SCIENCE

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author: Rose Ann L. Chua, Lea D. Kabigting, Anna Joy D. Medina, John Patrick D. Ramos
Cover Art Illustrator: Erich D. Garcia
Reviewer and Editor: Paz I. Canlas, John Patrick D. Ramos
Layout Artist: Gilbert M. Datu

MANAGEMENT TEAM
Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Quarter 3 Week 4
 Science– Grade Ten
Modified Strategic Intervention Materials
Grade Ten – Quarter 3: Week 4: Structure and Function of DNA and RNA
What’s the message?
Genetic Mutation EFFECTS
OF MUTATION

Development Team

uthor: Rose Ann L. Chua, Lea D. Kabigting, Anna Joy D. Medina, John Patrick D. Ramos Erich D. Garcia
Paz I. Canlas, John Patrick D. Ramos Paz I. Canlas, John Patrick D. Ramos Gilbert M. Datu

Management Team
over Art Illustrator: Language Reviewer: Content Editor:
ayout:

Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESOV, Schools Division Superintendent

Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,

San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline Number: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: pampanga@deped.gov.ph

 Title Card
Lesson 8: Structure and Function of DNA and RNA

Guide Card
Introduction
You learned in Grade 9 that many genes in plants and animals behave differently than the genes
that Mendel studied in peas, where traits are not entirely controlled by dominant and recessive genes.
You also learned how the genes in your deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) influence your characteristics.

Now, you will work on activities to assess your understanding on the structure of the DNA,
explain how DNA replication takes place, how ribonucleic acid (RNA) is made using the information
from DNA, how information in some genes is translated into proteins, and explain how mutations may
cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

Many investigations of how the genes control cells were done even before scientists first knew
that genes were made of DNA. The American geneticists George Beadle and Edward Tatum established
the connection between genes and enzymes. The experiments of Beadle and Tatum linked genes to
actual products of cells and showed the importance of genes to cellular activity. In other words, a gene is
a portion of DNA that contains the instructions for the synthesis of specific RNA or protein.

Building a house usually requires a blueprint, or a plan of the structure of the house to determine
how it would look like after construction. Organisms have blueprints which contain information that will
determine their physical and chemical characteristics. This blueprint is DNA.

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of structure and location

Pre-Test: What I Know

I. DIRECTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1.) How many strands does a molecule of DNA
have? A. 1 B. 2 C.3 D.4

2.) How many strands of does a molecule of RNA

have? A. 1 B.2 C.3 D.4

3.) Which of the following describes the structure of the DNA ?

A. twisted rhombus B. circle C. double helix D. straight line

4.) What are the 3 parts in a nucleotide?

A. sugar, Phosphate group and nitrogen base
B. sugar, Protein and nitrogen base
C. nitrogen base, protein and amino acid
D. sugar, protein and amino acid

5.) What is the sugar in RNA?

A. ribose B. deoxyribose C. fructose D. lactose

6.) What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?

1
A. A,U,T,C B.A,T,C,U C.A,T,G,C D.A,T,G,O

2
7.) What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?
A. A,U,T,C B. A,T,C,G C. A,T,C,U D. A,T,G,O

8.) Which nitrogen base is not included in DNA?

A. thymine B. guanine C. uracil D. cytosine

9.) Where is the location of DNA in the cell?

A. cytoplasm B.nucleus C. lysosome D. ribosome

10.) Where is the location of RNA in the cell?

A. cytoplasm B. nucleus C. lysosome D. ribosome

Activity Card
What’s New
Activity Card 1
DIRECTION: Read the given information about DNA and RNA and answer the following guide
questions. Write your answers on your notebook.
Function
DNA and RNA differ in their role in the cell. DNA store genetic information while RNA convert
information stored in the DNA to form protein.

Component molecules
1. The DNA and RNA molecules are composed of three types of component molecule namely:
the phosphate group, the sugar and the nitrogen bases.

Nucleotides
2. There are three molecules that form the basic building block of DNA, the nucleotides. Each
nucleotide is composed of one phosphate group, one sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and one
of the four bases (adenine(A), thymine(T), cytosine(C) and guanine(G)). Across the
strands of the double helix, adenine always pairs with thymine(A-T) and guanine with
cytosine(G-C).

