Allied Mumbai Trans Harbour Link

As of 24th November 2015 Final (reviewed by JICA on 9th October 2015)
Mumbai Trans Harbor Link Project
Supplemental Environmental Impact Assessment

(Final, 24th of November 2015 2015)
Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Development Authority
(MMRDA)
Executive Summary
The Project for Construction of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Supplemental EIA Report – Executive Summary
As of 24th November 2015 Final (based on 9th October version viewed by JICA)
Mumbai Trans Harbor Link Project

Supplemental Environmental Impact Assessment
Executive Summary
(Final, 24th November 2015)
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Development Authority
(MMRDA)
Summary-1
VIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Executive Summary
1.1 Project Description

The project outline and location is shown in the table and figure.
All specifications are still tentative due to under review and inspection based on the Final Feasibility Report in 2012.
Table 1.1.1 Project Outline
Item Description Remarks

MTHL alignment was scrutinized and
affirmed by an Expert Committee
Project Name Construction of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
constituted by Prime Minister’s
Office, 1984
- Road Type: Sealink under MMRDA (City Road under
Type of Mumbai City)
construction - Type of Structure : Mainly bridge and viaduct road -
Structure - Length: 22.5 km (App.17 km bridge on the sea)
- Number of lanes: 6 lanes
-Starting point(Western side): Sewri in Mumbai City
Location -
-End Point: Chirle area in Raigad Division
Road width (Typical Cross Section): app. 25m
Road Width -
Right of Way (in Navi Mumbai side) : app. 120m
Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.1.1 Project Location Map
Typical Cross Section (On the Land) Typical Cross Section (On the Sea)
Figure 1.1.2 Typical Structure of the Bridge and Road

1.2 Current Natural and Social Environmental Condition
1.2.1 Topography, Geography and Hydrology
The elevation form the sea level is around 5 m from ST 0km Sewri side in Mumbai to ST
16km at the east side Navi Mumbai, and then the elevation increase up to approximately
40m gradually at the end point Chirle area. The area is classified in 5 sections based on
topographic feature on site.
Table 1.2.1 Topographic and Geographic Features

Topographic
Section Depth of the Sea Topographic Feature
Classification
Section-1 Land Flat
-
（ST 0 - 0.72km） (Partially Tidal Area)
Section-2 Flat
Tidal area 0.0m～3.0m
（ST 0.72 - 5.60km） (Partially mangrove area)
Section-3 Most deepest area in the sea
（ST 5.60 - 10.75km） Sea area 4.5m～7.0m along the alignment
(passing some wharfs)
Section-4 Sea area Flat
0.0m～4.0m
（ST 10.75 - 16.75km） (Partially Tidal Area) (Partially mangrove area)
Section-5 Hill and rock mountainous
（ST 16.75 - 21.84km） Land - area
(basaltic layer)
Section-1Section-2 Section-3 Section-4 Section-5
37m 30m 22m 15m 8m

-1m
ELV
ST0 2.5km 5km 7.5km 10km 12.5km 15km 17.5km 20km21.9km

Figure 1.2.1 Topographic and Hydrological Feature
With regard to geographic feature, a sediment clay layer with 3 to 20 m depth on the basalt
layer is located in the sea section in Sewri and the sea section. The basalt layer is exposed
in the Navi Mumbai Section.
Sediment clay layer (N- value:0-50)

Depth: 3m - 20m
Weathering basalt layer

Basalt layer (N≧50) (Bearing layer for the bridge)
Figure 1.2.2 Geographic Feature
(MCGM) for Mumbai side and the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) in Navi Mumbai side, respectively.
Freeway, and then the alignment is passing through the private land of the Mumbai Port Trust
(MPT) which is affected by the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). The stretch passing through
the MPT area is approximately 2km on Mumbai side. On the other hand, the alignment in
Navi Mumbai side is passing through CRZ in 0.65km, small residential area, quarry area,
container yard and then connect with Mumbai – JNPT highway.
Land use at the west
Mangrove Forest in Sewri（Low Density）
Industrial area in Chirle
Mangrove Forest （1-3m height）
Source：Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Project Study of Flamingo and Migratory Birds Final Report 2008
December (Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Figure 1.2.3 Current Land Use in the Project Area (2008)

Source: Land Use Plan (draft: 2014－2034)
Figure 1.2.4 Land Use in Mumbai 2014-2034

MTHL Alignment
Source: Navi Mumbai Land Use Plan (CIDOCO 2008/Website）
Figure 1.2.5 Landuse in Navi Mumbai 2008.

1.2.3 Climate
The climate in the project area is categorized as the tropical monsoon climate. Daily average
temperature in dry season ranges from 240 C in January to 300 C in May. On the other hand,
rainy season starts from June and lasts till October. Average monthly rainfall and
temperature is shown in Figure 1.2.6.
Source: India Metrological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences (website)
Figure 1.2.6 Annual Rainfall in Mumbai (2008-2013 average)
1.2.4 Protected Area
(1) National Park
The Sanjay Gandhi National park is located in the northern area of Mumbai shared with
Thane district and is approximately 15km away from the project area. The location of the
national park is shown in Figure 1.2.7.
(2) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
The alignment is passing through a part of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) in total 2.25
km.2013 from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The location of the zone is
shown in Figure 1.2.8 and Figure 1.2.9. The Environmental Clearance for CRZ has been
issued with 5 years validity in July 19th
The matter subsequently was challenged in the National green tribunal and the Tribunal has
suspended the clearance for 6 months. MCZMA has appraised the matter again and
suggested minor changes in the
App. 15km
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
MTHL
Figure 1.2.7 Location of Sanjay National Park
Summary-
Source: IRS Map
Figure 1.2.8 CRZ Section in Mumbai Side (Sewri)
Source: IRS Map
Figure 1.2.9 CZMP entire length of the Project

1.2.5 Fauna and Flora
The Sewri Mudflats along with entire Thane creek is identified as an Important Bird Area by
Birdlife International in 2004. Considering the ornithological value of this area, The Forest
Department notified Thane Creek area as Flamingo Sanctuary which excludes the alignment
of the proposed sea link.
A detailed plan is suggested to be designed and implemented for monitoring the impacts of
construction and operations phase on Birds in this region.
According to the study carried out during the Environmental past survey, 17 bird species has
been observed in the project area. Most of observed species are categorized as the Least
Concern (LC) class, but 2 species such as Black Headed Ibis and Lessor Flamingo are
categorized as Near Threatened (NT).
Sewri are in Mumbai side is widely known as industrial area, however Lessor Flamingos and
Greater Flamingos have been coming from the Gulf of Kutch in November since 1994 and
staying there until June. A small non breeding population remains in the monsoon but
scatters and moves inland.
According to the study report conducted by MMRDA in 2008, counted number of the flamingos is approxim
With regard to mangrove in Sewri and Navi Mumbai side, although the dominant specie is
Avicennia marina, the plant height is low and especially on the Sewari mudflats, they are sparse.
Figure 1.2.10 Vegetation at Sewri and Navi Mumbai Site (April 2015)
Figure 1.2.11 Observed Migratory Bird (Lessor Flamingo) in Sewri Mudflat Site
Low Medium
Density High Low Roosting
(Sewri) Density Density Density Sites
Source: Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Project Study of Flamingo and Migratory Birds Final Report 2008
December (Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Figure 1.2.12 Surveyed Flamingo Distribution (2008)
1.2.6 Cultural Heritage
The Sewri Fort is located at about 180m away towards north of the alignment Other two
World Cultural Heritage Sites named Gate Way of India and Elephanta Island is away from
the proposed route app. 9km and 3km respectively. The project has received No Objection
Certificate from Archeological Survey of India.
Sewri
App 3km
Elephanta Island
App 9km
Indian

Figure 1.2.13 Location of Registered Cultural Heritages
1.2.7 Socio-Economic
(1) Population
The project area is located between Mumbai and Navi Mumbai in North Konkan in the State
of Maharashtra. The starting point of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link is in Sewri area
Mumbai City, and the route is crossing Mumbai Bay and connects with Mumbai-JNPT
Highway in Raigad District.
Total area of Mumbai and Raigad District is approximately 7,750 km 2 and its total population
is app. 5.8 million on the census in 2011. Population increase for 10 years from 2001 to
2011 is 4.56 % in Mumbai and app. 19% in Raigad District.
Table 1.2.2 Socio-Economic Situation in the Project Area

Population Population
Area Increase Rate
Name of Area Rate (2011) Density
（km2） (for 10 years)
(Person) (Person/km2)
India 3,287,263 100.00% 1,210,193,422 14.99% 368
Maharashtra State 307,713 9.36% 112,372,972 15.99% 365
Konkan Division 30,746 0.94% 28,739,397 - 935
Mumbai City 603.4 0.02% 3,145,966 4.56% 25,851
Raigad District 7,152 0.22% 2,635,200 19.36% 368
Source: Indian Statistical Census (2011)
MTHL Location
(
Figure 1.2.14 Project Location on District Map
2)Economy
.2.3. The GDP of Maharashtra is ranked the top state in India, and the GDP indicates 4,155 billion INR about 1.5 times of U
ashtra is 114,000 INR and ranked 7th in India as shown in Table 1.2.4 . Additionally GDP and GDP per capita in Mumbai, R
Unit: 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Billion INR. 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Maharashtra 4,155 4,868 5,845 6,848 7,540 8,558 10,492 11,754 13,238 14,762
2 Uttar Pradesh 2,608 2,932 3,363 3,830 4,447 5,234 6,003 6,855 7,804 8,627
3 Tamil Nadu 2,190 2,578 3,105 3,508 4,013 4,797 5,849 6,672 7,449 8,542
4 Gujarat 2,034 2,447 2,837 3,293 3,679 4,313 5,215 5,988 6,585 7,656
5 West Bengal 2,087 2,302 2,617 2,995 3,419 3,989 4,610 5,283 6,033 7,066
29 Manipur 51 57 61 68 74 83 91 111 127 143
30 Arunachal Pradesh 35 38 41 48 57 75 90 108 118 135
31 Sikkim 17 20 22 25 32 61 74 89 105 124
32 Mizoram 27 30 33 38 46 53 64 69 84 103
33 Andaman & 18 20 25 30 35 41 43 50 56 62
Nicobar Islands
Source: Census of India (2015)
Summary-
Table 1.2.4 GDP PER CAPITA in India (FY2013-2014)

Unit: 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
x 1,000 INR 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Goa 77 85 95 109 136 149 168 212 201 224
2 Delhi 64 72 83 95 112 126 145 167 193 220
3 Sikkim 27 30 32 36 47 91 109 130 151 176
4 Chandigarh 74 85 98 103 108 117 127 137 142 157
5 Puducherry 48 67 69 74 79 97 101 103 114 144
6 Haryana 38 42 49 57 67 82 94 106 120 133
7 Maharashtra 36 42 50 58 62 70 85 94 104 114
8 Tamil Nadu 30 35 42 48 54 64 78 89 99 113
9 Andaman & 41 45 54 61 69 79 81 90 98 107
Nicobar Islands
10 Gujarat 32 38 43 50 55 64 77 86 93 107
31 Jharkhand 19 18 20 25 25 28 35 37 40 46
32 Assam 17 18 20 21 24 28 33 36 39 44
33 Manipur 19 20 21 23 24 27 28 34 38 42
Table 1.2.5 GDP PER CAPITA in the Project Area (FY2013-2014)

GDP (billion INR) GDP per capita (1,000 INR)
2012-2013 2013-2014 2012-2013 2013-2014
1 Mumbai 28.8 33.4 166 189
2 Thane 17.8 20.0 156 173
3 Raigad 3.5 3.8 120 132
Source: Maharashtra state plan division (2015)
(3) Industry
The key industries and sectors top three are shown in Table 1.2.6. The major industry in
Maharashtra state is a service industry and it indicates around 63% and has been
increasing.
On the other hand, the industrial production is about 26% in 2013-2014, and it has been
decreasing. The agricultural production is stabilized around 11-12 %.
Table 1.2.6 GDP on Major Industry in Maharashtra State

Unit: % 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
(Billion INR) 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
10.8 10.8 11.5 11.8 10.1 10.4 12.3 11.8 10.9 11.1
Primary Industry
(449) (528) (672) (807) (758) (886) (1,293) (1,387) (1,442) (1,636)
1 Agriculture 8.3 8.2 8.7 9.4 7.9 8.0 10.2 9.6 8.7 8.8
2 Forestry 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0
3 Fishery 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
29.6
Secondary Industry 31.8 32.0 32.4 31.3 29.8 29.7 28.2 27.4 26.0
(1,230) (1,547) (1,869) (2,216) (2,361) (2,551) (3,116) (3,317) (3,622) (3,845)
1 Registered
14.1 16.8 17.7 17.3 16.0 15.1 15.4 14.3 13.5 12.4
manufacturing
2 Construction 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.5 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5
3 Not registered
6.5 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.1 4.8 4.3
manufacturing 59.6
Tertiary industries 57.4 56.5 55.9 58.6 59.8 58.0 60.0 61.7 62.9
(2,475) (2,793) (3,303) (3,826) (4,420) (5,121) (6,082) (7,050) (8,173) (9,282)
1 Real Estate 12.8 12.9 12.7 13.0 14.1 14.9 14.9 15.9 16.7 17.8
2 Trading/Hotel/Rest
16.2 15.6 15.9 15.4 15.0 15.1 14.6 14.6 14.6 13.8
aurant and
3 Insurance 11.4 10.5 10.2 10.2 11.1 10.4 10.4 10.8 10.8 11.0
Unit: % 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
(Billion INR) 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
financial
Figure 1.2.15 GDP by Industry in Maharashtra State
(4)Poverty Line
verty line are not accurate under the same criteria. According to poverty line in 2011-2012 based on the criteria determined
Poverty Line (INR/month- Poverty Ratio (%) Number of Poor (million)

capita)
Rural Urban Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Lakdawala Methodology
1973-74 50.47 59.48 57.71 43.87 53.24 21.1 7.7 28.7
1977-78 58.07 73.99 63.97 40.09 55.88 25.0 8.0 33.0
1983-84 88.24 126.47 45.23 40.26 43.44 19.4 9.7 29.1
1987-88 115.61 189.17 40.78 39.78 40.41 18.6 10.9 29.6
1993-94 194.94 328.56 37.93 35.15 36.86 19.3 11.2 30.5
1999-00 318.63 539.71 23.72 26.81 25.02 12.5 10.3 22.8
2004-05 362.25 665.90 29.6 32.2 30.7 17.1 14.6 31.7
Tendulkar Methodology
2004-05 485 632 47.9 25.6 38.1 27.7 11.6 39.3
2009-10 744 961 29.5 18.3 24.5 18.0 9.1 27.1
2011-12 967 1,126 24.2 9.1 17.4 15.1 4.7 19.8
C.Rangarajan Methodology
2011-12 1,078.34 1,560.38 22.5 17.0 20.0 14.0 8.8 22.8
Source: India Planning Committee (2014)
Summary-
1.3 Environmental Legislation
1.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Notification 2006)
The necessity of environmental impact assessment is stipulated on the Environmental

Protection Law in 1986, and concrete rules are described on the Environmental Impact
Assessment Notification in 2006 (EIA Notification). According to the notification, prescript
projects are required to obtain an Environmental Clearance before implementation of the
actual construction.
Category A projects in accordance with EIA notification are required to obtain the
Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) of the central
government, on the other hand, Category B project shall have the clearance from State
Government.
The mandatory list regarding road sector is shown in Table 1.3.1. MTHL is not required to
conduct comprehensive EIA because this road is city road, neither national highway nor state
highway.
Table 1.3.1 Mandatory List for EIA

