DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative Clauses: (definir el objeto del Non-defining relative Clauses: (Se emplea
que se habla) (No sabemos de qué nos hablan) cuando quieres saber más información sobre
- Which one el objeto)
- Essencial information - What about it
- Omission of pronoun - Extra information
- Not use commas - No omission of pronoun
- Not use that
- Not necessary to make sense
- Use commas
PERSON: The man who/that I needed to talk PERSON: my new doctor, who I had my first
to wasn’t available appointment with on Thursday,
recommended the medicine to me.
THING: This is the work which/that has to be THING: I’m going to Thailand next week,
finished today which is very exciting
PLACE: there’s a new shop in town where you
can buy furniture
POSSESSION: the woman whose flat burgled is
called Mrs Parker
TIMES: the days when I have to collect the
children are stressful
REPORTED SPEECH- REPORTING VERBS
PRESENTE PASADO I always eat at the Ana told me She
same time always ate at the
same time
PASADO PASADO PERFECTO Mi best friend Nayeli told me Her
gave me a best friend had
chocolate given her a
chocolate
WILL,CAN AND MAY WOULD, COULD AND I Will finish my She said that she
MIGHT homework would finish her
homework.
PAST PERFECT, WOULD, NO CAMBIAN I would like to She said that she
COULD, AND MIGHT travel around the would like around
world the world
 Reporting verbs
Verb+(that)+ clause Agree, believe, complain, He stated that he would stay
(object+verb) discover, find out, insist, with us.
promise, realise, say, state. My father agree that she
(Aceptar, creer, quejarse, went to the party.
descubrir, averiguar, insistir,
prometer, darse cuenta,
decir, declara)
Verb + sb+ (that) clause Inform, tell, warn, assume We informed them that it
(Inform, contar, advertir, was ready
 asumir)
Verb + to+ infinitive Agree, promise, refuse They refused to speak with
(De acuerdo, prometer, us.
rechazar)
verb+ sb + to + infinitive Ask, order, tell, remind She ordered me to leave
(Preguntarle. Ordenar, decir,
recordar)
Verb+ gerund Admit, apologise for, deny, He admitted taking the
regret, suggest money
(Admitir, disculparse por, He apologised for not
negar, arrepentirse, sugerir) stopping at the red light
Verb + (sb) + reported Ask, discover, know, realise, I wondered where they were
question wonder
(Preguntar, describir,
conocer, dares cuenta,
preguntarse)

PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Los usamos para deducir cosas del pasado en las que no estuvimos presentes.
% Deduction Meaning
100% They are late Ellos vienen retrasados
They must have got late Ellos deben haber llegado
75%
tarde
They may, might, could have Puede o podría haber ido por
50%
gone the wrong way el camino equivocado
They can´t have got lost Ellos no se pudieron haber
25%
perdido
0% They haven’t got lost Ellos no se han perdido

El opuesto de MUST es CAN’T

Tambien podemos usar

- Might not have

- May not have
- Mightn’t have

Wishes and Regrest

We can use I wish to express a real situation in the past to regret or become in a irreal situation
Structure: Subject + Wish + Subject + Tiempo de adecuado + Regret
WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT
Present Simple Past Simple
The weather in this city is pretty cold I wish the weather weren’t so cold
 WHISES ABOUT PAST
Past simple Past perfect
I didn’t study this topic at school I wish I had studied this topic at school
WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
Future Would or could
Our best friend won’t go to class I wish our best friend would go to class

SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE HOPE

Para hacer referencia o arrepentimientos de Lo usamos para hacer referencia a situaciones
acciones anteriores. que se consideran realistas o posibles en el
futuro.
It’s my fault I should have locked the door I hope you get better

NOTA: If only significa lo mismo que I wish y se usa de la misma manera.

Health
Bumped Tope
Lost consciousness Perder la conciencia
Scar Cicatriz
Bruise Moreton
Pale Pálido
Ache Dolor
Dizzy Mareado
Infection Infection a
Cure cancer Curar
Cure heal Curar
Care Curar
Strained Tensa
Come down He contraído
Treated Tratar
Get over Superar
Develop Desarrollar
Cought Toser
Faint Desamayarse
Sneeze Estornudar
Past out Desamayarse
Shiver Escalofrio

VERBS DESCRIBING THOUGH AND KNOWLEDGE

Assumed Asumir
Make sure Estar Seguro
Realise Ya me di cuenta
Had no idea No tengo idea
Wondered Preguntarse
Estimated Estimar
Come to the conclusion Llegar a la conclusion
Doubted Dudar
Be aware Ser consiente

Adjectives With Prefixes (ANTES DE LA PALABR)

EXPECTED- UNEXPECTED EXPERIENCED-INEXPERIENCED
LEGAL- ILEGAL PATIET- IMPATIET
REGULAR- IRREGULAR POSSIBLE -IMPOSSIBLE
SATIESFIED- DISSATIESFIED MATURE- IMMATURE
POLITE- IMPOLITE LOGICAL – ILLOGICAL
FORMAL – INFORMAL REPONSIBLE- IRRESPONSIBLE
FORTUNATE – UNFORTUNATE HONEST- DISHONEST
REASONABLE- UNREASONABLE BELIVE – UNBELIEVABLE
SUCCESSFUL- UNSUCCESSFUL PROBABLE- IMPROBABLE
RELEVANT- IRRELEVANT

Verbo of effort
Go ahead with Hacia delante
Coped with Enfrentando con
Overcome Superar
Work on Trabajar
Got on with Conseguir con
Tackled Abordado
Give up Darse por vencido

COME
COME TRUE HACERSE REALIDAD
COME UP WITH PROPONER
COME ACROSS CRUZAR
COME TO VAN A
COME TO THE CONCLUSION LLEVAR A LA CONLUSION
COME UP SUBIR
 WAY
NO WAY DE NINGUNA MANERA
ONE WAY OR ANOTHER DE UNA MANERA U OTRA
THE OTHER WAY ROUND LA VUELTA AL CONTRARIO
MADE OUR WAY HECHO NUESTRO CAMINO
ALL THE WAY TODO EL CAMINO
IN SOME WAY DE ALGUNA MANERA