Ribonucleic Acid, like DNA, is a nucleic acid. However, RNA structure differs from DNA
structure in four ways. First, RNA is single stranded, whereas DNA is double stranded. Second, the
sugar in RNA is ribose, DNA has deoxyribose. Third, RNA is located in the cell’s cytoplasm whereas
DNA is found in the nucleus. Finally, both DNA and RNA contain four nitrogenous bases but instead of
thymine, RNA contains a similar base called uracil(U). The uracil pairs with adenine(U-A) and cytosine
with guanine(C-G). The major types of RNA include messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) , and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Guide Questions:
1.) What are the components of DNA and RNA molecule?
2.) What is the structural difference between DNA and
RNA? 3.) What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in
DNA?
For questions 4-5. The following is the base sequence on one strand of a DNA molecule:
AAT GCC AGT GGT

4. What is the complementary DNA strand?

If transcribed into an mRNA, what would be the resulting strand?
 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
DIRECTIONS: Identify whether the following statements pertain to DNA or RNA. Write “D” if it is for
DNA, “R” for RNA, and “DR” if it describes both DNA and RNA.
1. I am a nucleic acid.
2. I am always single-stranded.
3. I am arranged as a double helix, and my shape is often described as a “twisted ladder.”
4. Each of my nucleotides includes a phosphate, sugar, and base.
5. I have the sugar ribose.
6. I include the base uracil.
7. I am made up of nucleotides.
8. I include the base thymine.
9. I generally remain in the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells).
10. I include the bases guanine, cytosine, and adenine.

Reflection Card
I. Fill out the table below.
(3) Things I learned (2) Interesting facts (1) Question I still
from this lesson have
1. 1. 1.

2. 2.

3.

Assessment Card
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1.) How many strands does a molecule of DNA
have? A. 1 B. 2 C.3 D.4

2.) How many strands of does a molecule of RNA have?

A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4

3.) Which of the following describes the structure of the DNA ?

A. twisted rhombus B. circle C. double helix D. straight line

4.) What are the 3 parts in a nucleotide?

A. sugar, Phosphate group and nitrogen base
B. sugar, Protein and nitrogen base
C. nitrogen base, protein and amino acid
D. sugar, protein and amino acid

5. What is the sugar in RNA?

A. ribose B. deoxyribose C. fructose D. lactose

6. What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?

A. A, U, T, C B. A, T, C, U C. A, T, G, C D. A, T, G, O

7. What are the nitrogen bases in RNA?

A. A,U,T,C B. A,T,C,G C. A,T,C,U D. A,T,G,O

8. Which nitrogen base is not included in DNA?

A. thymine B. guanine C. uracil D. cytosine

9. Where is the location of DNA in the cell?

A. cytoplasm B. nucleus C. lysosome D. ribosome

10. Where is the location of RNA in the cell?

A. cytoplasm B. nucleus C. lysosome D. ribosome

Answer Card

4
5
 Title Card
Lesson 9: What’s the message?

Guide Card
Introduction
Protein is a vital molecule in the cell. Enzymes, antibodies and some hormones are
examples of protein that play an important role in living organisms.
In this lesson, we’re going to talk about is how your DNA can lead to the making
of a protein. This process is called protein synthesis. Synthesis essentially means to make
something. So protein synthesis means to make protein. Protein Synthesis consists of
two processes – transcription and translation.
Now, let us discover how proteins are formed.

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
• Identify the three types of RNA and their functions;
• Explain how protein is made using information from DNA.

Pre-Test: What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

1. What is the genetic code?

A. The sequence of subunits in a DNA molecule
B. The number of subunits in a DNA molecule
C. The sequence of subunits in a protein molecule
D. The number of subunits in a protein molecule
2. How many amino acids are coded for the strand of mRNA shown below? Assume the reading
frame begins with the first nucleotide.

CGAUAC

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6
3. This type of RNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as proteins.
A. Messenger RNA C. Ribosomal RNA
B. Nucleic acid RNA D. Transfer RNA
4. There are 64 codons and 20 amino acids. Which of the following is true?
A. Several different codons can specify the same amino acid.
B. Each codon specifies a different amino acid.
C. Some amino acids have no link to a codon.
D. Each amino acid is specified by only one codon.