Category C
Other
Project Activity Category A (Central
Category B (State Government) Condition
Government)
i) New National Highways; and
i) New State High ways; and
ii) Expansion of National High
ii) Expansion of National /
ways greater than 30 KM, General
State Highways greater than
7f Highway involving additional right of way Condition shall
30 km involving additional right
greater than 20m involving land apply
of way greater than 20m
acquisition and passing through
involving land acquisition.
more than one State.
Source: EIA Notification (MOEF 2006)
1.3.2 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ Notification 2011)
According to CRZ notification 2011, following objectives for establishment of regulation are
described;
“Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) and clause (v) of sub-
section (2) of section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central
Government, with a view to ensure livelihood security to the fisher communities and other
local communities, living in the coastal areas, to conserve and protect coastal stretches, its
unique environment and its marine area and to promote development through sustainable
manner based on scientific principles taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in
the coastal areas, sea level rise due to global warming, does hereby, declare the coastal
stretches of the country and the water area up to its territorial water limit, excluding the
islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep and the marine areas surrounding these
islands up to its territorial limit, as Coastal Regulation Zone (hereinafter referred to as the
CRZ) and restricts the setting up and expansion of any industry, operations or processes and
manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances as specified in the
Hazardous Substances (Handling, Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2009
in the aforesaid CRZ.”
In the designated CRZ, “allowed” and “Not allowed” activities are categorized and stipulated.
With regard to the Mumbai Harbor Trans Link, it is categorized as “Sealink” and it is a
permissible activity. and CRZ clearance with 5 years validity has been obtained by MMRDA
from MOEF in July 2013.
Relevant description regarding MHTL project on CRZ notification 2011 is show below.
Table 1.3.2 Relevant Description on CRZ Notification 2011

Name of
No. Contents
Article
The activities such as Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of
seawater are declared as prohibited activities within the CRZ except those,-
Prohibited
Clause “3 (a) required for setting up, construction or modernisation or expansion of foreshore facilities
activities within
(iv) (Page 2). like ports, harbours, jetties, wharves, quays, slipways, bridges, sealink, road on stilts, and
CRZ
such as meant for defence and security purpose and for other facilities that are essential
for activities permissible under the notification;”
For the purpose of conserving and protecting the coastal areas and marine waters, the
CRZ area shall be classified as follows, namely:-
(i) CRZ-I,–
A. The areas that are ecologically sensitive and the geomorphological features which play
a role in the maintaining the integrity of the coast,-
(a) Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1000 sq mts, a buffer of 50meters
along the mangroves shall be provided;
(b) Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity;
(c) Sand Dunes;
(d) Mudflats which are biologically active;
(e) National parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats and other
Clause “7 Classification
protected areas under the provisions of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972), the
(Pg 8) of the CRZ
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980) or Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of
1986); including Biosphere Reserves;
(f) Salt Marshes;
(g) Turtle nesting grounds;
(h) Horse shoe crabs habitats;
(i) Sea grass beds;
(j) Nesting grounds of birds;
(k) Areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites.
B. The area between Low Tide Line and High Tide Line;
(ii) CRZ-II,-
The areas that have been developed up to or close to the shoreline.
(i) The development or construction activities in different categories of CRZ shall be
regulated by the concerned CZMA in accordance with the following norms, namely:-
Norms for I. CRZ-I,-
regulation of (i) no new construction shall be permitted in CRZ-I except,-
Clause “8 activities (e) Construction of trans harbour sea link and without affecting the tidal flow of water,
(Pg 9) permissible between LTL and HTL.”
under this “(ii) Areas between LTL and HTL which are not ecologically sensitive, necessary safety
notification,- measures will be incorporated while permitting the following, namely:-
(g) Construction of trans harbour sea links, roads on stilts or pillars without affecting the
tidal flow of water.”
Source: Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (MOEF 2011)
CRZ Area affected by the Bridge

Sr No Zone Area of Bridge No of Size of Total area of pier in
in CRZ in Sqm Piers Pier CRZ in sqm
SEWRI SIDE
CRZ I
1 45000 62 3mX4m 744
2 CRZ II 4500 8 3mX4m 96
Total 49500 70 840
CHIRLE SIDE
CRZ I
1 15000 22 3mX4m 264
2 CRZ II 3000 6 3mX4m 72
Total 18000 28 336
Grand Total 67500 98 1176
Summary-
Table 1.3.3 Special Conditions on CRZ Clearance for MTHL
No. Conditions
As per the CRZ notification, 2011, at least five times the number of mangroves destroyed/cut during
the construction process shall be replanted. Mangrove plantation in an area of 30 ha shall be
1
carried out as committed against loss of 0.1776 ha of mudflats/mangroves. Permission from the
High Court
of Bombay shall be obtained before cutting of mangrove trees.
Proponent shallconsider suggestions from Bombay Natural History Society for provide lighting so as
2
to minimize the likely impacts on the migratory birds
3 All the construction equipments shall be provided with exhaust silencers as committed
Noise containment barriers shall be provided on both sides of the bridge in mudflat areas (CRZ-IA)
4
so as to minimize the likely impacts to the migratory birds
5 There shall be no dredging and reclamation for the project
6 Pre-fabricated super structure shall be used in the mud flat area for construction as committed
The muck materials shall be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal in the identified locations with the
7
approval of competent authority to ensure that it does not cause any impact on the environment
8 Navigation channel is provided with 25m for ships and 9.1 m for fishing boats.
9 All the recommendations of the MCZMA & MOEF shall be strictly compiled with.
10 There shall be no building construction beyond 20,000 sqm.
11 There shall be no water drawal in CRZ area
There shall be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal area. Solid waste Management shall
12
be as per Municipal Solid (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
Sewage shall be treated and the Treatment Facility shall be provided in accordance with the Coastal
13 Regulation Zone Notification, 2011. The disposal of treated water shall conform to the regulations of
State Pollution Control Board.
The project proponent shall set up a separate environmental management cell for effective
14 implementation of the stipulated environmental safeguard under the supervision of a Senior
Executive.
The funds earmarked for environment management plan shall be included in the budget and this
15
shall not be diverted for any other purposes.
Source: CRZ Environmental Clearance (MOEF 19th July 2013)
1.3.3 Other Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations
Other relevant environmental laws and regulations are shown in the next table.
Table 1.3.4 Other Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations

No. Name Year
1 Environmental（Protection）Act 1986
2 Environment Impact Assessment Notification 2006, 2009, 2012
3 Forest Conservation Act 1927, 1980
4 National Forest Policy 1952, 1988
5 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991,2011
6 Wildlife（Protection）Act 1972
7 Land Acquisition Act 1894, 1989
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
8 2013
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act
9 Air（Prevention and Control of Pollution）Act） 1981
10 Hazardous Waste(Management and Handling) Rules） 1989, 2003
11 Municipal Solid Waste （Management and Handling） Rules） 2000
12 Noise Pollution Regulation and Control Rule） 2000
13 Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act） 1974
Table 1.3.5 Other Relevant Environmental Ratification Treaty
No. Name Effected Year
1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994
2 Kyoto Protocol 2001
3 Convention on Biological Diversity 1993
4 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2003
5 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1988
6 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 2002
7 Basel Convention 1992
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain
8 2004
Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
9 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2004
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
10 1996
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
11 1975
Flora(CITES)
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl
12 1975
Habitat
13 Antarctic Treaty / Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 1961
14 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty （Madrid Protocol） 1998
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan (website)
Table 1.3.6 Various other environmental clearances required for the project
Clearance Required Approving Authority Responsibility Obtained by when
Mangrove cutting Bombay High Court MMRDA Before start of the project
Tree Cutting Respective Tree MMRDA/Contractor 6-7 days before cutting

Authorities trees
Consent to Establish Maharashtra Pollution MMRDA/Contractor When the contractor

Control Board develops new quarry,
borrow pits and camp site,
if required.
Environmental Clearance State SEIAA and/or MMRDA Before Start of the Project
under EIA notification MOEF
2006*
*If applicable
1.3.4 Gaps between Existing EIA and JICA’s Guideline
The project is categorized as Category A (as per JICA guidelines) which is required EIA level
based on JICA Guidelines, thus following preliminary comparative analysis has been
conducted between JICA Guidelines and “Rapid EIA in 2012” prepared by MMRDA for
obtaining of Environmental Clearance for CRZ from MOEF.
According to the gap analysis, the identified gaps are “NOT-Implementation” of Social Impact
Survey, Vibration Survey and Holding Public Consultation.
Table 1.3.6 Result of Preliminary Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and Rapid
EIA
JICA Guideline Rapid EIA Policy to fill up
(Appendix 2. EIA Reports for Category A (2012 prepared by Gaps gaps in this
Projects) MMRDA) Study
When assessment procedures already At first, the project is not - Not required
exist in host countries, and projects are required to prepare the (no difference)
subject to such procedures, project EIA in accordance with
proponents etc. must officially finish those EIA Notification 2006.
procedures and obtain the approval of the However necessary
government of the host country. clearance for CRZ is
obtained from MOEF by
MMRDA in 2013.
EIA reports (which may be referred to Current Rapid EIA has At least Summarry of
differently in different systems) must be been prepared in only English and Supplemental
written in the official language or in a English. Hindi version EIA shall be
language widely used in the country in shall be prepared in
which the project is to be implemented. prepared. Marathi as well.
When explaining projects to local Marathi is also
residents, written materials must be considered.
provided in a language and form
understandable to them.
EIA reports are required to be made Rapid EIA in 2012 has Rapid EIA Supplemental
available to the local residents of the not been disclosed shall be EIA in English
country in which the project is to be disclosed (in full) and
implemented. The EIA reports are Summary in
required to be available at all times for Marathi shall be
perusal by project stakeholders such as disclosed after
local residents and copying must be preparation of
permitted. Final
Supplemental
EIA.
In preparing EIA reports, consultations A public consultation has Either local Twice public
with stakeholders, such as local not been conducted on Stakeholder consultation is
residents, must take place after sufficient the process of Rapid EIA meeting and held at scoping
information has been disclosed. Records public and draft
of such consultations must be prepared. consultation supplemental
has been EIA stage
conducted respectively
Consultations with relevant stakeholders, Any consultation has not Ditto Ditto
such as local residents, should take place been conducted on the
if necessary throughout the preparation process of Rapid EIA
and implementation stages of a project. 2012
Holding consultations is highly desirable,
especially when the items to be
considered in the EIA are being selected,
and when the draft report is being
prepared.
Source: The Survey Team
1.4 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
In this article, alternative analysis, scoping and expected mitigation measures are described
for the MTHL project.
1.4.1 Analysis of Alternatives
The first recommended draft plan of MTHL dates backs to 1970s. Thereafter, a
Committee constituted in 1972 and 1978 studied possible two alternative routes; a
northern route linking Sewri with Nhava and southern route linking Colaba with Uran.
Thereafter, Steering group constituted in 1981 reviewed previous studies and
recommended that priority should be given to the construction of northern route.
Further in 1982, Peter frankael and partners, had identified and studied alternative
alignment between Sewri on Mumbai island and Nhava on the mainland.
In order to assess tidal impacts on the alignment, the Central Water and Power
research station,s recommendation to provide opening in the embankment sectionon
Seweri side to cater for non tidal inflow has been considered. Also on the
recommendation of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre an Expert group has
recommended to shift the northern alignment to the south of Jetty head and this
alignment was approved in 1984 by the Prime Minister's office of India.Subsequently,
this northern alignment so finalised based on hydrological and techno-economic
feasibility was further studied by Consulting Engineering Services(CES) in 1996 with
closed interaction with Mumbai Port trust and suggested modifications considering
mitigation of following hydrological and environmental impacts:
- The alignment should be constructed on Viaducts instead of embankments in

order to minimise disturbance to mudflats, existing hydro-logical conditions and
minimizing the social impacts
- underpass interchange at sewri was proposed in view of complex elevated

interchange, unavailability of road and difficulty in land acquisition from Mumbai Port
Trust
- Nhava approach has considered less costly alternative II by reducing length of link
having end point at Chirle on NH4B on the recommendation of CIDCO.
Also in order to consider security concerns, the alignment has been shifted so that it
does not cross Tata Thermal Power station, the alignment does not invade oil
company or oil tanks and the alignment is shifted such that separation of 1600 m
distance is secured from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Also the alignment is
finalised considering minimal volume of cutting soil and minimising the impact on
mangroves and maintaining minimum distance of 900 m from the Elephanta Island.
Also the care has been taken that the alignment would not interfere the navigation
channel for large vessels of JNPT.
(1) Alternative Analysis
As explained from main text of Supplemental EIA article 5.1.1 to 5.1.4, the route and
fundamental structure have concluded and approved by central government from the view of
natural & social environment, security and adjustment with other projects. Thus factor on
alternative analysis is limited as follows. As shown in below table, the Span length and
location of IC is listed up as factor of alternative analysis, however, in general, the location of
IC is planned at actual connected trunk road, and hence, there are not any options to shift
other area so long as the connected road plan does not change.
Table 1.4.1 Selected Factors on Alternative Analysis

Factor/ Condition Reason for adoption
It is expected that changing of IC location may give positive impacts
from the view of natural and social consideration. However since the
Location of
location shall be set up at cross point with connected road, the
Interchange
location of IC cannot be shifted to other points. Thus “location of IC”
is not appropriate factor on the analysis.
It is expected that changing span length reduce excavated area in
mudflat and mangrove cutting area. Adoption of steel girder for
Span length (steel
superstructure provides long span and reduction of number of piers
girder bridge)
and piles. Thus this factor is selected as an appropriate factor on the
analysis
“Span length” is selected as a factor on the alternative analysis and evaluated from the view
of natural & social environment and economy & cost as shown in Table 1.4.2.
According to the result of analysis, option-2 with 80m span length has advantage slightly on
the all items on natural environment such as negative impacts on mudflat, mangrove,
Flamingo habitat, benthos, CRZ and tidal flow except land acquisition & resettlement.
Although differences of impacts between Option 1 and 2 are not significant from the view of
impacts on natural environment, Option-2 (80m) has extremely disadvantage from the view
of construction cost. Additionally, it is supposed the adverse impacts are minimized by
mitigation measures on management plan. Thus Option-1 (50m) should be selected from
comprehensive point of view.
Table 1.4.2 Alternative Analysis (Span Length)

Option-2 Differences between options,
Factor/ Condition Option-1
80m span with steel Evaluation and mitigation
(analyzed area) 50m span with PC girder
girder measure
Option-2 Differences between options,
Factor/ Condition Option-1
80m span with steel Evaluation and mitigation
(analyzed area) 50m span with PC girder
girder measure
800m2
1. Area of Cutting mangrove 5 times of cutting mangrove
App. 2,100m2 App. 1,300m2
(ST0.6-0.8km and 16.5-17.9km) area shall be replanted in the
designated area by MoEF
It is supposed Flamingo fly
2. Impacts on Width of flying course Width of flying course over bridge not under bridge.
Flamingo (ST0.6- under bridge is 50m under bridge is 80m Thus there are no significant
5.6km) differences.
800m2
3. Impacts on Benthos in Mudflat Excavated impacts area Excavated impacts 5 times of cutting mangrove
area is area is area shall be replanted and
(ST0.6-5.6km and 15-17.9km note1) App. 2,100m2 app. 1,300m2 created new habitat in the
designated area by MoEF
Excavated and cutting Excavated and cutting 410m
4. Impact on CRZ
note2) mangrove area is mangrove area is Mitigation measures are
(0.6-2.1km and 16.5-17.1km)
App. 1,100 m2 App. 690 m2 committed on CRZ clearance.
6. Tidal flow note3) Few impacts (note3) Few impacts (note3) Same impacts and negligible
Same impacts and
7. Land acquisition Land acquisition area is Land acquisition area compensation policy under
(ST0-0.6km and 16-22km) same as Option-2 is same as Option-1 Indian laws and JICA
Guidelines
8. Construction Cost(entire of
alignment) Approx. 1.640 crore Approx. 2,490 crore
850 crore INR (= 15 billion yen)
(Considered mudflat and mangrove INR INR
area ST0.6-5.6km and 15-17.9km)
Note 1) Mudflat and mangrove area is ST0.6km – 5.6km in Sewri side and 15.0 km – 17.9 km in Shivaji Nagar side
Note 2) CRZ is located in the sea section from ST0.6-2.1km (CRZ-1) and 16.48 – 17.08km (CRZ I and II)
Note 3) Adverse Impacts on tidal flow by construction of MTHL in case of 50m span length has been analyzed and
concluded as “negligible level” by The Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS). Thus degree of impacts
in both case of 50m and 80m are evaluated as same level.
(2) Zero Option
In case of “Zero Option” which does not implement the project, following adverse negative
and positive impacts are expected. Some positive impacts are expected, however, since
the expected negative impacts are serious from the view of economic and environment,
“With project case” is desirable comprehensively;
[Negative Impacts]
The congested situation must be accelerated and prevent from sound urban
development. Furthermore, this “without case” will not give a synergy effect on other
development plan such as a construction of Navi Mumbai Air Port.
The accelerated congestion must make all of vehicles decrease travelling speed, and
then volume of greenhouse gases increase from vehicles.
[Positive Impacts]
Mangrove and mud flat is conserved
Resettlement and land acquisition is not caused
1.4.2 Screening
As described in previous chapter, obtaining of EC for EIA is not required in accordance with
EIA Notification 2006, however Clearance for CRZ in accordance with CRZ Notification 2011
is required, and MMRDA has obtained this CRZ Clearance in 2013 by preparation of Rapid
EIA in 2012. On the other hand, JICA HQ has judged that some significant impacts on
natural and social environment are predicted on the MTHL project, thus the project has been
classified as “Category A” which is required to conduct EIA level study.
1.4.3 Scoping
Scope of the EIA study for the project is discussed in this section. The environmental scoping
is conducted based on an environmental reconnaissance by the JICA Study Team in April
2015.
The result of scoping is indicated on the Leopold scoping matrix and reason tables. First of
all, impact factors, impacted item and impact degree are shown on the following scoping
matrix based on JICA’s Guidelines.
(1) Scoping Matrix for MTHL
As the result of Scoping Analysis, 15 items such as Air, Water, Waste, Noise & Vibration,
Biology & protected area, Hydrology, Topography and Geography, Existing Infrastructures,
Misdistribution of benefit and damage, land scape, infectious diseases and accident are
selected as item of the Rating B which has some negative impacts.
Additionally mainly social items such as “involuntary resettlement” are evaluated as “Rating
C” which has unknown impacts.
Table 1.4.3 Draft Scoping Matrix for MTHL

