or herself)

special measures of protection or assistance provided for in other Conventions

affirmative measures for persons who, for reasons such as sex, age,
disablement, family responsibilities or social or cultural status, are generally
recognized to require special protection or assistance

126

tvkyfwGif wef;wlnDr#r_ C 111

C 111 . txl;vdktyfcsufonf vlrsKd; tom;ta&mif vdif usm;r
bmoma&; EdkifiHa&; cH,lcsuf vlr_a&;rsm;tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;jcif;rsm;udk
EdkifiHawmfOya't& wm;jrpfay;&rnf?

xl;jcm;jcif; ESpfoufjcif; OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;tay: tajccHI

tvkyfwGif vdktyfaomtcsuf

EdkifiHawmfvkHcHa&;twGuf xdcdkufonfh tvkyfrsKd; &Sdaeonf[k oHo,&Sdygu
w&m;cHaejzifh udk,fudk ckcHcGifh&Sd&rnf?

tjcm;jyXmef;csufrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;&efESifh taxmuftulay;&eftwGuf
txl;aqmif&Guf&rnf?

vlw,muf. usm;r uGJjcif; csKd@wJhjcif; rdom;pkwm0efrsm;jcif; vlr_a&; ,Ofaus;r_
tajctaersm;tay: a,bl,srsm;udk wGufcsufI vlr_a&;tumtuG,f
ay;a&;twGuf tcdkiftrm aqmif&Guf&rnf?

127

Minimum Age System C. 138

Commitment towards gradual, but total elimination of child
labour

Enactment & enforcement of a legal system of minimum ages
from which onwards children may be admitted to work

System must be harmonized with the end of compulsory schooling

3 benchmark minimum ages

General

Light Work

Hazardous Work

128

tedrfhqkH;touf owfrSwfr_ pHepf C 138

uav;oli,fvkyftm;udk jznf;jznf;jcif; aomfvnf;aumif;
vkH;0aomfvnf;aumif; yaysmufa&;twGuf wm0efcHaqmif&Guf&ef

uav;oli,fwa,muf. tvkyfvkyfcGifh&Sdaom toufudk
Oya'yjyXmef;jcif; Oya'udk vdkufemjcif;wdk@&Sdonfh Oya'pHepfw&yfwGif
owfrSwf+yD;rSom tm; tvkyfvkyfcGifhyrnf?

roifrae& ynma&;udk oif=um;+yD;rSom tvkyfvkyfcGifhyjcif;rsKd;udk pHepfwGif
xnfhoGif;&rnf?

atmufyg tcsuf (3) csuf tay: tajccHI owfrSwfonf

taxGaxGtvkyf

ayghyg;aomtvkyf

ab;tEW&m,fr&Sdaomtvkyf

129

C. 138 Minimum Ages

General Minimum Age

(Article 2)

Normally

Developing
Countries

End of
compulsory
schooling
(minimum 15)
14

Light Work
(Article 7)

Hazardous
Work
(Article 3)

13

18
(16 as an
exception)

12

18
(16 as an
exception)

130

131

Priority for Worst Forms C. 182

Give priority to the prohibition & elimination of the worst forms of child
labour

slave-like work (including trafficking)

sexual exploitation
illicit activities (e.g. drugs trafficking)
hazardous work (to be determined)

Action must include

monitoring mechanisms (e.g. data collection)

programmes of action

time-bound measures in three categories

prevention

withdrawal

rehabilitation

special attention for girls & the vulnerable (e.g. ethnic minorities)

international cooperation
132

tqdk;qkH; ykHoefudk OD;pm;ay;

pm;ay; a&G;cs,fjcif; C 182

tqdk;qkH; ykHoef&Sdaeaom uav;oli,fvkyftm;
m; uef@owfjcif;/;/ yaysmufapjcif;wdk@wGif
OD;pm;ay;
pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&rnfrSm

u|efwa,mufuJhodk@aom tvkyfrsKd; (vlukeful;jcif;)

umrtay: tjrwfxkwf qufqHjcif;
w&m;r0ifonfh vkyfaqmifr_tvkyf (rl;,pfaq;0g;arSmifcdk)
tEW&m,f&Sdaomtvkyf

vkyfaqmifcsufwGif yg0if&rnfhtcsuf

avhvmapmifh=unfhjcif;pHepf (tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;)
ta&;,lvkyfaqmifaom tpDtpOfrsm;
tcsdeftuef@towf vkyfaqmifonfhtcsuf (3) ck &Sdonf
umuG,fjcif;
&kwfodrf;
jyefvnfypky;axmifay;jcif;
rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh xdcdkufvG,folrsm;tay: txl;owdy&ef
tjynfjynfqdkif&mESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifr_

133