5. Translation is a process of synthesizing from amino acids, according to the sequences of

the nucleotides in mRNA.
 A. Lipids C. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates D. Fats

REVIEW
While DNA is the director of the entire process of protein synthesis, it couldn’t do it without
some serious help from the different types of RNA namely: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Let’s get to know
them better.

Types of RNA

 One type of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to
the protein manufacturing area, the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA becomes the
template of information to make proteins.

 Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and ribosomal proteins hold tightly into the
mRNA using its information (from the DNA) to assemble the amino acids in correct order.

Ribosomal RNA

 Transfer RNA (tRNA) supplies amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled as protein.

The process of making proteins is known as Protein Synthesis which involves transcription and
translation. These two processes are summed up by central dogma of molecular biology:

Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.

DNA RNA Protein

Figure 3: Central Dogma
 DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerase binds to a specific section where an
mRNA will be synthesized.

Do you know how the information in DNA, which is found in the nucleus, move to the ribosome
in the cytoplasm? The following steps can help you understand the process of transcription:

Step 1: Ribonucleic Acid(RNA) polymerase enzyme binds and opens the DNA molecule that will
be transcribed.

Step 2: As the DNA molecule opens, the RNA polymerase slides along the DNA strand and
links free RNA nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of the complementary DNA strand.
Hence, if the sequence of bases on the DNA strand were CCG TTA CAT, the sequence of bases on the
RNA strand would be GGC AAU GUA.

Step 3: When the process of base-pairing is completed, the RNA molecule breaks away as the
DNA strands rejoin. The RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.

 The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.

 They are always coded in threes
 Each triplet code corresponds with one amino acid

Each amino acid that will form the protein molecule to be synthesized is determined by the triplet
code or codon on the mRNA. The Genetic Code Table is used in determining the amino acid.

In translation, each set of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule codes for one amino acid in a
protein. This explains why each set of three nucleotides in the mRNA is called a codon. Each codon
specifies a particular amino acid.
 For example, the first codon, which is cytosine-guanine-uracil (CGU), instructs the ribosome to
put the amino acid ARG (arginine) in the protein. The sequence of codons in the mRNA determines the
sequence of amino acids in the protein.

TRANSLATION is the last step in protein synthesis. The following steps can help you
understand the process of translation:

Step 1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a ribosome. Then, tRNA molecules, each carrying a
specific amino acid, approach the ribosome. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the first mRNA (start)
codon arginine- uracil-guanine (AUG), to form the initiation complex. The two molecules temporarily
join together.

Step 2. Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine. AUG
signals the start of protein synthesis. Then, the ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

Step 3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.

Step 4. When the first and second amino acids are in place, an enzyme joins them by forming a peptide
bond between them.

Step 5. As the process continues, a chain of amino acids is formed until the ribosome reaches a stop
codon (e.g. UAA, UAG, UGA) on the mRNA strand. The polypeptide chain is released. Protein
synthesis is complete.

Figure 1. Translation

Activity Card
What’s New
Activity Card 1: My mRNA sequence
Transcribe the following DNA strands into mRNA strands. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. DNA: ATG AAA AAC AAG GTA CAC ATC TAG

mRNA :

2. DNA: ATG TAA ACC ACT ACA TAG

mRNA :

3. DNA: ATG ATT CAA CAC ATC CAG CCA CAT TAG
mRNA :

4. DNA: ATG CGA CGC CGG CGT TAG

mRNA :

5. DNA: ATG TAA AGG GAA GAC GAG TAG

mRNA :
Activity Card 2: tRNA strand
Supply the complementary tRNA codons for following mRNA codons. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
Example: mRNA tRNA
AUC UAG
mRNA tRNA mRNA tRNA
1. AUU 6. GGG
2. CAG 7. CGA
3. GUG 8. GAC
4. AUA 9. UUU
5. CCC 10. AAA

Activity Card 3: My Amino Acid

Use the genetic code chart below to identify the specific amino acid for each mRNA
codon. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. mRNA: UAC UUU UUG UUA ACG UGC AUC

Amino acid:

2. mRNA: UAC UCU UCA UCC UCU UCG UAU

Amino acid:

3. mRNA: UAC GGG GGC UCU UCG GGA AUC

Amino acid:

4. mRNA: UAC GAU GAG UAU CAG ACG AAA

Amino acid:

5. mRNA: UAC GGG GGC CGU CGG CGC AUC

Amino acid:

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1: Fill Me!