No Affected Activities Pre/ During Construction Phase Operation Phase
During Construction
After
Alteration to ground by cut land, filling, drilling, tunnel, etc.
Operation of Construction Equipment and Vehicles
Construction of Roads, tollgates, parking lots,

Land acquisition and Loss of properties and Change of Land use plan, Control of various activities
Traffic Restriction in construction area
Increase of Through Traffic and traveling speed
Increasing influx of settlers

Reclamation of Wetland, etc.
Deforestation(including Mangrove)
Occupancy of Roads and related building structures

Impacted Item
Influx of construction workers, construction of

by regulations for the construction
(JICA (Items of the

Guidelines) Rapid EIA 2012)
Access roads for bridges and other related facilities
embankment
base camp
Appearance/
including tunnel and
Air quality/ Siting
of borrow and
1 Air Pollution B- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- B- B- D- D-
quarry material
areas
Water Quality/
Construction of
Water labor camp/
2 B- D- B- D- B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
pollution Siting of borrow
and quarry
material areas
Solid waste
management/
Construction of
3 Waste B- D- D- B- B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
labor camp/
Topography, Soil
and Geology
Topography, Soil
Soil and Geology/
4 contaminatio Siting of borrow C- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
n and quarry
material areas
Noise and
5 Ambient Noise B- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- B- B- D- D-
Vibration
Ground
6 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Subsidence
7 Odour D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Topography, Soil
Sediment
8 and C- D- D- D- C- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
quality
Geology(No.4)
Natural Environment
Protected Reserved Forest

9 B- D- D- B- B- B- D- D- C- B- B- B- D-
Area and Fauna
Ecology and
Biodiversity/
10 Ecosystem Ecology/Construc B- D- D- B- B- B- D- D- C- B- B- B- D-
tion of labour
camp
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
No
and
and
local
Local
(JICA
Waste
Usage
people
such as
The poor
economy
Land use
livelihood
resources
Hydrology
and ethnic
Indigenous
Involuntary
Guidelines)
utilization of
resettlement
Impacted Item
Land
Quality of
(Items of the
and geology and Geology
use/Fisheries
employment Life/Fisheries
Water Quality
Rapid EIA 2012)
Topography Topography, Soil

Affected Activities
B-
B-
B-
D-
C-
C-
D-
C-
During Construction
B-
D-
C-
C-
D-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Access roads for bridges and other related facilities Deforestation(including Mangrove)
B-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Pre/ During Construction Phase
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
base camp
B-
B-
D-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Increase of Through Traffic and traveling speed After
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
B-
D-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Appearance/
including tunnel and Occupancy of Roads and related building structures
embankment
Operation Phase
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-

Existing
social Utility services
19 infrastructur and community B- B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
es and severance
services
Social Environment
Social
institutions
such as
20 local D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
decision
making
institutions
Misdistributi
21 on of benefit Quality of life D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
and damage
22 Local B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
No
Note) Rating:
(JICA
Cross
Labour
climate
change
Gender
Cultural
such as
Right of
Children
interests
Heritage
diseases
conflict of
Boundary
Infectious
HIV/AIDS
(including
Accidents
Landscape
Guidelines)
impacts and
work safety)
environment
Impacted Item
/Heritage
landscape
and safety
(Items of the
Aesthetics and
Archaeological
Rapid EIA 2012)
Accident hazards
Affected Activities
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
D-
C-
D-
During Construction
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Access roads for bridges and other related facilities Deforestation(including Mangrove)
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Pre/ During Construction Phase
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
base camp
B-
B-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D- Increase of Through Traffic and traveling speed After
B-
C-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
B-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
Appearance/
including tunnel and Occupancy of Roads and related building structures
embankment
Summary-
Operation Phase
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-
D-

A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown (serious impacts are not expected,
but survey and analysis shall be done) , D: Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative survey is not necessary. (+: Positive
impacts, - : Negative impacts)
Summary-
Table 1.4.4 Reasons for Draft Scoping on MTHL
Rating
Impacted Item
Area No. Pre/During After Reasons of the Rating
(Item on the Rapid EIA)
Const Const
1 Air Pollution Construction phase: Temporary negative impacts are expected on
(Air quality/ Siting of air quality due to construction machines and equipment.
B- B-
borrow and quarry Operation phase: Negative impact is expected due to the increase
material areas) in traffic number.
2 Water Pollution Construction phase: Turbid water may be generated by earth works
(Water Quality/ and excavation in the water where bridges are planned. Additionally
Construction of labour Organic polluted water may be discharged from base camp.
B- D-
camp/ Siting of borrow Operation phase: No serious impacts are expected( The service
and quarry material area is not planned on this project)
areas)
3 Waste Construction phase: Construction waste such as waste soil and
(Solid waste cutting trees are expected. Additionally domestic waste and night soil
management/ may be generated from construction base camp.
B- D-
Construction of labour Operation phase: No serious impacts are expected( The service
camp/ Topography, Soil area is not planned on this project)
and Geology)
4 Soil Contamination Construction phase: Excavated soil in the mudflat and mining area
(Topography, Soil and may contain polluted soil such as heavy metals.
Geology/ Siting of C- D- Operation phase: No impacts are expected
borrow and quarry
material areas)
5 Noise and Vibration Construction phase: Noise generation is expected due to works of
(Ambient Noise) construction machines and equipment.
B- B-
Operation phase: Traffic Noise and Vibration is expected because
of the increase in traffic number and travelling speed.
6 Ground subsidence Construction and operation phase: No impacts are expected since
D- D-
activities which cause ground subsidence not expected.
7 Odour Construction and operation phase: No impacts are expected since
D- D-
activities which cause odour are not expected.
8 Sediment quality Construction phase: Excavated soil in the mudflat and may contain
(Topography, Soil and C- D- polluted soil such as heavy metals.
Geology(No.4)) Operation phase: No impacts are expected
9 Protected Area Construction and operation phase: There are not any national
Natural Environment
(Reserved Forest and parks on the alignment, however, the alignment is passing through a
Fauna) B- B- part of coastal regulation zone (CRZ).
Although an environmental clearance (EC) of CRZ has been given
from MOEF in 2013, the degree of impact should be confirmed.
10 Ecosystem Construction and Operation phase: Some considerable species
(Ecology and are observed in the project area. The degree of impacts will be
Biodiversity/ B- B- evaluated based on literature surveys and interview survey with
Ecology/Construction of specialists.
labor camp)
11 Hydrology Construction and Operation phase: Construction of bridge may
B- B-
change hydrological situation of the rivers.
12 Topography and Construction and operation phase: Considerable topography and
geology geological sites are not located in the project area, thus no impact is
B- B-
(Topography, Soil and expected. However embankment section may have risks of land
Geology) slide.
13 Involuntary Pre-Construction phase: Illegal occupants are observed in Sewri
Social Environment
resettlement area, and number of affected persons will be identified on the SIA
B- D-
Survey.
Operation phase: No impact is expected
14 The Poor Pre-Construction phase: Impacts will be assessed based on the
C- D- SIA Survey.
Rating
Impacted Item
Const Const
15 Indigenous and ethnic Pre-Construction and Operation phase: Few impacts are expected
D- D-
people
16 Local economy such as Pre-construction phase: Livelihood of residents and shopkeepers
employment and may be affected by land clearance. The degree of impacts will be
C- D-
livelihood assessed on the SIA Surveys.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected
17 Land use and utilization Pre-construction phase: No agriculture land is observed, but quarry
of local resources sites are located on Navi Mumbai side. Additionally construction of
(Quality of bridge may affect to fishermen in the sea. Thus the degree of impacts
Life/Fisheries) to fishermen will be assessed by the SIA Surveys.
Operation phase: It is not likely to give adverse impacts since
C- C- appropriate land management along the road in Navi Mumbai side is
planned by CIDCO.
w impacts are expected
However construction of bridge may affect to fishermen in the sea.
Thus the degree of impacts to fishermen will be assessed by the SIA
Surveys.
18 Water Usage Construction phase: Few impacts are expected since major
(Water Quality) structure is viaduct and earthwork is limited in the project area.
D- D- Furthermore, there are any residential area in the earth work area,
thus it is not likely to give any impacts on this item.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected.
19 Existing social Pre-Construction and Construction phase:
infrastructures and Some schools, temples and public facilities may be affected by land
services acquisition for the road construction. Thus the degree of impacts will
B- D-
be assessed on the SIA Surveys.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected because major
structure is viaduct.
20 Social institutions such Construction and operation phase: Impacts are not expected,
as local decision D- D- since local decision making institute will continue after the road
making institutions construction.
21 Misdistribution of Construction and operation phase: Misdistribution of benefit and
benefit and damage D- D- damage caused by the road & bridge construction is not expected.
(Quality of life)
22 Local conflict of Construction phase: Local inhabitants and local authorities may
interests B- D- request to ensure job opportunities as construction workers.
23 Cultural Heritage Pre-Construction and Construction Phase: No registered cultural
(Archaeological D- D- heritage on the alignment.
/Heritage) Operation phase: No impact is expected
24 Landscape Construction and operation phase: Sewri Fort and Elephanta
(Aesthetics and Island (World Cultural Heritage) is located near the alignment, thus
B- B-
landscape) landscape from each site may change after construction of bridges
and road.
25 Gender Pre-Construction and Construction phase: Male head of the
household may seize the initiative in India, thus actual situation
C- D-
should be confirmed on SIA Survey.
Operation phase: Few impact is expected
26 Right of children D- D- Construction and operation phase: Few impact is expected
27 Infectious diseases Construction phase: Infectious diseases such as STD are possible
such as HIV/AIDS to be spread due to inflow of construction workers. Furthermore,
alteration to ground by cut land and filling may provoke to provide
B- D-
habitats of mosquito that possibly transmits dengue fever.
Operation phase: Road operation which causes infectious diseases
is not expected.
28 Labor environment Construction phase: Construction work environment needs to be
B- D- considered in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Operation phase: No impact is expected.
Rating
Impacted Item
Const Const
29 Accidents Construction phase: Construction vehicles may use existing local
(Accident hazards and road near residential areas, thus number of traffic accident may
safety) B- B- increase.
Operation phase: Risks of traffic accidents on the new road is
expected due to increase of traveling speed.
30 Cross boundary Construction phase: Deforestation and operation of construction
impacts and climate machines may increase greenhouse gases such as CO2.
change Operation phase: Reduction of distance between Navi Mumbai and
Mumbai area will cut amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2.
B- C-
Furthermore, replantation 5 times of cutting tree will be done, thus
such replantation will give positive impacts. However construction of
the sealink may generate additional traffic flow from developed area,
thus the impact should be estimated by quantitative forecast.
Note) Rating:
A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown (serious impacts are
not expected, but survey and analysis shall be done) , D: Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative
survey is not necessary. (+: Positive impacts, - : Negative impacts)
1.4.4 Baseline Survey and Analysis Methodology
The expected baseline and survey and analysis methodologies are listed below.
Mainly 1) measurement of vibration, 2) updating of statistical data and current secondly data
and 3) quantitative forecast on air, noise, vibration and water quality based on the latest
traffic condition will be done based on the Rapid EIA 2012, and then the EIA will be modified
and approved by MMRDA.
Methodologies of baseline survey and analysis are shown in the following table.
Table 1.4.5 Draft Baseline Survey and Analysis Methodology on MTHL
Rating
Item Pre and
Area No. Survey Methodology Forecast Methodology
(on Rapid EIA 2013) during Operation
Const.
1 Air pollution -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Air quality/ Siting of -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis
borrow and quarry Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and Operation Phase:
B- B- the latest monitoring data, if any
material areas) - Quantitative analysis
(Puf model : calm wind
model)
2 Water pollution -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Water Quality/ -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis and
Construction of labour Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and quantitative analysis based
B- D- the latest monitoring data, if any on other cases
camp/ Siting of borrow
and quarry material
areas)
3 Waste Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and During Construction Phase:
(Solid waste the preparatory survey by JICA Quantitative forecast of
management/ cutting trees and excavated
B- D- soil based on construction
Construction of labour
plan
camp/ Topography, Soil
and Geology)
4 Soil Contamination -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Topography, Soil and -Literature Survey： Qualitative forecast based on
Geology/ Siting of C- D- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the Rapid EIA 2012
borrow and quarry the latest monitoring data, if any
material areas)
5 Noise and Vibration -Site Survey: During Construction Phase:
(Ambient Noise) Noise : Not conducted Quantitative or qualitative
Vibration: measurement at 2 analysis based on other
B- B- points for 24 hours cases.
-Literature Survey: Operation Phase:
Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and - Quantitative analysis
the latest monitoring data (ASJ CN-Model 2008)
6 Ground Subsidence －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
(Topography, Soil and D- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
Geology(No.4))
7 Odour －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
D- D-
required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
8 Sediment Quality -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction:
(Topography, Soil and -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis based on
C- D-
Geology(No.4)) Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the Rapid EIA in 2012
the latest monitoring data, if any
9 Protected Area -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction and
Natural Environment
(Reserved Forest and -Literature Survey： Operation Phase:

Fauna) Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and Qualitative analysis based on
B- B-
the latest monitoring data, if any the Rapid EIA in 2012 and
relevant monitoring data, if
any
10 Ecosystem -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction and
(Ecology and -Literature Survey： Operation Phase:
Biodiversity/ Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and Qualitative analysis based on
Ecology/Construction of B- B- the latest monitoring data, if any the Rapid EIA in 2012,
Interview survey with specialist interview survey with
labour camp)
and other project study cases in specialists and relevant
Japan is referred. monitoring data, if any
11 Hydrology - Site Survey: Not conducted During construction and
- Literature Survey: Refer to operation phase:
B- B- secondary data the latest Refer to other quantitative
monitoring data and results on analysis
this JICA Survey, if any
Rating
Item Pre and
Const.
12 Topography and -Site Survey：Not conducted During construction and
geology -Literature Survey： operation phase:
(Topography, Soil and Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012, the Qualittive analysis
B- B-
Geology) latest monitoring data and topo. &
geo. survey result on this JICA
Survey
13 Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
Involuntary resettlement B- D- Quantitative analysis based
on SIA surveys
The poor C- D- Quantitative analysis based
on SIA surveys
15 Indigenous and ethnic －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
C- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
people
16 Local economy such as Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
employment and Quantitative or qualitative
livelihood C- D- analysis based on SIA
(Quality of surveys
Life/Fisheries)
17 Land use and utilization Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
of local resources (Land Quantitative or qualitative
C- C-
use/Fisheries) analysis based on SIA
surveys
18 Water Usage －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
(Water Quality) D- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
19 Existing social Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:

infrastructures and Qualitative analysis based on
services B- D- SIA surveys
(Utility services and
community severance)
20 Social institutions such －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
as local decision making D- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
institutions
21 Misdistribution of benefit －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
and damage D- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
(Quality of life)
22 Local conflict of interests Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
B- D- Qualitative analysis based on
SIA surveys
23 Cultural Heritage －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
(Archeological D- D- required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
/Heritage)
24 Landscape -Site Survey: Visual Survey at During Construction and
(Aesthetics and Sewri and Elphanta Island (April Operation Phase:
B- B-
landscape) 2015) Qualitative analysis or
preparation of Photo montage
25 Gender Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
Quantitative or qualitative
C- D-
analysis based on SIA
surveys
26 Right of Children －(surveys on this item is not Not required because few
D- D-
required due to no impacts) impacts are expected
27 Infectious diseases such Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
as HIV/AIDS B- D- Qualitative analysis based on
SIA surveys
28 Labour environment Legal framework regarding labour Qualitative and quantitative
including work safety B- D- environment and safety shall be analysis based on the
clarified and the safety shall be construction plan
Rating
Item Pre and
Const.
secured. Relevant laws and
actual situation shall be
interviewed with relevant
organizations.
29 Accident Literature Survey: Statistical data During Construction and
(Accident hazards and from police department, if any Operation Phase:
B- B-
safety) Quantitative analysis based
on statistical data
Other
30 Cross Boundary impacts Site Survey: Not conducted During Construction and
and climate change Literature Survey: Refer to the Operation Phase:
B- C-
drawing and SIA survey results Quantitative analysis based
(number of cut trees) on generation of CO2
Note) Rating:
A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown (serious impacts are not expected,
but survey and analysis shall be done) , D: Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative survey is not necessary. (+:
Positive impacts, - : Negative impacts)
1.4.5 Summary of Baseline Survey and Forecast
The Result of Baseline and Forecast are shown below.

