04 Surveillance and Countersurveillance

SURVEILLANCE
AND COUNTERSURVEILLANCE
DEFINITION
SURVEILLANCE is an investigative activity which
consists of keeping under physical observation any
person, place or things, in order to obtain information
concerning the activities and identities of such targets.
TERMINOLOGIES
• SUBJECT of (surveillance) – person, place or

object being watched.
• SURVEILLANT – the person who does the

following or maintaining the watch.
• CONVOY – an associate of the Subject who follows

him in an attempt to detect surveillance.
• CONTACT – any person with whom the Subject

speaks, to whom he gives items, materials or
articles, and from whom he receives materials and
articles.
TERMINOLOGIES
• STAKE-OUT – a part of the surveillance group
who clandestinely positions himself in
advantageous and fixed position or point to
clearly monitor and observe the Subject and his
activities which other members of the team
cannot observe or monitor in a certain period.
• EYE BALL – the person or vehicle that has

direct observation of the Subject and relay
immediately information to the other members of
the team.
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
• Average size, build and general appearance.
• No noticeable peculiarities in appearance and or

mannerism.
• No conspicuous jewelry or clothing.
• Perseverance and capacity to wait for hours at a time

without showing any signs of impatience or irritation,
since these attracts attention.
• The appearance of attending strictly to his own

business and not being interested in what others
may be doing.
• Resourceful, versatile, and quick witted, so that
he can readily conceive reasons or excuses for
being in any given place.
• A good talker, able to talk his way out of
embarrassing situations without arousing
suspicions.
• Trained in good “covers”
• Patience
• Stamina
• Resourcefulness
• Versatility
• Alertness
• Self-control
• Judgment
• Keen Sensory Perception
• Retentive Memory
• Knowledge in Investigation
• Prior Experience in Surveillance
METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE
• Loose (Discreet) Surveillance

- effort has to be exerted to insure that Subject
is unaware that he is under surveillance
- surveillance is called off when Subject
becomes suspicious
• Close Surveillance
- continuous conduct of surveillance even if
Subject becomes suspicious and confronts
the surveillants
• Combination of Loose & Close Surveillance
- circumstances may necessitate change in
the method of surveillance employed
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
• Fixed Surveillance or “Stake out”

- person, object, activity or place being watched
is not expected to move from one place to
another and remains stationary
• Moving Surveillance or “Tail/Shadow”

- person, object, activity or place being watched
moves from one place to another. Surveillance
can be conducted either by foot or vehicle.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
SURVEILLANCE
• Subject’s photographs, physical characteristics,

mannerisms, gait, peculiar habits, dress, usual
haunts and associates, etc
• Detailed description of the area where surveillance
is to be conducted.
• Subject’s patterns of conduct and his use of
public or private transportation.
• Cover story and appearance to fit cover story,
credentials, vehicles, specialized equipment, etc.
• Arrangement for replacement and relief and
communication with control center.
GENERAL SURVEILLANCE PROCEDURES
Foot Surveillance – employs one or more surveillant

and the Subject travel on foot and surveillants tail him.
• Two-man or “AB” Surveillance

- Surveillant behind Subject is always known
as “A”. “A” follows the Subject and “B” either
follows on the same side of the street or across
the street.
ALTERNATE POSITION
NORMAL POSITION
• When both “A” and “B” operate on same side
of the street as the Subject, and when the
Subject turns a corner, “A” continues and crosses
the street while “B” turns the same corner where
Subject turns. “B” now becomes “A” while “A”
assumes “B” and operates across the street and
to the rear of the new “A” position.
• These are prearranged movements and signals

are necessary.
SUBJECT TURNS A CORNER
(NORMAL POSITION)
(ALTERNATE POSITION)
SUBJECT SUDDENLY
REVERSES DIRECTION
AND REVERSES DIRECTION
SUBJECT FAR ENOUGH
HURRIEDLY TURNS A CORNER
SUBJECT DISAPPEARS AFTER
TURNING A CORNER
SUBJECT ENTERS A BUILDING
AFTER TURNING A CORNER
• Three-man or “ABC” Surveillance
- most effective technique
THREE-MAN or “ABC”
SUBJECT TURNS LEFT
IN A CORNER
SUBJECT TURNS RIGHT
IN A CORNER
• Leapfrog Method
- used when Subject has created a
considerable pattern of movement.
Leapfrog Method variation
• Progressive (Spot) Surveillance
- Subject is followed at a certain distance
and surveillance is discontinued.
- The next day, surveillant pick-ups Subject
at that time when surveillance has been
previously closed and follows Subject for
another short distance.
- This continues day after day until the
surveillance is completed or discontinued.
• Surveillance Detection (Countersurveillance)
- Stopping abruptly and looking at people.

- Casually looking around.
- Reversing course.
- Boarding vehicles.
- Riding short distance on vehicles.
- Circling a block on foot or in vehicle.
- Entering a building and leaving directly
by another exit.
- Stopping abruptly after turning a corner.
- Using convoys.
- Watching reflections in window or wall
glasses.
- Walking alternately slowly, the rapidly.
- Discarding papers to see if anyone
retrieves it.
VEHICULAR SURVEILLANCE
• Planning
- Traffic to be encountered
- Signal lights and traffic regulations
- Conspicuousness of vehicles to be used
- License plates
- Gasoline supply
- Number of personnel
- Specialized equipment (radio, cameras,
flashlights, etc.)
• Detection of vehicular surveillance
- Alternating fast and slow driving.
- Committing obvious traffic violations.
- Frequent parking
- Driving into dead-end streets.
- Stopping suddenly around curves and corners.
- Pulling into driveways.
- Speeding up a hill, then slowing down on
the reverse side.
- Use of decoy.
• Precautions
- Do not stay parked in the same spot too long.
- Do not sit behind the steering wheel for an

extended period. It is preferable to sit in the
passenger’s seat.
- Do not use conspicuous car.
- Do not seat both surveillants on the front seat
for an extended time.
- Do not approach parking position in a manner
that may arouse suspicions.
- Do not park in prohibited zone.
- Do not be mysterious about leaving or returning
to your car.
- Do not operate short-wave radio with excessive
volume.
- Do not hold general conference or “board meeting”
with the relieving team.
- Do not telephone repeatedly from the same
store or gasoline station.
- Do not be too unconcerned in appearance. In some
instances, it is better to be impatiently waiting.
- Do not stand in a lobby reading newspapers.
- Do not look away if the subject approaches. Be
normal look at him briefly.

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SURVEILLANCE

• SUBJECT of (surveillance) – person, place or

• SURVEILLANT – the person who does the

• CONVOY – an associate of the Subject who follows

• CONTACT – any person with whom the Subject

• EYE BALL – the person or vehicle that has

• Average size, build and general appearance.

• No noticeable peculiarities in appearance and or

• No conspicuous jewelry or clothing.

• Perseverance and capacity to wait for hours at a time

• The appearance of attending strictly to his own

• Loose (Discreet) Surveillance

• Fixed Surveillance or “Stake out”

• Moving Surveillance or “Tail/Shadow”

• Subject’s photographs, physical characteristics,

Foot Surveillance – employs one or more surveillant

• Two-man or “AB” Surveillance

• These are prearranged movements and signals

- Stopping abruptly and looking at people.

- Do not sit behind the steering wheel for an

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