Identify the mRNA codons, tRNA codons and amino acids of the following DNA
codons. Write your answer in your answer sheet.
 DNA mRNA tRNA Amino Acid
1. A A A
2. C A C
3. T C C
4. G T A
5. C A T
6. A T G
7. T C G
8. A T A
9. T T A
10. T C A

Reflection Card
I. Fill out the table below.

(3) Things I learned (2) Interesting facts (1) Question I still

from this lesson have
1. 1. 1.

2. 2.

3.

Assessment Card
Assessment Card 1

Assessment Card 1: Profile Me

Get to know the different types of RNA by providing the necessary information.

1. mRNA
Location in the cell:
Function in protein synthesis:
 Nitrogenous bases:
Number of strand:
Other Important Info

2. rRNA
Location in the cell:
Function in protein synthesis:
Nitrogenous bases:
Number of strand:
Other Important Info

3. tRNA
Location in the cell:
Function in protein synthesis:
Nitrogenous bases:
Number of strand:
Other Important Info

Assessment Card 2: Trace the Code

Fill in the table below. Refer to the Genetic Code Table to identify the amino acid. Write your answer in
your Science notebook.
Order of bases in Order of bases in Order of bases in Amino acid coded
DNA mRNA (codon) tRNA into proteins
TAG AUC
CAT
GUC
CCA
Methionine
Valine
ACU
ACA UGU
AAA
GAA CUU

Answer Card

12
13
 Title Card
Lesson 10: Genetic Mutation

Guide Card
Introduction
Mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA. Mutations may affect only one
gene, or they may affect the entire chromosomes.
When the code in a gene is changed, a different message may result. Any change in
the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA, any mistake in the transcription of genetic
information from DNA to RNA or pairing of the codon and anticodon, may cause
changes in the kind, sequence and number of amino acids of proteins synthesized by the
cells. Changes in the protein structure or level of expression may lead to changes in
cellular properties and behavior, as a result, the organism is affected.
Most mutations are harmful. Some mutations in a body cell are known to cause
cancer, while mutations in sex cells can cause birth defects. A severe mutation may lead
to cell death and may have no effect on the body. Sometimes mutations may be useful for
the species. For example, a mutation in blood proteins prevents viruses or parasites to
thrive in host organisms.

Learning Competency
Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

Pre-Test: What I Know

Multiple Choice: choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. Any change in the sequence of DNA is
A. Mutation C. Transgenic Shift
B. Single Genotype D. Monohybrid trait

2. What type of mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A T-G-A-C-C-A-A
A. Base Deletion C. Base Insertion
B. Base Substitution D. Frameshift

3. A type of substitution in which no amino acids change is called

A. Deletion C. Nonsense
B. Silent D. Missense

4. Where do mutations occur?

A.RNA C. DNA
B. mRNA and tRNA D. DNA and RNA

5. What mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A T-G-A-G-C-A
A. Frameshift C. Substitution
B. Deletion D. Insertion
Review
A mutation is when DNA is changed, but not so much that it no longer
 works as DNA, while the organism may end up working differently.
There are several types of mutation:
Deletion - a base is lost or deleted
Insertion - an extra base is added or inserted
Deletion and insertion may cause Frameshift mutation, meaning the reading frame changes,
thus changing the amino acid sequence from this point forward.
Substitution (point mutation)- one base is substituted for another.
If a substitution changes the amino acid, it's called a Missense mutation
If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it's called Silent mutation
If a substitution changes the amino acid to a stop, it's called a Nonsense mutation.

Activity Card
What’s New
Analyze the following and classify each as DELETION, INSERTION or SUBSTITUTION and as
either FRAMESHIFT, MISSENSE, SILENT or NONSENSE (Hint: Deletion & Insertion will
always be frameshift).

1. Original DNA— T A C A C C T T G G C G A C T A C T
What's the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence

2. Mutated DNA— T A C A C C T T G G G A C G A C T
What's the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence
What type of mutation is this?