Table 1.4.6 Result of Baseline and Forecast on Main Items
Rating Summary of Result
Pre and during Const.
Operation
Item
Area No. (on Rapid EIA
2013) Baseline Forecast Mitigation Measures and Evaluation
1 Air pollution The value of SPM is high and [During construction] [During const.]
(Air quality/ above the Indian standards Exhaust gases including CO, NO2, SO2 Exhaust gases and dusts are produced by the construction
Siting of and IFC standards. and SPM are discharged from construction activities. However the adverse impact is not serious because of
borrow and Other items such as CO, NO2 machines and may impact to the near far distance from residential area, bridge structure, underwater
quarry material and SO2 are low and below residential area. However this adverse construction etc., and the impacts can be minimized by
areas) the standards. impact is not serious because operation mitigation measures such as water sprinkling.
B- B- time is limited and most of the construction [After const.]
Note) SPM is between 92 area is on the ocean, not adjacent to Air quality such as PM10, CO, NO2 and SO2 density increases
(Elephanta Island) to 393 residential area.
along the road during operation phase. However the density-
µg/m3 (Sewri) on Rapid EIA [After Construction]
increasing area is very limited, and road-contributed density is
2012 (monitored in 2011) Forecasted impacts with background
very small, and the total density at roadside point is below
density meet Indian standard and IFC.
standard values, thus it is not likely to give significant impacts on
air quality.
Pollution 2 Water pollution DO at all Zone in high tide [During const.] [During const.]
(Water Quality/ Zone II and III in low tide is Turbid water is generated by earth works The impacted time, duration and area is limited. And the impacts
Construction of exceeding standard values. and excavation. are minimized by planned mitigation measures such as
labor camp/ pH range and BOD values are Spillage of oil and grease from machines sedimentation pond, the casing.
Siting of within the range of the and storage is avoided or mitigated by Thus, the degree of impacts is acceptable level.
B- D-
borrow and standard. appropriate management and
quarry material The highest COD value was maintenance.
areas) found to be 105mg/L and
within acceptable limits of
250mg/L.
3 Waste Domestic waste from [During const.] [During const.]
(Solid waste household is disposed to Excavated muck soil from the sea section All generated construction waste and domestic waste are reused
B- D-
management/ designated dumping site. Night is estimated around 99,000 m3. and/or disposed under adequate mitigation measures, thus it is
Construction of soil in the city area is treated in General waste soil on the land section is not likely to give significant impacts on this item.
Summary-
Pre and during

Item
Operation
Const.
labour camp/ sewerage plant. 2,400m3.

Topography, Construction waste such as Cutting mangrove volume is approximately
Soil and concrete and cutting trees are 13.9m3.
Geology) used for construction material. Domestic waste and night soil is generated
Muck soil is tested, treated and at base camp for workers, estimated
disposed at designated site. volume is around 760kg/day.
4 Soil According to Rapid EIA 2012, [During const.] [During const.]
Contamination only density of Lead is Excavated muck soil from the sea section All generated construction waste soil are reused and/or disposed
(Topography, exceeding standard level. is estimated around 99,000 m3. after soil analysis under adequate mitigation measures, thus it is
Soil and General waste soil on the land section is not likely to give significant impacts on this item.
C- D-
Geology/ Siting 2,400m3.
of borrow and
quarry material
areas)
5 Noise and The existing noise levels are [During const.] [During const.]
Vibration exceeding the permissible limit Estimated construction noise is less than In the daytime, it is expected that impacts from construction
(Ambient excepting Mahul near power 85dB(A). With regard to construction activities is reduced by mitigation measures such as selecting
Noise) plant industrial area. vibration, it is estimated less than 75dB. low-noise equipment, informing the construction schedule and
All vibration level meets traffic The noise and vibration during the meet standard values, thus it is not likely to give serious impacts
vibration standard of Japan. construction of MTHL can be expected to to surrounding area.
be less than the Japanese standard. In the night time, the construction activities will give a degree of
Note) daytime : Night time [After const.] impacts to the nearest residential area, however, implementation
B- B-
Noise dB(A) Leq The all forecasted noise and vibration level of the mitigation measures minimize the impacts and the degree
Sewri: 75-76 : 60-62 meet Indian standard and Japanese of impacts will be acceptable level for inhabitants.
Shivaji Nagar: 62-65 : 54-60 standard respectively. [After const.]
Vibration: dB Note) Noise Standard along road: 75 The forecasted noise and vibration level meets standard values,
Sewri: 48-49 : 48-49 dB(A) for daytime and 70 dB(A) for night thus it is not likely significant impact on this item. Since the
Shivaji Nagar: 48-49 : 48-49 time, noise-reducing effect of noise barrier is not very high, it is not
Vibration Standard : 65dB for daytime and necessary to build a noise barrier.
60 dB for night time along the road
8 Sediment According to Rapid EIA 2012, [During const.] [During const.]
C- D-
Quality only density of Lead is Excavated muck soil from the sea section All generated construction waste soil are reused and/or disposed
Operation
Item
(Topography, exceeding standard level. is estimated around 99,000 m3. after soil analysis under adequate mitigation measures, thus it is
Soil and not likely to give significant impacts.
Geology(No.4))
9 Protected Area The proposed alignment Totally 2.25km of the alignment has been It is not likely to give serious impacts under implementation of
(Reserved passes through Coastal classified as CRZ. appropriate mitigation measures.
B- C-
Forest and Regulation Zone. CRZ-I : 2.0km
Fauna) CRZ-II: 0.25km
10 Ecosystem On Rapid EIA 2012, 17 bird [During const.] [During const.]
(Ecology and species, 4 butterflies, 7 fauna Fauna Construction activities of MTHL may cause noise during
Biodiversity/ species in benthos have been Turbid water due to activities in the river construction stage, thus some group of migratory birds may
Ecology/ recorded. On migratory birds and inflowing from construction area may avoid the adjacent area and flyaway to other area in Mumbai
Construction of survey in 2008, totally 78 bird impact on aquatic fauna. basin temporarily. However since several mitigation measures
labor camp) species have been observed. Part of the mudflat ecosystem is lost by will be conducted, the migratory birds may get back again
Out of 78 bird species in the the implementation of development gradually. Additionally turbidity from excavated area in the sea
survey 2008 and 2012, 15 projects. The drying of the mudflat may and cutting mangrove area will be minimized by appropriate
species are categorized as impact on food resources of migratory mitigation measures.
migratory birds, only 1 species birds.
Natural
Lessor Flamingo is If the base camp and construction yard are [After const.]
Environment installed near the feeding grounds of
categorized as NT level Vehicle travelling, making noise and existence of viaduct may
B- C- (Nearly Threatened). migratory birds, migratory birds may avoid give adverse impacts for migratory birds. For minimization of
In other 66 species, 5 species and fly away to other mudflat in Mumbai these impacts, not only CRZ specification conditions, but also
are categorized as NT and VU harbour temporarily. However, in general, additional measures such as consideration of lighting system not
(Vulnerable) such birds may come back same place to give impacts on Flamingo’s roosting area are planned.
However it is supposed that throughout a period of time.
such 6 species are using the Flora When unexpected events and phenomena has been confirmed
project area as feeding area, Deforestation may impact on mangrove after construction and during construction, appropriate to take
not nesting area. area. However, the drying of the mudflat action in consultation with relevant organizations.
Note) may increase the mangrove area in some Thus, it is not likely to give serious impacts on project including
NT: 1) Black Headed Ibis, 2) limited area around piles. mudflat ecosystem under implementation of appropriate
Painted Stork, 3) Black Tailed mitigation measures.
Godwit and 4) Eurasian [After const.]
Curlew Fauna
Operation
Item
VU: Greater Spotted Eagle Some migratory birds are accidentally

killed on the road and bridge due to
increase of traffic volume.
The presence of elevated road, there is a
risk of inhibiting the flight path of the
Flamingo.
Impact on the Flamingo roost is concerned
by the irradiation of road lighting.
According to the result of forecast on
hydrology, existence of piers does not give
significant impacts on entire of tidal flow
and physical condition of mudflat, thus it is
expected that such insignificant impacts on
tidal flow and physical condition of mudflat
does not give adverse impacts on
ecosystem in the mudflat.
Flora
The drying of the mudflat may be caused
by existence of bridge piers, however,
such area is limited around piers and may
provide possible environment which
mangrove grows.
11 Hydrology The project area belongs to According to hydraulic analysis by using Although Hydraulic impacts are negligible, the monitoring of the
Savana Climate and dry-rainy FEM (Finite Element Method) on the tidal level and current should be conducted at the bridge sites by
seasons are distinguished report of the Central Water and Power installing water alarm system during and after the construction of
clearly. Mumbai basin has Research Station (CWPRS), at the nearest the bridge. Furthermore, the bathymetric survey around the
1,358 ha with some rivers and point of the project alignment No.3 named MTHL should be conducted periodically, and will be confirmed
B- B-
Thane creek. Tidal flow varies Pir-Pau, there is negligible increase and that the sea bed level is higher than the design scour depth.
with location, time and depth. decrease in current strength during ebb When the sea bed gets closer to the design scour depth, the
Nautical chart indicates near and flood tide. It was also reported that it surrounding of pier around the sea bed will be protected by
MTHL alignment from 1.03 to will not have any hydraulic impact on appropriate material such as the riprap or geobag.
1.54 m/s. functioning of other points.
Summary-
Operation
Item
12 Topography The area is classified in 5 Any considerable topography and Implementation of appropriate designing and mitigation
and geology sections based on topographic geological sites are not located in the measures such as slope protection and periodical monitoring &
(Topography, feature on site. project area, thus no impact is expected. maintenance will mitigate the expected impacts. Thus it is not
Soil and 1: flat land However embankment section may have likely to give significant impacts on stability of earthwork section.
Geology) 2: tidal area (partially risks of land slide.
B- B- mangrove area)
3: sea area
4: sea and tidal area
(partially mangrove area)
5: hills and rock mountainous
area
13 Involuntary A total of 282 project affected [During const.] [During const.]
resettlement families and 1,272 project Total Number of PAFs and relocated Implementation of appropriate compensation, resettlement and
B- D-
affected persons are recorded. persons is 282 and 1,272 to be displaced social assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it
are identified based on SIA survey. is not likely to give serious impacts on this item.
14 The poor In the Sewri area, 146 [During const.] [During const.]
(58.9 %) of PAHs earn income 4 PAPs under poverty line to be displaced Although the displaced house heads may have risks of income
ranging from 50,000 to are identified. Such displaced PAPs may reduction, implementation of appropriate compensation and
100,000 INR while yearly have income reduction due to increase of social assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it
C- D- expenditure less than 300,000 commuting time and loss of job is not likely to give serious impacts on this item.
INR indicates 96.3%. 4 PAPs temporarily.
Social are categorized as under-
Environment poverty line in the survey area
Sewri Section.
16 Local economy More than half of household [During const.] [During const.]
such as heads are private service According to census and economic surrey Although 447 PAPs and their properties are impacted by the
employment workers, and approximately on SIA, loss of income is expected on project, implementation of appropriate compensation and social
C- D-
and livelihood 23.7% belongs to business private sector workers and Non fishing assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it is not
(Quality of and trade activities. labours mainly. likely to give serious impacts on this item.
Life/Fisheries)
17 Land use and Some areas are used for [During const.] [During const.]
C- C-
utilization of residential and commercial Approximately 8.6 ha commercial and Although totally 8.6ha compound in Sewri area, and customary
Operation
Item
local resources shops. Some house heads housing land will be used for construction fishing area in sea section is affected by the project,
(Land and shop owners have a lease site and yard. In the sea section, implementation of appropriate compensation and social
use/Fisheries) contract with MPT in Sewri customary fishing ground will be reduced assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it is not
Section. Additionally, in the by the construction. likely to give serious impacts on this item.
sea section, traditional [After const.] [After const.]
fishermen have own Surrounding area of the MTHL may be Appropriate land use management will give positive impacts in
customary fishing ground. used for commercial area and small the affected area from the view of economic and natural
Detailed data is shown in SIA factory compound without any permission environment considerations.
report. from authorities.
19 Existing social According to SIA survey, no [During const.] [During const.]
infrastructures sensitive receptors such as Traffic restriction area in the project area, Construction activities will give adverse impact on access to
and services school and hospital and local inhabitants and commuting people public facilities and commuting time, additionally displacement of
(Utility services meeting places are observed including students will spend much time community level temples and mosque will be caused. However
and community B- D- in the affected area. However than usual for passing such construction implementation of mitigation measures will minimize the impacts.
severance) community level temple, area. Additionally displacement of Thus it is not likely to give serious impacts on this item.
mosques and women’s group community level temples & mosques and
accommodation are recorded women’s group facilities may give adverse
in the project area. impacts on prayers and group members.
22 Local conflict According to comments in the [During const.] [During const.]
of interests local level stakeholder Conflicts or disputes between communities The hired workers from other areas may have conflicts with
meetings and socialization may be raised if imbalance in hiring inhabitants however implementation of mitigation measures will
meetings on SIA, local workers is caused. minimize the impacts. Thus it is not likely to give serious impacts
B- D-
inhabitants and local on this item.
authorities requested to ensure
job opportunities as
construction workers.
24 Landscape Sewri fort as registered The landscape elements are mainly The changes before and after construction of sealink are
(Aesthetics heritage and Elephant Caves mangrove trees, mudflat and skyline of unavoidable. However the structure does not give serious impact
and designated as the World opposite hilly area. on skyline of opposite hilly area.
B- B-
landscape) Cultural Heritage is located A part of mangrove and mudflat are Additionally, Non Objection Certificate regarding passing through
within 5 km from the project obstructed by the construction of MTHL. near heritage sites had been issued from relevant authority in
area. However entrance of 2003.
Operation
Item
Elephanta cave cannot see Thus it is evaluated that the project does not give serious
project area, thus Sewri Fort is impacts on this item.
selected as main view point.
25 Gender -- [During const.] --
According to result of basic economic
C- D- survey on SIA, any gender gaps and risks
caused by the project on this item are not
identified.
27 Infectious According to interview survey [During const.] Inflow of workers during construction may provide opportunity for
diseases such with inhabitants, major Hired construction workers and skilled spreading infection disease. Additionally insufficient and
as HIV/AIDS infection diseases are dengue equipment operators may contact with inappropriate drainage and maintenance during and after
fever, malaria and diarrhea. inhabitants and spread infection diseases. construction may also provide habitats of mosquito larvae.
However such statistical data Additionally puddles in the construction However implementation of mitigation must prevent and
is not recorded in this area. area and insufficient drainage will provide minimize these adverse impacts. Thus it is not likely to give
B- D- a habitat of carrier mosquito for dengue serious impacts on this item.
fever and malaria.
[After const.]
Insufficient maintenance of drainage and
bridges may provide some puddles and
small pond, such environment may be
habitat of mosquito larva.
Operation
Item
28 Labour - [During const.] [During const.]