3. Mutated DNA— T A C A T C T T G G C G A C G A C T
What's the mRNA sequence?
What will be the amino acid sequence
What type of mutation is this?

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1: X-Men Genetic Mutations
Suppose that the base sequence below is found in a normal, non-mutant human and is from one strand of
DNA and codes for the formation of a protein. Analyze each scenario, decode, translate and write your
answer on your answer sheet.

TAC CCG GAT GCT CAC GGG ATT

1. Wolverine has a mutation that allows him to heal rapidly. Create his mutation by changing the
original piece of DNA above by replacing the 15th base, C, to T. Transcribe this new DNA into mRNA
and then translate into an amino acid sequence.
mutated DNA:
mRNA:
amino acid sequence:

2. Storm has the ability to manipulate the weather. To decode her mutation, again go back to the original
DNA and remove the 10th base, then transcribe and translate it.
mutated DNA:
mRNA:
amino acid sequence:
3. Rogue's powers allow her to steal the powers of other mutants. Her mutation can be decoded by
altering the 10th base of the original DNA from G to A and then transcribe and translate it.
mutated DNA:
mRNA:
amino acid sequence:

Reflection Card
I. Fill out the table below.

(3) Things I learned (2) Interesting facts (1) Question I still

from this lesson have
1. 1. 1.
2.
3. 2.

Assessment Card
Assessment Card 1
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer.

Column A Column B
1. A base is lost or deleted A. Gene mutation
2. Change in the base of a single DNA B. Deletion
3. Addition of one or more nucleotide C. Insertion
4. Insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame of a D. Substitution
gene E. Nonsense mutation
5. A substitution that changes the amino acid F. Frameshift mutation
6. Occurs when one nucleotide base is replaced by another G. Base substitution
7. A substitution that causes shortening of the protein H. Mutation
8. A mutation that happens inside a gene in I. Silent
the chromosome J. Missense
9. Changes in DNA K. Transcription
10. A substitution that does not change the amino acid

Answer Card

17
18
 Title Card
Lesson 11: EFFECTS OF MUTATION

Guide Card
Introduction
Mutation is a CHANGE in a gene or chromosome. It results in different phenotype
than normal and can lead to genetic variation. On the contrary, mutations may lead to
genetic disorders.

There are two ways in which mutations occur:

1. Germline Mutations can be inherited. This means that if a parent has a
mutation in his or her DNA, then the mutation is passed on to his or her children.
2. Somatic Mutations can be acquired. This happens when environmental
agents damage DNA, or when mistakes occur when a cell copies its DNA prior to cell
division.

Mutations can be helpful, harmful or neutral (no effect) depending on the

environment. Helpful or beneficial mutations improve the organism’s chance for survival
and reproduction. On the other hand, harmful mutations reduce the organism's chance for
survival and reproduction. Any mutation leading to a disease or even death such as
cancer, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle-Cell Disease and Hemophilia are considered harmful
mutations. While neutral mutations do not show any advantage or disadvantage to an
organism.

Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
1. Explain how mutation may cause changes in the structure and function of
a protein.
2. Identify the possible effects of mutation to living organisms

Pre-Test: What I Know

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

1. A desert animal with extra thick fur/hair would be .

A. beneficial C. neutral
B. harmful D. normal

2. Tomato mutation
A. beneficial C. neutral
B. harmful D. normal

3. An organism gets to choose if the mutation is helpful, harmful or neutral.

A. True
B. False
4. A rabbit that has a short deformed legs and cannot jump or run fast could have had a .
A. Beneficial mutation C. Neutral mutation
B. Harmful mutation D. Normal life

5. Mutations can be .
A. beneficial C. neutral
B. harmful D. all of the above

Review
Mutations can occur in two different types of cells: reproductive cells and body/somatic cells.
Only mutations in sex cells pass on to offspring. Mutations affect the reproductive cells of an organism
by changing the sequence of nucleotides within a gene in a sperm or an egg cell. If these cells are
fertilized, then the mutated gene becomes a part of the genetic makeup of the organism. If mutation is
severe, the resulting protein may be nonfunctional, and the embryo may not develop. There are two
types of mutations that can occur in gamete cells:

• Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
• Chromosomal mutation occurs at the chromosome level resulting in gene deletion, duplication or
rearrangement that may occur during the cell cycle and meiosis. It may be caused by parts of
chromosomes breaking off or rejoining incorrectly.

Any change or mistake in the sequence of DNA, mutation arises. Mutations can lead to
gene malfunction, by changes in sequences that are protein-coding or important for information
processing, these changes in the genes can occur for a variety of reasons. Mutation may be induced by
factors called mutagens. Mutagens are common in the form of toxic chemicals, and harmful radiation.
Sometimes, mistakes occur in DNA replication, mitosis, and meiosis. All of these can alter the DNA
sequence and length.

Many diseases are caused by the effects of inherited genes. In most cases, there is only a
small difference between DNA sequences in the defective gene and a normal one. This difference is
enough to cause serious and often fatal diseases. These disease-causing genes are the result of a mutation.
They may be passed from one generation to the next if present in gametes.

Figure 1 shows changes in the sequences of

bases in normal hemoglobin and the one affected
by mutation. A recessive gene causes sickle-cell
anemia, where most of the red blood cells stiffen
and become sickle shape in affected people. These
diseased cells carry less oxygen than normal
cells.
People affected by the disease eventually die.

Abnormalities in chromosomal structure may occur Figure 1. Hemoglobin Gene Mutation

during meiosis. The normal process of crossing-over and Source:education-portal.com
recombination may be affected, such that chromosomes
break and reunite the wrong segments. If there is a loss or gain of chromosomal material, there can be
significant clinical consequences.

Changes that affect the structure of chromosomes can cause problems with growth, development,
and function of the body’s systems. These changes can affect many genes along the chromosome and
disrupt the proteins made from these genes. Structural changes can occur during the formation of egg or
sperm cells in fetal development, or in any cell after birth. Pieces of DNA can be rearranged within one
chromosome or transferred between two or more chromosomes.

The effects of structural changes depend on their size and location, and whether any genetic
material is gained or lost. Some changes cause medical problems, while others may have no effect on a
person’s health. The gain or loss of chromosome material can lead to a variety of genetic disorders.
Below are examples of humans with genetic disorder.
 a) “Cri du chat” is caused by the deletion of part of
the short arm of chromosome 5. “Cri du chat” is
French, and the condition is so named because
affected babies make high-pitched cries that
sound like a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set
eyes, a small head and jaw, are moderately to
severely mentally retarded, and very short.
Source:player.mashpedia.com
Figure 2. Cri du chat

b) Down syndrome is usually caused by an extra

copy of chromosome 21(trisomy 21).
Characteristics include decreased muscle tone,
stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and
mild to moderate mental retardation.
Source: www.healthtap.com
Figure 3. Down Syndrome
c) Edwards syndrome is the second most common
trisomy after Down’s syndrome. It is a trisomy of
chromosome18. Symptoms include mental and
motor retardation and numerous congenital
anomalies causing serious health problems. About
99% dies in infancy. However, those who live past
their first birthday, usually are quite healthy
thereafter. They have characteristic hand
Source: healthtap.com
appearance with clenched hands and
Figure 4. Edward
overlapping fingers.
Syndrome

d) Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) is described when

men are usually sterile and tend to have longer
arms and legs and to be taller than their peers.
They are often shy and quiet and have a higher
incidence of speech delay.

Source:http://chengmoh.blogspot.
com/2012/08/genetic-diseases.html
Figure 5. Klinefelter Syndrome

e) Turner’s syndrome (X instead of XX or XY) is

described when female sexual characteristics
are present but underdeveloped. They often
have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye
features and bone development and a “caved-in”
appearance to the chest.
 Activity Card
What’s New:
Activity Card 1