environment Working without considering labor laws The labour environment is secured when the contractor under
including work and regulations in the construction area observation of general consultant follows Indian laws and
safety may cause accident. For instance, working international standards.
without out helmet and working boots have
risks to injure head and foot.
B- D-
29 Accident According to statistical Mumbai [During const.] Traffic volume must increase during and after construction of
(Accident Police Department, number of Construction machines and trucks will be MTHL, hence, number of accident increase in conjunction with
hazards and fatal and injured case in 2014 operated for 4.5 years. Thus risks of traffic traffic volume. However implementation of mitigation must
safety) is 350 and 14,684 persons accident increase on the commuting prevent and minimize these adverse impacts. Thus it is not likely
respectively. roads. to give serious impacts.
B- B-
[After const.]
Number of traffic accident may increase
due to increase of traffic number and
travelling speed after construction of
MTHL.
Other
30 Cross -- Total generated CO2 volume is analysed [During const.]
Boundary with and without MTHL respectively. Compensatory mangrove replanting is required in accordance
impacts and 1. Current Condition in 2015 with CRZ clearance on 19th July 2013.
climate change With Project: ---- [After const.]
Without Project: 454,386 t/year Not required
B- C-
2. During Construction in 2018
With Project: 602,173 t/y
Without Project: 591,914 t/year
3. During Operation Phase in 2032
With Project: 984,813 t/y
Operation
Item
Without Project: 986,574 t/year
With project case, CO2 volume during

construction is higher than without project
case, however, this volume during
operation in 2032 and 2042 gives positive
impacts.
Note) Rating:
A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown (serious impacts are not expected, but survey and analysis shall be done) , D:
Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative survey is not necessary. (+: Positive impacts, - : Negative impacts)
1.4.6 General Environmental Management Plan
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been recommended in this chapter. This
EMP takes into account all the environmental impacts identified for MTHL and the
corresponding mitigation measures to ameliorate the same. The EMP presented below
includes:
Specific actions to be taken vis-à-vis site-specific issues;
Mitigation measures for abatement of the undesirable impacts caused during
construction and operation stages
Agencies responsible for its implementation & supervision;
Post project Environmental Monitoring Program to be undertaken after
commissioning of the project
Environmental status reporting frequency; and
Institutional arrangement, Strengthening of their capabilities, and role.
Mitigation measure and monitoring plan is merged from Rapid EIA 2012 prepared by
MMRDA, CRZ clearance specific condition and JICA Scoping report commented by
JICA Advisory Committee.
The cost for all mitigation measures is including a part of construction cost except
replanting mangrove. The cost of replanting mangrove in accordance with CRZ
clearance is estimated 60 Lakh INR on Rapid EIA 2012
Detailed mitigation measures and monitoring plan should be establish in the future
under MMRDA and General Consultant
Environmental management plan during construction phase and operation phase is listed
below.
Summary-46
Table 1.4.7 Draft Major Environmental Management Plan on MTHL

Item Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Area No. (on Rapid EIA Implementation Responsible Agency
During Construction Operation
2013) Agency
1 Air pollution All vehicles and machineries shall obtain & maintain the Appropriate land use management Contractor MMRDA & General
(Air quality/ ‘Pollution under Control Certificate (PUC)’. These vehicles will be along the road (commercial and (Construction Consultant (PMC &
Siting of maintained so that emissions conform to the standards industrial area) Company) EC)
borrow and prescribed in the certificate. Monitor periodically ambient air
quarry material Vehicles carrying construction material shall be covered to avoid quality at suggested locations
areas) spilling Enforcing different control
Asphalt mixing plant (Hot mix and batching plants) shall be over measures to minimize the air
500 m away from any communities and 300 m from the road as pollution
far as possible to avoid any air emissions from these plants.
Water sprinkling shall be carried out twice or thrice each day on
earth road/unpaved sections of road and construction yard near
residential area to avoid dust generation
The exhaust of DG set will be released at the height prescribed
by MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) so that it does
not affect nearby population.
2 Water pollution Turbid waste water from construction area shall be mitigated and Turbid water from road surface Contractor MMRDA & General
(Water Quality/ treated in sedimentation pond, if required shall be collected through drainage (Construction Consultant (PMC &
Pollution
Construction of In the sea section, the casing and excavation methodology shall and treated by sedimentation Company) EC)
labor camp/ be adopted not to generate significant turbid water. trench
Siting of There shall be no water drawl in CRZ area In the mudflat section, storm water
borrow and Waste oil shall be stored and disposed to designated site should be collected by every pier
Provision of sanitation facilities at the labor camps, also the and discharged on pile caps not to
quarry material
location of camps will be at least 200 m away from any water excavate mudflat area by the falling
areas)
sources. water.
Domestic waste water and night soil from base camp shall be
treated and discharged.
Septic tanks will be provided in accordance with Coastal
Regulation Zone Notification, 2011. The disposal of treated water
shall conform to the regulations of MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution
Control Board).
Uncontrolled digging of borrow pits will be avoided to prevent
water accumulation, which results in breeding of vector disease.
Providing adequate drainage structure
Avoiding obstruction of existing drainage during filling
Summary-
2013) Agency
3 Waste After considering the possibility of reuse, construction waste Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
(Solid waste shall be disposed at designated disposal site with the approval of (Construction Consultant (PMC &
management/ competent authority to ensure that it do not cause any impact to Company) EC)
Construction of the environment
Proper sanitation facilities such as septic tank shall be provided
labor camp/
at construction workers camp. Garbage/muck materials
Topography,
generated will be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal in the
Soil and identified locations with the approval of competent authority to
Geology) ensure that it do not cause any impact to the environment
There will be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal
area. Solid waste Management will be as per Municipal Solid
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
4 Soil Polluted excavated soil including muck soil shall be disposed at Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
Contamination designated site with the approval of competent authority to (Construction Consultant (PMC &
(Topography, ensure that it do not cause any impact to the environment Company) EC)
Soil and
Geology/ Siting
of borrow and
quarry material
areas)
5 Noise and Adoption of low-noise equipment Proponent will propose appropriate Contractor MMRDA & General
Vibration All the construction equipment’s shall be provided with exhaust land use plan such as commercial (Construction Consultant (PMC &
(Ambient silencers as committed. area along the road Company) EC)
Noise containment barriers shall be provided on both sides of the Noise barrier shall be installed as
Noise)
bridge in mudflat areas (CRZ-IA) so as to minimize the likely required
impacts to the migratory birds Periodic monitoring of ambient
Avoiding works of heavy equipment during night time. noise levels at suggested locations
Provision of using ear plugs by workers exposed to high noise Erecting signboards at sensitive
levels and residential locations prohibiting
Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities use of horns
to obtain their consensus. Growing road side plantation to
prevent the noise levels.
8 Sediment Polluted excavated soil including muck soil shall be treated, and Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
Quality then reused and/or disposed at designated site in accordance (Construction Consultant (PMC &
(Topography, relevant laws and regulations. Company) EC)
Soil and
Geology(No.4))
9 Protected Area Adoption of excavation methodology for the turbid water Installation of noise barrier for not MMRDA & MMRDA & General
Natural prevention (i.e. bore casing and excavation) to cause “Fly-Kill” on the viaduct as
(Reserved Contractor Consultant (PMC &
2013) Agency
Environment Forest and Temporary jetty would be constructed in the mudflats for required (Construction EC)
Fauna) movement of vehicles and machinery to avoid the disturbance to Sound barriers shall be installed on Company)
10 Ecosystem mudflats/mangroves. both sides of the road in CRZ area
Establishment of construction plan in consideration with lifecycle and Flamingo’s distributed area in
(Ecology and
of migratory birds such as Flamingos. accordance with CRZ clearance
Biodiversity/
Installation of silencer with construction machines in accordance specific conditions.
Ecology/
with CRZ clearance. Adoption of bridge type which does
Construction of Implementation of monitoring for migratory birds such as not give significant impacts on
labor camp) Flamingos in accordance with CRZ clearance general condition migratory bird flying course in
on July 2013. mudflat area.
Implementation of the compensatory mangrove plantation in note) Distribution area and flying
accordance with CRZ clearance specific condition (5 times of course should be identified through
cutting mangrove: 0.1776 ha x 5 = 0.888 ha) where MoEF baseline survey prior to
appoints. construction stage.
It is recommended that implementation of detailed baseline Pre-stressed super structure shall
survey for fauna & flora and preparation of monitoring plan in the be used in the mud flat area for
project area before design-build stage. construction as committed on CRZ
clearance
Lighting which does not give
significant adverse impacts to
roosting area of Flamingos should
be installed in accordance with
CRZ clearance specific condition.
Prohibit using vehicle horn in
mudflat section (Installation of sign
boards).
Implementation of monitoring for
migratory birds such as Flamingos
in accordance with CRZ clearance
general condition on July 2013.
Implementation of appropriate
management and maintenance of
mangrove plantation area
11 Hydrology The monitoring of the tidal level and current should be conducted Same monitoring and mitigation Contractor MMRDA & General
at the bridge sites by installing water alarm system during and measures during construction shall be (Construction Consultant (PMC &
after the construction. done Company) EC)
The bathymetric survey around the MTHL should be conducted
periodically, and will be confirmed that the sea bed level is higher
than the design scour depth. Designing of bridges with sufficient
capacity not to give impacts on tidal conditions.
There shall be no water drawl in CRZ area.
2013) Agency
12 Topography Installation of slope and stabilizing embankment with appropriate Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
and geology measures (Construction Consultant (PMC &
(Topography, Company) EC)
Soil and
Geology)
13 Involuntary Implementation of SIA; Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA
resettlement ・ Holding consultation meetings for understanding of
compensation policy.
・ Implementation of adequate compensation on JICA
Guidelines.
・ Implementation of livelihood restoration program based on
SIA.
14 The poor Implementation of SIA Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA
16 Local economy Implementation of SIA Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA
such as
employment
and livelihood
(Quality of
Life/Fisheries)
17 Land use and Holding consultation meetings for understanding of Management of appropriate land MMRDA MMRDA
utilization of compensation policy and livelihood restoration programs for use in accordance with approved (propose to MCGM
Social local resources affected persons including fishermen. land use plan along the road. and CIDCO)
Environment (Land
Implementation of adequate compensation for affected
properties based on JICA’s Guidelines.
use/Fisheries)
Implementation of livelihood restoration program for income loss
for fishermen based on JICA’s Guidelines.
19 Existing social Implementation of SIA Monitoring as required Contractor MMRDA & General
infrastructures (Construction Consultant (PMC &
and services Company) EC)
(Utility services
and community
severance)
22 Local conflict Local workforce is prioritized for construction of MTHL Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
of interests Implementation of appropriate education for hired workers from (Construction Consultant (PMC &
other area and countries. Company) EC)
24 Landscape Adoption of appropriate design and color harmonized with Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
(Aesthetics surrounding current landscape (Construction Consultant (PMC &
and Landscaping of borrow pits Company) EC)
Summary-
2013) During Construction Operation Agency
landscape)
27 Infectious Installation of sufficient drainage facilities not to provide habitat Installation of sufficient drainage Contractor MMRDA & General
diseases such for vector mosquito. facilities not to provide habitat for (Construction Consultant (PMC &
as HIV/AIDS Provision of adequate temporary sanitation facilities. vector mosquito. Company) EC)
Enforcement of medical screening and periodical medical check- Implementation of periodical
up. maintenance for drainages and
In order to prevent spread of infectious diseases such as bridges.
HIV/AIDS, awareness of the labors and local inhabitants is
promoted.
28 Implementation and follow relevant laws and regulations Not required Contractor MMRDA & General
“Building And Other Construction Workers (Regulation of (Construction Consultant (PMC &
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act,1996” and “The Company) EC)
building and other construction worker’s welfare cess Act, 1996”
and IFC Performance Standard 2 Labor and Working Conditions
29 Accident Secure assistance from local police for traffic control during Implementation of advertisement Contractor MMRDA
(Accident construction phase. for traffic safety campaign. (Construction
hazards and Safety measures will also be undertaken by installing road signs Prepare and administer a Company) in
safety) and marking for safe and smooth movement of traffic. monitoring system on road consultation with
Setting up of appropriate detours. accidents. Traffic Police
Restricting mobilization speed in the construction site. Installation of sign board and road Department
Installation of parking for idling construction machines. making for speed limit.
Installing gate structure at the entrance of the construction site to Enforcement of traffic controls by
set up restricted area police.
Deploying flagman at the gate and crossing points of the
construction vehicles.
Installing fence around the construction site to keep out local
Other
people such as children.
Installation of lightning in the night time near construction area.
Labourers will be equipped with proper safety gears like helmets
gloves and gumboot.
Periodic health check-up of construction worker.
Safety training for the workers and safety patrol at the
construction site by supervisors.
Monthly safety meeting
30 Cross Replanting mangrove and street trees same amount of cutting Maintenance of planted trees and MMRDA MMRDA
Boundary trees mangroves through periodical
impacts and (Replanting of mangrove shall be done 5 times of cutting trees in inspection
climate change CRZ as per specific condition on CRZ clearance)
Additionally all committed specific conditions on CRZ clearance on 2013 will be conducted by
MMRDA as shown in the next table.
Table 1.4.8 Mitigation Measures on CRZ Clearance for MTHL

No Conditions Response on Mitigation Measures
As per the CRZ notification, 2011, at least five times the number of MMRDA will replant 5 times of cutting
mangroves destroyed/cut during the construction process shall be mangrove in the appointed area by
replanted. Mangrove plantation in an area of 30 ha shall be carried out as MoEF.
1
committed against loss of 0.1776 ha of mudflats/mangroves. Permission
from the High Court of Bombay shall be obtained with respect to
mangrove cutting.
Proponent shall provide lighting in consulting in consulting with the MMRDA will setup traffic light inside of
2 Bombay Natural History Society so as to minimize the likely impacts to the bridge handrail especially in CRZ and
migratory birds. flamingo roosting area.
All the construction equipment’s shall be provided with exhaust silencers Low noise construction machines and
3 as committed. with exhaust silencer is installed during
construction.
Noise containment barriers shall be provided on both sides of the bridge in Noise barrier is installed in CRZ and
4 mudflat areas (CRZ-IA) so as to minimize the likely impacts to the roosting /feeding are of migratory birds
migratory birds. such as flamingo.
There shall be no dreading and reclamation for the project. Dreading and reclamation is not
5
planned on this project in the CRZ.
Pre-stressed super structure shall be used in the mud flat area for Pre-stressed super structure will be
6
construction as committed. used in the mud flat area CRZ.
The muck materials shall be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal in the The muck soil is generated from
identified locations with the approval of competent authority to ensure that excavated points of piles. The
7 it do not cause any impact to the environment. excavated soil is analyzed and
disposed at designated and authorized
dumping site.
Proponent informed that there is no fishing activity in the area since it is a Sufficient prescript vertical clearance
8 navigation channel for the nearby ports. However, navigation channel is under discussion with relevant
provided with 25m for ships and 9.1 m for fishing boats. authorities.
All the recommendations of the MCZMA shall be strictly compiled with. All recommendation of the Maharashtra
Coastal Zone Management Authority
9
will be reflected to mitigation measures,
if any.
There shall be no building construction beyond 20,000 sqm. No building is planned in CRZ.
10 Only toll gate is planned out of CRZ in
Navi Mumbai side.
There shall be no water drawal in CRZ area. No polluted water from project in CRZ.
11 However storm water will be flow down
from the road in monsoon season.
There shall be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal area. Solid There is no activities to discharge and
12 waste Management shall be as per Municipal Solid (Management and dispose solid and liquid waste from
Handling) Rules, 2000. project activities in CRZ.
Sewage shall be treated and the Treatment Facility shall be provided in Sewage including polluted water and
accordance with the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011. The night soil does not generate from
13
disposal of treated water shall conform to the regulations of State Pollution project activities in CRZ.
Control Board.
The project proponent shall set up a separate environmental management MMRDA will setup environmental
14 cell for effective implementation of the stipulated environmental safeguard management cell for MTHLin MMRDA.
under the supervision of a Senior Executive.
The funds earmarked for environment management plan shall be included MMRDA will secure budge for MTHL.
15
in the budget and this shall not be diverted for any other purposes.
Summary-
1.4.7 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental Monitoring shall be done by the construction contractor under PW. The
contractor shall conduct prescript monitoring and report to the construction supervision
consultant monthly.
The expected environmental monitoring plans are shown below.

Table 1.4.9 Environmental Monitoring Plan Pre and During Construction Phase
Area
Item
Cost
No. (on Rapid EIA Parameter Method Location Frequency a year Standard
(INR)
2012)
1 Air pollution SO2, NO2, PM10, Same method 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by
PM2.5, O3, Pb, as baseline where baseline monitoring (Once every quarter –Summer, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
CO, NH3, C6H6, survey was carried out. Winter, post-monsoon) (Standard for 24hrs: Industrial and Residential/
BaP, As, Ni, Or Establis (2 locations: Sewri and (24 hr/day for 2 consecutive working Ecological Sensitive area)
CH4 and CO2 fixed Shivaji Nagar) days per week for 2 weeks except SO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
(14 Items) monitoring CO which is 8 hr/day) NO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
station at 2 PM10: 100 /
locations 100μg/m3 PM 2.5::
1800,000
60 / 60μg/m3
O3: 180 / 180μg/m3
Pb: 1.0 / 1.0μg/m3
CO: 0.4 / 0.4mg/m 3
NH3:: 400 /
400μg/m3
C6H6: 0.5 /
0.5μg/m3(anual) BaP:
0.1 / 0.1μg/m3(anual)
As: 0.6 / 0.6mg/m3(anual)
Ni: 20 / 20mg/m3(anual)
2 Water pH, BOD, DO, Same method 3 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 810,000 Marine water quality Standards – Class SW-IV
pollution Turbidity and as baseline Near excavated area in Harbour Waters (MPCB)
O&G survey Zone II (Sewri mudflat), Once every quarter – Summer, pH : 6.5-9
Zone III and Zone IV where Winter and post-monsoon DO: 3 mg/l
baseline monitoring was Turbidity: 30 NTU
carried out. BOD: 5 mg/l
O & G: 10 mg/l
3 Waste Volume of Record 3 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 324,000 Municipal Soild Waste Management Rules, 2013
waste soil, volume of (1. Sewri camp site Generated waste shall be reused or disposed at
cutting tree and generated 2. Mangrove cutting area designated site.
domestic waste 3. Navi Mumbai camp site)) (The construction waste can be dumped in legally
garbage authorized dumping grounds in Navi Mumbai by CIDCO
with association of Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation
(NMMC) which is located in Taloja. Remaining i.e. from
Mumbai side, MMRDA can be taken care of and dumped
the construction waste in association with Municipal
Summary-
Area
Item
Cost
(INR)
2012)
Corporation of Greater
Mumbai (MCGM) on authorised sites i.e. Deonar,
Mulund and Gorai.
4 Soil Heavy Metals & Same method 2 Locations 1 times / year x 4.5 years 108,000 Soil Pollution Standard in India (MOEF)
And Contaminatio Oil & Grease as baseline 1. Excavated muck soil and Cd: 0.01mg/l
8 n/sedimentati (5-10 items survey 2. stocked soil in the yard Lead: 0.01mg/l
on shall be from cutting area Chromium (VI): 0.05mg/l
selected from Arsenic: 0.01mg/l
Soil pollution T-Mercury: 0.0005mg/l
standards) Copper: 125mg/kg
(some items shall be selected from totally 25 standards
items)
5 Noise and Ambient and Same method 3 Locations 2 times / year x 4.5 years 108,000 -Construction Noise; 85dB(A)
vibration road side noise as baseline (1. Sewri, 2. ST migratory -Ambient Noise Standards in India (dB (A) Leq)
(dB(A)LAeq ) survey bird distribution area 1.Industrial Area
(continuous ST500-5500, 3. Shivaji Day Time: 75 (6-22hr)
24 hrs) Ngagar) Night Time: 70 (22-6hr)
2.Commercial Area:
Note) No2 and 3 locations Day Time: 65 (6-22hr)
where baseline monitoring Night Time: 55 (22-6hr)
was carried out. 3.Residential Area:
Day Time: 55 (6-22hr)
Night Time: 45 (22-6hr)
4.Silence Zone
Vibration Same method ditto 2 times / year x 4.5 years 54,000 - Construction vibration 75dB
(dB L10 or as baseline -Vibration Standards roadside
mm/sec) survey 1. Commercial /Industrial Area
(continuous Day Time: 70 (7-20hr)
24 hrs) Night Time: 65 (20-7hr)
2. Residential Area:
9 Protected 1.Monitoring of Ocular Along MTHL alignment and 4 times / year x 4.5 years 6,480,000 Significant impacts are not caused by the project
Envir
Area mudflat inspection mangrove replant area

10 Ecosystem conditions and Note) Detailed monitoring plan will be setup during basic
Area
Item
Cost
(INR)
2012)
including fauna- quantitative design stage

flora survey
Standard for Soil; main text エラー! 参照元が見つかりま
せん。
2. Monitoring of 1-1. Fauna-
Standards for Ecological Parameter:
Cutting Tree Flora
Netprimary Productivity
and Line-Point
<1,500 mgC/m3/day at surface
replantation/ census and
Chlorophyll-a:<4mg/m3
transplanting record
Phosphate: 0.1-90μg/l
area number and
Nitrate: 1.0-500μg/l
appeared
3.Monitoring of Nitrite: <125μg/l
species
Particulate Organic Carbon: 10-100mg/m 3
Mangrove 1-2:
SiO2: 10-5,000μg/l
Plantation area Mangrove
appointed by density and
MoEF community
4. Monitoring of survey
sedimentation 1-3: Benthos
soil and Survey
ecological 2-1: Cutting
parameter trees
(18items on confirmation
main text Table 3-1:
6.1.15 for soil Mangrove
and 7 items survey in the
such as replanted
1)Netprimary area
productive,
2)Chlorophyll-a,
3)Phosphate,
4)Nitrate,
5)Nitrite,
6)Particulate
Organic
Carbon, 7)
SiO2)
11 Hydrology Flooding Flood level 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 540,000 Project activities and structures does not cause flooding
situation measurement (CRZ at Sewri and Shivaji and impacts on tidal conditions
during high Nagar)
precipitation
Area
Item
Cost
(INR)
2012)
periods
12 Topography Conditions in Visual survey 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years The cost is Embankment shall be stabilized without any landslide
and Geology embankment about Stability (1. Embankment of Inter including and cracks
area of Change in Shibaji Nagar with No 17
embankment and 2 Cutting area at Land use
toll
gate in Chirle)
13 Involuntary Payment and Consultation Affected area Refer to SIA monitoring plan Refer to Compensation shall be completed prior to actual
resettlement implementation Meeting SIA construction activities and secure livelihood standards
14 The poor of social and/or Survey monitoring
16 Local assistance in with the plan
economy accordance with project
such as SIA affected
employment persons
and livelihood (PAPs)
17 Land use and Situation of Confirmation 2 Locations 2 times / year x 4.5 years 180,000 Designated land use shall be secured without any
utilization of establishment of land use (Sewri and Navi Mumbai unplanned development by local people and developers
local of land use map map side in the Affected area)
resources
19 Existing Condition of Ocular Affected area Refer to SIA monitoring plan Refer to Compensation shall be completed prior to actual
social facilities to be inspection SIA construction activities and secure livelihood standards
infrastructure displaced monitoring
s and plan
services
22 Local conflict Construction Confirmation 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 180,000 Employment opportunity shall be provided fairly
of interests worker’s of workers (camp site in Sewri and
township list from Shivaji Nagar)
contractor
24 Landscape Condition of Visual 1 Location 1 time / year x 4.5 year 22,500 Color of structure shall be adopted monotone color
landscape inspection (View from Sewri Fort) (Dry season) harmonized with surrounding landscape
27 Infectious Number of Confirmation 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 180,000 Infection disease rate shall not be caused by the project
diseases infected patient of health (camp site in Sewri and
such as check list Shivaji Nagar)
HIV/AIDS from
contractor
28 Labour Construction Confirmation 2 Location 2 times / year x 4.5 years 90,000 “Building And Other Construction Workers (Regulation of
Area
Item
Cost
(INR)
2012)
Environment worker’s of safety (camp site in Sewri and Emloyment and Conditions of Service) Act,1996”, “The
condition devices and Shivaji Nagar) building and other construction worker’s welfare cess Act,
conditions via 1996” and international standards such as “IFC
interviews Performance Standard 2 Labor and Working Conditions”
29 Accident Number of Confirmation 2 Locations 4 times / year x 4.5 years 180,000 Any accidents are not caused by construction
accidents of accidents (camp site in Sewri and
list from local Shivaji Nagar)
government
and State
Traffic Police
Department
30 Cross Monitoring of Refer to No.9 and 10
Boundary replanting and
impacts and transplanting
climate trees and
change mangrove
Total Cost during Construction : 8,140,500 INR for 4.5 years (during construction)

Environmental monitoring survey plan for operation phase is proposed as follows. Proposed monitoring period is at least three (3) years.
Table 1.4.10 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase
Item
Cost
Area
No (on Rapid EIA Parameter Method Location Frequency a year Standard

(INR)
2012)
1 Air pollution SO2, NO2, Same 2 Locations 2 times / year x 3 years National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) by
PM10, PM2.5, O3, method as Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Pb, CO, NH3, baseline (1. Embankment of (Once every quarter –Summer, (Standard for 24hrs: Industrial and Residential/ Ecological
C6H6, BaP, As, survey Inter Change in Winter, post-monsoon) Sensitive area)
Ni, CH4 and Or Establis Shibaji Nagar and 2 (24 hr/day for 2 consecutive working days SO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
fixed Cutting area at toll per week for 2 weeks except CO which is NO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
CO2
monitoring gate in Chirle) 8 hr/day) PM10: 100 /
(14 Items)
station at 2 100μg/m3 PM 2.5::
600,000
locations 60 / 60μg/m3
O3: 180 / 180μg/m3
Pb: 1.0 / 1.0μg/m3
CO: 0.4 / 0.4mg/m3
NH3:: 400 /
400μg/m3
C6H6: 0.5 /
0.5μg/m3(anual) BaP:
0.1 / 0.1μg/m3(anual)
2 Water pollution pH, BOD, DO, Same 3 Locations 4 times / year x 3 years 540,000 Marine water quality Standards – Class SW-IV Harbour
Turbidity and method as Waters (MPCB)
O&G baseline Zone II (Sewri Once every quarter – Summer, Winter pH : 6.5-9
survey mudflat), Zone III and and post-monsoon DO: 3 mg/l
Zone IV where Turbidity:
baseline monitoring 30 NTU
was carried out. BOD: 5 mg/l
O & G: 10 mg/l
4 Soil Heavy Metals & Same 3 Locations 1 time / year x 3 years 108,000 Soil Pollution Standard in India (MOEF)
& Contamination/ Oil & Grease method as Cd: 0.01mg/l
8 sedimentation (5-10 items baseline (Zone II, III and III) Lead: 0.01mg/l
shall be survey Chromium (VI): 0.05mg/l
selected from Arsenic: 0.01mg/l
Soil pollution T-Mercury: 0.0005mg/l
standards) Copper: 125mg/kg
(some items shall be selected from totally 25 standards
Item
Cost
Area
(INR)
2012)
items)
5 Noise and Ambient and Same 2 Locations 2 times / year x 3 years 48,000 Ambient Noise Standards in India (dB (A) Leq)
vibration road side noise method as 1.Industrial Area
(dB(A)LAeq ) baseline Sewri and Shivaji Day Time: 75 (6-22hr)
survey Nagar where baseline Night Time: 70 (22-6hr)
monitoring was 2.Commercial Area:
carried out. Day Time: 65 (6-22hr)
3.Residential Area:
4.Silence Zone
Vibration Same 2 times / year x 3 years 24,000 Night Time: 40 (22-6hr)
(dB L10 or method as Vibration Standards (refer to Japanese standards along
mm/sec) baseline the road)
survey 1. Commercial /Industrial Area
9 Protected Area / 1.Monitoring of Ocular
Natural Environment
& Ecosystem mudflat inspection Significant impacts are not caused by the project
10 conditions and
including fauna- quantitative Note) Detailed monitoring plan will be setup during
flora survey basic design stage
2. Monitoring of Standard for Soil; main text エラー! 参照元が見つかりませ
Along MTHL ん。
Cutting Tree 1-1. Fauna-
alignment and Sandar for Ecological Parameter:
and Flora 2 times / year x 3 years 2,160,000
mangrove replant Netprimary Productivity
replantation/ Line-Point
area <1,500 mgC/m3/day at surface
transplanting census and
Chlorophyll-a: <4mg/m3
area record
3.Monitoring of number and
Mangrove appeared Nitrate: 1.0-500μg/l
Plantation area species Nitrite: <125μg/l
appointed by 1-2: Particulate Organic Carbon: 10-100mg/m3
Summary-
Item
Cost
Area
(INR)
2012)
MoEF Mangrove SiO2: 10-5,000μg/l

4. Monitoring of density and
sedimentation community
soil and survey
ecological 1-3:
parameter Benthos
(18items on Survey
main text エラ 2-1: Cutting
ー! 参照元が見
trees
つかりません。 confirmation
for soil and 7 3-1:
items such as Mangrove
1)Netprimary survey in
productivitye, the
2)Chlorophyll-a, replanted
3)Phosphate, area
4)Nitrate,
5)Nitrite,
6)Particulate
Organic
Carbon, 7)
SiO2)
11 Hydrology Flooding Flood level 2 Locations 4 times / year x 360,000 Project activities and structures does not cause flooding
situation measureme 3 years and impacts on tidal conditions
nt during (CRZ at Sewri and
high Shivaji Nagar)
precipitation
periods
12 Topography Conditions in Visual 2 Locations 2 times / year x Refer to Embankment shall be stabilized without any landslide and
and Geology embankment survey (1. Embankment of 3 years item No17 cracks
area about Inter Change in
Stability of Shibaji Nagar and 2
embankme Cutting area at toll
nt gate in Chirle)
ironv
13 Involuntary Payment and Consultatio Affected area Refer to SIA Monitoring plan Refer to SIA Compensation shall be completed prior to actual
resettlement implementation n Meeting monitoring construction activities and secure livelihood standards
Item
Cost
Area
(INR)
2012)
14 The poor of social and/or plan

16 Local economy assistance in Survey with
such as accordance the project
employment with SIA affected
and livelihood persons
(PAPs)
17 Land use and Situation of Confirmatio 2 Locations 2 times / year x 3 years 60,000 Designated land use shall be secured without any
utilization of establishment n of land (Sewri and Navi unplanned development by local people and developers
local resources of land use map use map Mumbai side in the
Affected area)
24 Landscape Condition of Visual 1 Location 1 time / year x 3 year 15,000 Color of structure shall be adopted monotone color
landscape inspection (View from Sewri (Dry season) harmonized with surrounding landscape
Fort)
29 Accident Number of Confirmatio On Mumbai Trans 2 times / year x 30,000 Any accidents are not caused by construction
traffic accidents n of Harbour Link 3 years
accidents
list from
local
government
and State
Traffic
Police
Department
30 Cross Boundary Monitoring of Refer to No.9 and 10
impacts and replanting and
climate change transplanting
trees and
mangrove
Total Cost: 3,945,000 INR for 3 years (after construction)

1.4.8 Monitoring Organization
The objectives and design of the EMP and Environmental Monitoring Plan was described in
earlier sections of this chapter. There is a necessity to form a proper ‘Institutional Framework’
for the effective implementation of the formulated environmental management & monitoring
plan. The elements of this ‘Institutional Framework’ will co-ordinate and work with each other
throughout the project, i.e. during pre-construction, construction & operation stage. The
implementation of formulated environmental mitigation measures comes with a cost so the
budgeting of EMP is necessary and also the financial source that will provide this budget, are
discussed in this section.
The suggested elements of ‘Institutional Framework’ for implementing EMP of MTHL project
will be as follows:
a) MMRDA - Project Implementing Agency (PIA) and Environmental Cell
b) Financial Source – JICA & MMRDA
c) Project Contractor – Construction Company (PC)
d) General Consultant
・Project Management Consultant (PMC)
・Environmental Consultant (EC)
e) Environmental Authorized Agency - Statutory Bodies (Authorities)
・Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
・MoEF
The Environmental Authorized Agency will not be a direct part of ‘Institutional framework’ but
it will hold controlling authorities on it. It will review and approve the reports submitted by the
PIA and can take necessary further actions, if any.
The above stated elements are part of the ‘Institutional Framework’ who will work together to
effectively implement the formulated ‘Environmental Management Plan’. The roles &
responsibilities of these elements are given in Table 1.4.10 Roles & Responsibilities of
Institutional Framework.
Table 1.4.11 Environmental Management and Monitoring Organization