Fix this mess

Directions: Read the passage below TWICE and UNSCRAMBLE the letters in the parentheses to create
meaningful statements. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Effects of Mutations
The majority of 1. (MTTUOIATN) have neither negative nor 2.(PSOTIVIE) effects on the
organism in which they occur. These mutations are called 3.(NURALET) mutations. Examples include
silent point mutations. They are neutral because they do not change the amino acids in the 4.
(PORETINS) they encode.
Some mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur. They are called 5.
(BINEFECAIL) mutations. They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms 6.(APADT) to
changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an
organism's chances of 7.(SIRVUVNIG) or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over
time.
Imagine making a random change in a complicated machine such as a car engine. The chance
that the random change would improve the functioning of the car is very small. The change is far more
likely to result in a car that does not run well or perhaps does not run at all. In the same way, any random
change in a gene's DNA is likely to result in a protein that does not function normally or may not
function at all. Such mutations are likely to be 8.(HUMARFL). These mutations may cause genetic
disorders or 9.(CERCAN).
Many other mutations have no effect on the organism because they are repaired before protein
synthesis occurs. Cells have multiple 10.(RAPEIR) mechanisms to fix mutations in DNA.

Activity Card 2

Put a check (/) inside the box if the given situation is an effect of a Harmful, Beneficial or Neutral
mutation. Copy and answer the table on your answer sheet.

HARMFUL BENEFICIAL NEUTRAL

MUTATION MUTATION MUTATION

1. Down
Syndrome

2. Scorpion with
an extra stinger

3. Dwarfism

4. Sickle Cell
Anemia

5. Poison Dart
Tree Frog
 Enrichment Card
Group the following mutations that are inside the box whether they are from HARMFUL,
BENEFICIAL or NEUTRAL Mutation. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

HARMFUL BENEFICIA NEUTRAL

1. Hairless Rat MUTATION L MUTATION
MUTATION
2. Cancer
3. Albino Tree Frog
4. Hemophilia
5. Chicken with 5 feet
6. Epilepsy
7. Trichromatic Vision
8. Dichromatic Vision
9. Scorpion with extra stringer
10. Cystic Fibrosis

Reflection Card
I. Fill out the table below.

(3) Things I learned (2) Interesting facts (1) Question I still

from this lesson have
1. 1. 1.
2.
3. 2.

Assessment Card
I. Identify what is being described in each statement. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. A mutation that is passed from the parents to the offspring.
2. A change in genes and chromosomes
3. Any mutation leading to disease
4. It Improve the organisms chance for survival and reproduction
5.This mutations do not show any advantages or disadvantages to an organism.
 6. This happens when environmental agents damage DNA, or when mistakes occur
when a cell copies its DNA prior to cell division.
7. Mutation that may cause genetic disorder or cancer.
8. Mutation that does not change a chromosome.
9. It is a disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells.
10. It is a disease that is caused

Assessment Card 2

TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. Mutations only occur in DNA.
2. All mutations are harmful.
3. Mutations are the source of all new genetic material in a species.
4. Mutation always have a huge effect on our looks.
5. The things you like or dislike are effects of mutation.

Answer Card
 Reference Card

Lesson 1
 https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/lists/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-
and-rna-296719
 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B41NpxO8pu79NTczdEJ0dTB2NUk/view
 https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/a/dna-structure-and-function
 Science 10 Teacher’s Guide p.193-195
 Breaking Through Science 10 C & E Publishing , Inc. 2015 page 374-377

Lesson 2
 Science 10 Learner’s Material
https://www.menifee.k12.ky.us/userfiles/131/Classes/12514/Protein%20Synthesis%20Lab%20C
hapter%2012-0.pdf
 https://www.gulfcoast.edu/current-students/academic-divisions/natural-sciences/biology-
project/dna-rna/documents/pre-post-test-with-answer-key.pdf
 http://www.google.com/images
 https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/ModuleInstance/91823/PROTEIN
%20SYNTHESIS%20PRACTICE%2025.pdf
 https://www.gulfcoast.edu/current-students/academic-divisions/natural-sciences/biology-
project/dna-rna/documents/pre-post-test-with-answer-key.pdf

Lesson 3
 Science 10 Learner's Material, Unit 3 Module 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation pp 210
 http://mcb.berkeley.edu/

Lesson 4
 Science 10 Learner's Material, Unit 3 Module 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
 Krogh, D. (2005). Biology: A Guide to the Natural World. Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper:
Saddle River, NJ.
 Mutations. (n.d.) Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. Retrieved on August 9, 2006 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation.
 Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. (2002). McGraw Hill: New York. Vol. 4 p#151-153
and Vol. 7 p#771-772.
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