Stage Name of Organization Roles and Responsibilities
Pre- Construction & Project Implementing Agency and Environmental cell - PIA
Construction MMRDA Initiate the co-ordinate process among the concerned organizations (Elements of
Institutional Framework) for EMP implementation.
Overseeing the implementation of the EMP by the PMC
Approval of ‘6 monthly - Environmental Compliance Report’ submitted by the EC
and respond necessary action. After Approval sending the report to the MPCB.
Finalization of the SIA during detailed design.
Facilitate relocation of people & monitoring actual payments of compensation to
affected stakeholders such as landowners, Structure owners etc.
General Consultant
Project Management PIA will get the EMP implanted through PMC.
Summary-
Stage Name of Organization Roles and Responsibilities
Consultant (PMC) PMC will work in association with Project Contractor (Construction Company) & the
Environmental Consultant (EC) on a full time basis at the project site office.
PMC will mainly look after managing engineering & construction related activities.
Environmental EC will look after implementation of approved environment measures on site. EC
Consultant (EC) will be in constant touch with PMC & Project Contractor.
EC will facilitate PIA to obtain mandatory ‘Consent to Establish’ certificate from
Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB) before start of the Construction
on site.
EC will get the 6 monthly environmental monitoring done from the MoEF approved
laboratory.
EC will prepare an ‘Environmental Compliance Report (ECR)’ describing Status of
approved Environmental Mitigation measures on site (submitted by PC) and
Monitoring of Environmental Attributes (submitted by MoEF Approved Laboratory)
on a six monthly basis and will submit it to the PIA for their approval. PIA will then
submit the approved ECR to the MPCB.
Project Contractor - PC
Construction Company PC will implement approved EMP (mitigation measures) as directed by PMC &
Environmental Consultant.
The PC will submit the report for all conducted mitigation measures on site to the
EC on a six monthly basis.
Operation Project Implementing Agency – PIA
(Twice in a year x 3 MMRDA PIA will oversee the compliance status of all environmental measures through their
years) appointed consultants.
Appointed Consultant Periodical inspection & maintenance of the MTHL.
by MMRDA EC will facilitate PIA to obtain mandatory ‘Consent to Operate’ certificate from
Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB) before start of operation of the
project.
EC will prepare annual ‘Environmental Statement (Form V)’ as mandated in CRZ
clearance and submit to PIA for their approval. PIA after reviewing the same will
submit to the MPCB.
Reporting Audit
Funding Agency (JICA)MMRDA (Environment Cell) (Project ImplementationEnvironmental
Agency) Authorized Agency
Reporting
Monitoring Maharashtra Pollution Control Board MCB (Statutory Body)
Reporting InspectionMinistry of Environment and Forests MCB (Statutory Body)
General Consultant
Project Management Consultant Environmental Consultant
Reporting Inspection/ Monitoring
Project Contractor (Design-Built Company)
Figure 1.4.1 Proposed Environmental Management and Monitoring Implementation

Organization
All cost for environmental management plan such as mitigation measures are including in the
physical contingency of project construction cost. On the other hands, cost for project
management such as Environmental Cell in MMRDA will be secured on MMRDA annual
budget.
1.5 Stakeholder Meeting
1.5.1 Objectives of the Meeting
It is mandatory to conduct local level stakeholder meeting twice for this EIA based on draft
EIA process as per JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Consideration (2010).
Main objectives for holding local stakeholder meeting are shown below;
To make aware stakeholders about the proposed MTHL project and project related
proposed actions both before and after development decisions are made.
To understand the concerns of local project affected people and others who have
plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project.
To inform stakeholders about the environmental and social adverse and positive
impacts of the project.
To exchange opinions regarding project and environmental issues.
To minimize probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy
implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the
stakeholders about the benefits of the project.
1.5.2 Schedule of the meeting

Following local stakeholder meetings were conducted in July & August-September 2015. A
schedule and agenda for stakeholder meetings are shown below;
And major opinions exchanged with participants are shown in main text of this report.
Table 1.5.1 Schedule Stakeholder Meetings on EIA and SIA

Date & Venue Objectives of the meeting Major Agenda Participants
7th July, 2015 To discuss the social Project outline, necessity of MMRDA
impacts of the project with social survey and survey JICA Team
Shakha office, Near Shri the key Stakeholders items, basic compensation Project Affected Persons
Krishna Hindu Hotel, Sewri (Project affected people) policy and declaration of cut
Gadi Adda, Haji-bundar off data
road, Sewri (E), Mumbai -
400 015
29th July, 2015 To inform stakeholders Project outline, Benefits of MMRDA
about the proposed MTHL the project, Predicted JICA Team
Committee Room, 6th Floor, project & environmental impacts, Relevant local government
MMRDA Office, B.K.C, Explanation of draft practical mitigation (CIDCO, MPT & JNPT, ASI,
Mumbai modified Rapid EIA and measures, monitoring plan NEERI)
formulation of basic and project schedule Project affected persons
consensus Experts from various fields as
per JICA requirement
25th August (SIA 2nd PC) To intimate to the Background, 1st SIA MMRDA
Sewri Koli Samaj Hall, 22/1 stakeholders about the Stakeholder meeting (SSM), JICA Team
Koli Samaj Co.Op.Society, result of BSES and Result of BSES, Project Affected Persons
Sewri, Koliwada (E), Resettlement & Resettlement &
Mumbai - 400015 Rehabilitation Policy of Rehabilitation Policy of
MTHL. MTHL, Resettlement Site,
Requesting opinions from
PAPs.
15th September, 2015 To inform/communicate to Opening Remarks, Project
the stakeholders and public in Brief, Objectives &
Sewri Koli Samaj Hall, 22/1 at large about the findings schedule of public
MMRDA Team
Koli Samaj Co.Op.Society, of the draft supplemental consultation meetings,
JICA Team
Sewri, Koliwada (E), EIA. To discuss about the details of first public
Relevant local government
Mumbai - 400015 mitigation measures as consultation of EIA, result of
(CIDCO, MPT & JNPT)
suggested in the draft EIA. reformed studies,
Experts from various fields as
Environmental Management
per JICA requirement
Plan, Environment
NGOs
Monitoring Plan, Project
Project affected persons
Implementation Schedule,
Exchange Opinions,
Remarks
1.6 Schedule for the Project Process

It is expected that “the design-build system” is adopted from the view of saving cost and time
for this project after feasibility study and basic study.
Almost 1 year is required for bidding and selection of contractor, and 4.5 years are necessary
for detailed design and construction period.
The tentative construction schedule is shown as of March 2015 is given in Table 1.6.1.
Table 1.6.1 Construction Schedule (as of Sep, 2015)

Main Text
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND......................................................................................1

1.1. Preface 1
1.2. Need of the Project..................................................................................................................1
1.3. Need and Objective of EIA study.............................................................................................2
1.4. Purpose of Study.....................................................................................................................3
1.5. Project Benefits.......................................................................................................................3
1.6. Structure of the Report.............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................6
2.1. Project Description..................................................................................................................6
2.2. Project Location......................................................................................................................6
2.3. Structural Details of the Bridge and Road.................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3 CURRENT NATURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS..................9
3.1. Topography, Geography and Hydrology....................................................................................9
3.2. Land Use..............................................................................................................................10
3.3. Climate.................................................................................................................................14
3.4. Protected area........................................................................................................................14
3.5. Fauna and Flora....................................................................................................................18
3.6. Cultural Heritage...................................................................................................................19
3.7. Socio-Economic....................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN INDIA......................................................24
4.1. EIA Notification 2006............................................................................................................24
4.2. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ Notification 2011)...................................................................24
4.3. Other relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations................................................................26
4.4. Gaps between Rapid EIA 2012 and JICA’s Guideline..............................................................27
CHAPTER 5 Alternative Analysis, Screening and Scoping..............................................................29
5.1. Alternative Analysis...............................................................................................................29
5.1.1. Route Analysis..................................................................................................................29
5.1.2. Control Points....................................................................................................................34
5.1.3. Summary of the Horizontal Alignment................................................................................35
5.1.4. Structure Type...................................................................................................................38
5.1.5. Alternative Analysis...........................................................................................................39
5.1.6. Zero Option 40
5.2. Screening 40
5.3. Scoping 40
5.4. Baseline Survey and Analysis Methodology............................................................................45
CHAPTER 6 RESULT OF BASELINE SURVEY AND IMPACT ANALYSIS.............................48
6.1. Pollution 48
6.1.1. Air Pollution 48
6.1.2. Water Pollution..................................................................................................................55
6.1.3. Waste 60
6.1.4. Soil Contamination and Sediment Quality...........................................................................61
6.1.5. Noise and Vibration...........................................................................................................63
i
6.2. Natural Environment..............................................................................................................71
6.2.1. Protected Area and Ecosystem............................................................................................71

6.2.2. Hydrology.........................................................................................................................95
6.2.3. Topography and Geology.................................................................................................100
6.3. Social Environment..............................................................................................................103
6.3.1. Involuntary Resettlement..................................................................................................103
6.3.2. The Poor.........................................................................................................................104
6.3.3. Local economy such as employment and livelihood...........................................................106
6.3.4. Land use and Utilization of Local Resources......................................................................107
6.3.5. Existing Social Infrastructure and Services.........................................................................108
6.3.6. Local Conflicts................................................................................................................109
6.3.7. Landscape.......................................................................................................................110
6.3.8. Gender............................................................................................................................112
6.3.9. Infection Disease.............................................................................................................113
6.3.10. Labor Environment..........................................................................................................114
6.3.11. Accident..........................................................................................................................115
6.3.12. Cross Boundary Impacts and Climate Change....................................................................116
CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.......................................................120
7.1. Mitigation Measures.............................................................................................................120
7.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan............................................................................................126
7.2.1. Construction Phase...........................................................................................................126
7.2.2. Operation Phase...............................................................................................................129
7.3. Cost, Financial Source and Frameworks................................................................................131
CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS...............................................................................135
8.1. Objectives of the Meeting.....................................................................................................135
8.2. Meeting Notification and Language.......................................................................................135
8.3. Schedule of the meetings......................................................................................................135
8.4. Summary of Stakeholder Meeting.........................................................................................136
CHAPTER 9 SCHEDULE AND OTHER RELEVANT ACTIVITIES..........................................142
9.1. Construction Schedule (as of September 2015).......................................................................142
9.2. Other Necessary Permission to be obtained............................................................................142
9.3. Other Necessary Development Plan......................................................................................143
ii
Supplemental EIA Study Report for Mumbai Trans Harbor Link Project
CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1. Preface
Mumbai’s peculiar geographical spread imposes constraints on expansion; its great job potential
has nevertheless attracted migrants from many parts of the country. The result has been severe
housing shortages, lack of open spaces and civic amenities and transport bottlenecks. As per
the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai is 12.25 Million.
The port, market, industries, offices and above all increasing population has considerably
overloaded the rail and road transportation infrastructure of the city, causing innumerable
commuting hardships as well as severe strain on the city’s civic services resulting in extremely
poor living conditions for the majority of residents.
The northern & north eastern parts of Greater Mumbai are likely to be saturated in the near
future. In that event, the only location for expansion (apart from Navi Mumbai) will be in areas
to the north of Greater Mumbai up to Virar at the northern limit of the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region. This northwards expansion however is aggravating problems of its own. With the
augmentation of the north-south commuter movement it would not only keep increasing
commuting time to the heart of the island city but also traffic congestion on the transport
network.
The pressure on the rail and road network can be relieved only by redirecting part of the
movement into an east-west (towards Navi Mumbai) orientation. Having known the geography
of the city, this can only be achieved by taking positive steps to encourage the development of
residential areas on the mainland on the coast.
1.2. Need of the Project
The need for the project arises from the undisputed fact that Greater Mumbai is already
overcrowded and congested. The only solution to prevent the existing conditions from
worsening is to expand on to the mainland, which to a limited extent, has already occurred in the
northern half of Navi Mumbai. This is however, insufficient, and a major push to the
development of the rest of Navi Mumbai can be given only by providing quick access to the
southern half of Navi Mumbai.
The southern half of Navi Mumbai is having 2,500 hectares of land for housing, which will
benefit most in terms of commuting time by the construction of the Link between mainland and
south of Mumbai. When completed, MTHL will reduce the distance between the island and the
mainland by 17km viz-a-viz the existing road link and will help save approximately an hour in
travel time. Moreover, the MTHL is going to be main connectivity between Mumbai and the
proposed International Airport at Navi Mumbai. In addition to the MTHL, the proposed Coastal
Road in Mumbai is likely to resolve the traffic congestion for the islanders.
At present, there are two road links connecting Mumbai to Navi Mumbai:
The Thane Creek Bridge
Airoli Bridge
Both these links together are near saturation and are not equipped to meet the combined future
projected traffic, thereby necessitating creation of additional links to meet traffic growth. In this
context, the proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link has become a necessity for the state
government.
1
The proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link will, therefore, serve not only as an economic
gateway to Navi Mumbai but also a panacea for the problems being faced by Mumbai. The link
would also further strengthen the economic integration of island of Mumbai and the mainland.
Navi Mumbai would therefore emerge as a vibrant satellite city to Mumbai in the same way as
Gurgaon and Noida have emerged as satellites to New Delhi.
From this perspective, the MTHL project will not merely provide the most efficient solution to
Mumbai’s acute accommodation problem, but will provide the most viable solution open to the
city for its survival. The location of the MTHL alignment is shown in Figure 1.2.1
Source: Rapid EIA 2012
Figure 1.2.1 Project Location Map
1.3. Need and Objective of EIA study
The necessity of environmental impact assessment is stipulated on the Environmental Protection

Law in 1986, and concrete rules are described on the Environmental Impact Assessment
Notification in 2006 (EIA Notification). According to the notification, prescript projects are
required to obtain an Environmental Clearance before implementation of the actual construction.
Government.
Since the mandatory projects which require environmental clearance in road sector prescript
only National and State Highway, MTHL is not required to conduct comprehensive EIA because
this road is city road, neither national highway nor state highway.
However MMRDA has prepared Rapid EIA 2012 based on Comprehensive EIA 2005 prepared
by MSRDC for obtaining a CRZ Clearance in accordance with CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone)
Notification 2011. This Rapid EIA 2012 has been approved and issued CRZ Clearance in July
2013 by MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forests). The matter subsequently was challenged
in the National green tribunal and the Tribunal has suspended the clearance for 6 months.
MMRDA has approached the MCZMA for fresh clearance and the appraisal has been carried out
by MCZMA with minor changes in the Rapid EIA 2012.
In 2015, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) is supporting of implementation of

feasibility study. MTHL project is classified as Category A which requires full-scale EIA in
accordance with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2010), thus
MMRDA in association with JICA carries out EIA base on approved Rapid EIA 2012 in this
feasibility study.
History regarding environmental and social considerations is shown below;
Table 1.3.1 History of Environment and Social Considerations on MTHL

Year Item Remarks
MTHL alignment was scrutinized and affirmed by an Expert
1984 -
Committee constituted by Prime Minister’s Office.
1999/April and Public Hearing for MTHL was conducted and used as a base for
Based on EIA Notification 1994
December Comprehensive EIA 2005
Comprehensive EIA has approved by MOEF Based on EIA Notification 1994 and CRZ
2005/ March 11 CRZ Clearance was issued Notification 1991
Rapid EIA has been approved by MOEF Based on EIA Notification 2006 and CRZ
2013 July 19 CRZ Clearance was issued (with 5 years validity) Notification 2011
Based on JICA Guidelines for
Preparation of Supplemental EIA based on Rapid EIA 2012
2015 Environmental and Social Considerations
approved by MOEF
(2010)
1.4. Purpose of Study
The purpose of modification Rapid EIA (REIA) study is to adjust with requirements on JICA
Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations 2010, and to ensure that the project
option under consideration is environmentally sustainable and sound. EIA identifies ways and
means for improving the project environmentally friendly by preventing, minimizing, mitigating
or compensating for adverse impact, so as to achieve a sustainable development.
1.5. Project Benefits
MTHL will directly and indirectly lead to the betterment of MMR, both from an economic and
social perspective.
(1) Direct Benefits from MTHL

Savings in travel times for commuters.
Improved comfort and accessibility between the island and the mainland.
Reduced operating costs of vehicles due to lesser congestion.
Accelerated growth of Navi Mumbai.
Smooth traffic flow from Navi Mumbai airport to Mumbai Island.
Decrease generation of greenhouse gases such as CO2
(2) Indirect Benefits from MTHL

Rationalization of real estate prices in Greater Mumbai
Increased demand for land in Navi Mumbai and consequent improvement of land prices.
Accelerated economic development of Navi Mumbai and nearby regions
Greater economic integration of Mumbai island with Navi Mumbai and extended regions of
Pune, Goa, Panvel and Alibaug
Decongestion of Mumbai Island and dispersal of population to Navi Mumbai region and
beyond
Environmental improvement and reduced pollution levels
Improved safety due to reduction in accidents
Improvement in trade and trade competitiveness through faster and improved logistics
Facilitation for Coastal Road.
The proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link will therefore serve not only as an economic
gateway to Navi Mumbai but also a panacea for the problems being faced by Mumbai. The link
would also further strengthen the economic integration of Mumbai Island and Mainland
Mumbai.
Navi Mumbai would therefore emerge as a vibrant satellite city to Mumbai in the same way as
Gurgaon and Noida have emerged as satellites to New Delhi. Both Thane Creek Bridge and
Airoli Bridge are near saturation, thereby necessitating creation of additional links to meet traffic
growth. In this context, the proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link has become a necessity for
the state government.
A number of developmental initiatives have been proposed in the Navi Mumbai region that will
not only give rise to additional traffic movement, but also accentuate the need for greater
economic integration of Mumbai Island with Mainland Mumbai. Some of the key infrastructures
facilities proposed and / or already developed include:
Navi Mumbai Integrated Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

International airport at Navi Mumbai
New container terminals at Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust at Nhava Sheva
Thane Vashi, Thane-Nerul and Nerul-Uran Rail link
CBD – Taloja-Khandeshwar-ring metro
Trans Thane Creek Industrial Area
Navi Mumbai is also well connected through rail and road links with Pune, Nasik and Thane,
indicating the potential for the region to develop into a satellite city.
In this context, the proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL) connecting Sewri to Nhava
Sheva is expected to be a key driver in the development of the city by promoting horizontal
growth as against vertical growth that has been experienced over the past few years. The link
would help reduce the problems of congestion and pollution in Mumbai Island.
1.6. Structure of the Report
The structure of the report is as follows:

Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Project Background
Chapter 2 Project Description
Chapter 3 Current Natural & Social Environment
Conditions Chapter 4 Environmental Legislation in India
Chapter 5 Alternative Analysis
Chapter 6 Result of Baseline Survey & Impact
Analysis Chapter 7 Environmental Management Plan
Chapter 8 Stakeholder Meetings
Chapter 9 Schedule
Appendices
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Project Description
The outline of the Mumbai Trans Harbor Link (MTHL) project is given in Table 2.1.1.
Table 2.1.1 Project Outline

Item Description Remarks
The project was approved by a
Project Name Construction of Mumbai Trans Harbour Link technical committee constituted
by the PMO
Road Type: Sea link under MMRDA (City Road under -
Mumbai City)
Type of construction
Type of Structure : Mainly viaduct road and bridge
Structure
Length: 21.85 km (App.16 km bridge on the sea)
Number of lanes: 6 lanes
Starting point(Western side): Sewri in Mumbai City -
Location
End Point: Chirle area in Raigad District
Road width and Road width (typical cross section) : app. 25m -
Right of Way Secured Right of Way (Navi Mumbai side): app. 120m
The Mumbai Trans Harbor Link (MTHL) project’s recommended alignment is given in Table
2.1.2.
Table 2.1.2 Elements of the Recommended Alignment

Approaches at Sewri :
Approach Ramps to MTHL and connection to Messant Road & local network 0.72 km
Main Structures :
Viaduct across Sewri Intertidal zone 4.650 km
Bridge across Pier Pau Jetty 0.740 km
Viaduct up to Central Channel (Thane Creek) 2.550 km
Bridge across Central Channel (Thane Creek) 0.540 km
Viaduct up to ONG Pipelines 2.650 km
Bridge across ONG Pipelines I 0.270 km
Viaduct between ONG Pipelines 0.650 km
Bridge across ONG Pipelines II 0.430 km
Viaduct up to Panvel Creek 1.600 km
Bridge across Panvel Creek 0.320 km
Viaduct across Nhava Intertidal zone 3.000 km
Road on Embankment up to Interchange at Chirle 3.730 km
Total Length 21.85 km
In this EIA, natural, social and pollution items on construction of “MTHL” project are discussed
and concluded from the view of environmental and social considerations.
2.2. Project Location
The project location Google map is shown in Figure 2.2.1 and the recommended alignment of
MTHL is shown in Figure 2.2.2.
Source: JICA Study
Team Figure 2.2.1 Project Location Map
Figure 2.2.2 Detailed Alignment of MTHL
2.3. Structural Details of the Bridge and Road
The typical structure and cross-section of the bridge and road is shown in Figure 2.3.1 below:
Land section Sea section
Typical Cross Section

（On the Land）
Figure 2.3.1 Typical Structure of the Bridge and Road

Supplemental EIA for the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link
Project
CHAPTER 3 CURRENT NATURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

CONDITIONS
3.1. Topography, Geography and Hydrology
The elevation form the sea level is around 5 m from ST 0km Sewri side in Mumbai to ST
16km at the east side Navi Mumbai, and then the elevation increase up to approximately 40m
gradually at the end point Chirle area. The area is classified in 5 sections based on
topographic feature on site.
Table 3.1.1 Topography Features by Section
Topographic
Section Depth of the Sea Topographic Feature
Classification
Section-1 Land Flat
-
（ST 0 - 0.72km） (Partially Tidal Area)
Section-2 Flat
Tidal area 0.0m～3.0m
（ST 0.72 - 5.60km） (Partially mangrove area)
Section-3 Most deepest area in the sea
Sea area 4.5m～7.0m
（ST 5.60 - 10.75km） (passing some wharfs)
Section-4 Sea area Flat
0.0m～4.0m
（ST 10.75 - 16.75km） (Partially Tidal (Partially mangrove area)
Area)
Section-5 Hill and rock mountainous area
Land -
（ST 16.75 - 21.84km） (basaltic layer)
Section-1 Section-2 Section-3 Section-4 Section-5
37m
30m
22m
15m
8m
-1m 出典：JICA 調
ELV
ST0 2.5km 5km 7.5km 10km 12.5km 15km 17.5km 20km 21.9km

Figure 3.1.1 Topographic and Hydrological Feature
With regard to geographic feature, a sediment clay layer with 3 to 20 m depth on the basalt
layer is located in the sea section in Sewri and the sea section. The basalt layer is exposed in
the Navi Mumbai Section.
9
Source: JICA Study
Team
The management organization for development plan is the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) for Mum
The starting point of the planned alignment is connected point with the Eastern Highway, and then the alignment is pas
Land use at the west bank
Mangrove Forest in Sewri（Low Density）
Industrial area in Chirle
Mangrove Forest （1-3m height）
Source：Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Project Study of Flamingo and Migratory Birds Final Report 2008 December (Salim
Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Figure 3.2.1 Current Land Use in the Project Area (2008)
MTHL Alignment
Source: Land Use Plan (draft: 2014－2034)

Figure 3.2.2 Land Use Plan in the Project Area (Mumbai Area 2014-2034)
MTHL Alignment
Source: Navi Mumbai Land Use Plan (CIDOCO 2008/Website）
Figure 3.2.3 Current Land in the Project Area (Mumbai Area 2008)
3.3. Climate
The project area is categorized as the tropical monsoon climate. Daily average temperature is
from 24 in January to 30 degree in May, dry season. On the other hand, rainy season starts
from June and lasts in October. Average monthly rainfall and temperature is shown in Figure
3.3.1.
Source: India Metrological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences (website)
Figure 3.3.1 Annual Rainfall in Mumbai (2008-2013 average)
3.4. Protected area
(1) National Park

The Sanjay Gandhi National park is located in the northern area, approximately 15km away
from the project area. The location of the national park is shown in Figure 3.4.1.
(2) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

The alignment is passing through a part of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) in total 2.25
km.
The Environmental Clearance for CRZ has been issued with 5 years validity in July 19th
2013 from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The location of the zone is shown
in Figure 3.4.2 and Figure 3.4.3. The matter subsequently was challenged in the National
green tribunal and the Tribunal has suspended the clearance for 6 months. MCZMA has
appraised the matter again and suggested minor changes in the
App. 15km
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
MTHL Alignment

Figure 3.4.1 Location of Sanjay National Park
MTHL Proposed Route
CRZ-I(1.5km) ST0.6-2.1km
CRZ-II(0.15km) ST0.45-0.6km
Source: Rapid EIA (MMRDA 2013)

Figure 3.4.2 Location of CRZ in Mumbai Side (Sewri)
CRZ-II(0.1km)
CRZ-I(0.5km)
MTHL Proposed Route
Source: Rapid EIA (MMRDA 2013)

Figure 3.4.3 Location of CRZ in Navi Mumbai Side
Figure 3.4.3a: CRZ Map prepared by IRS at 1:4000 scale
3.5. Fauna and Flora
The Coastal Regulation Zone is located in Sewri 1.65km and Navi Mumbai side 0.6 km in
total 2.25km. According to the past survey, 17 bird species has been observed in the project
area. Most of observed species are categorized as the Least Concern (LC) class, but 2 species
such as Black Headed Ibis and Lesser Flamingo are categorized as Near Threatened (NT).
Sewri area in Mumbai side is widely known as industrial area, however Lesser Flamingos
and Greater Flamingos have been coming from Europe and/or Eastern African countries in
November since 1994 and staying there until June.
According to the study report conducted by MMRDA in 2008, counted number of the
flamingos is approximately 10,000 to 15,000 a day. These flamingos eat algae and/or
plankton during low tidal.
With regard to mangrove in Sewri and Navi Mumbai side, the dominant specie is Avicennia
marina.
Figure 3.5.1 Vegetation Community at Sewri and Navi Mumbai Site (April 2015)

Figure 3.5.2 Observed Migratory Bird (Lesser Flamingo) in Sewri Mudflat Site
Low Density (Sewri) Medium High Density Low Density Roosting Sites
Density
Source: Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Project Study of Flamingo and Migratory Birds Final Report 2008 December (Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History)
Figure 3.5.3 Surveyed Flamingo’s Distribution (2008)
3.6. Cultural Heritage

In Sewri area, Sewri Fort is located in the northern area app. 180m away from ST 700m.
Other two World Cultural Heritage Sites named Gateway of India and Elephanta Cave is
away from the proposed route app. 9km and 3km respectively. A No Objection Certificate
(NOC) was issued by the Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India regarding
passing through nearest area of the Elephant Island.
Sewri Fort
App 3km
Elephanta Island
App 9km
Indian Gate

Figure 3.6.1 Location of Registered Cultural Heritages
harashtra. The starting point of the Mumbai Harbor Trans Link is in Sewri area Mumbai City, and the route is crossing Mumbai Bay and
ely 7,750 km2 and its total population is app. 5.8 million on the census in 2011. Population increase for 10 years from 2001 to 2011 is 4
Population Population
Area Increase Rate
Name of Area Rate (2011) Density
（km2） (for 10 years)
(Person) (Person/km2)
India 3,287,263 100.00% 1,210,193,422 14.99% 368
Maharashtra State 307,713 9.36% 112,372,972 15.99% 365
Konkan Division 30,746 0.94% 28,739,397 - 935
Mumbai City 603.4 0.02% 3,145,966 4.56% 25,851
Raigad District 7,152 0.22% 2,635,200 19.36% 368
Source: Indian Statistical Census (2011)
MTHL Location
Division Map
(2)
in Table 3.7.2. The GDP in Maharashtra is ranked the top state in India, and the GDP indicates 4,155 billion INR about 1.5 times of Utta
ta in Maharashtra is 114,000 INR and ranked 7th in India as shown in Table 3.7.3. Additionally GDP and GDP per capita in Mumbai, Raig
Table 3.7.2 GDP in India (FY2013-2014)

Unit: 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
Billion INR. 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Maharashtra 4,155 4,868 5,845 6,848 7,540 8,558 10,492 11,754 13,238 14,762
2 Uttar Pradesh 2,608 2,932 3,363 3,830 4,447 5,234 6,003 6,855 7,804 8,627
3 Tamil Nadu 2,190 2,578 3,105 3,508 4,013 4,797 5,849 6,672 7,449 8,542
4 Gujarat 2,034 2,447 2,837 3,293 3,679 4,313 5,215 5,988 6,585 7,656
5 West Bengal 2,087 2,302 2,617 2,995 3,419 3,989 4,610 5,283 6,033 7,066
29 Manipur 51 57 61 68 74 83 91 111 127 143
30 Arunachal Pradesh 35 38 41 48 57 75 90 108 118 135
31 Sikkim 17 20 22 25 32 61 74 89 105 124
32 Mizoram 27 30 33 38 46 53 64 69 84 103
33 Andaman & 18 20 25 30 35 41 43 50 56 62
Nicobar Islands
Table 3.7.3 GDP PER CAPITA in India (FY2013-2014)

Unit: 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
x 1,000 INR 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
1 Goa 77 85 95 109 136 149 168 212 201 224
2 Delhi 64 72 83 95 112 126 145 167 193 220
3 Sikkim 27 30 32 36 47 91 109 130 151 176
4 Chandigarh 74 85 98 103 108 117 127 137 142 157
5 Puducherry 48 67 69 74 79 97 101 103 114 144
6 Haryana 38 42 49 57 67 82 94 106 120 133
7 Maharashtra 36 42 50 58 62 70 85 94 104 114
8 Tamil Nadu 30 35 42 48 54 64 78 89 99 113
9 Andaman & 41 45 54 61 69 79 81 90 98 107
Nicobar Islands
10 Gujarat 32 38 43 50 55 64 77 86 93 107
31 Jharkhand 19 18 20 25 25 28 35 37 40 46
32 Assam 17 18 20 21 24 28 33 36 39 44
33 Manipur 19 20 21 23 24 27 28 34 38 42
Table 3.7.4 GDP PER CAPITA in the Project Area (FY2013-2014)

GDP (billion INR) GDP per capita (1,000 INR)
2012-2013 2013-2014 2012-2013 2013-2014
1 Mumbai 28.8 33.4 166 189
2 Thane 17.8 20.0 156 173
3 Raigad 3.5 3.8 120 132
Source: Maharashtra state plan division (2015)
(3) Industry
The key industries and sectors top three are shown in Table 3.7.5. The major industry in
Maharashtra state is a service industry and it indicates around 63% and has been increasing.
On the other hand, the industrial production is about 26% in 2013-2014, and it has been
decreasing. The agricultural production is stabilized around 11-12 %.
Table 3.7.5 GDP on Major Industry in Maharashtra State
Unit: % 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-
(Billion INR) 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
10.8 10.8 11.5 11.8 10.1 10.4 12.3 11.8 10.9 11.1
Primary Industry
(449) (528) (672) (807) (758) (886) (1,293) (1,387) (1,442) (1,636)
1 Agriculture 8.3 8.2 8.7 9.4 7.9 8.0 10.2 9.6 8.7 8.8
2 Forestry 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0
3 Fishery 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
29.6
Secondary Industry 31.8 32.0 32.4 31.3 29.8 29.7 28.2 27.4 26.0
(1,230) (1,547) (1,869) (2,216) (2,361) (2,551) (3,116) (3,317) (3,622) (3,845)
1 Registered
14.1 16.8 17.7 17.3 16.0 15.1 15.4 14.3 13.5 12.4
manufacturing
2 Construction 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.5 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5
3 Not registered
6.5 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.1 4.8 4.3
manufacturing 59.6
Tertiary industries 57.4 56.5 55.9 58.6 59.8 58.0 60.0 61.7 62.9
(2,475) (2,793) (3,303) (3,826) (4,420) (5,121) (6,082) (7,050) (8,173) (9,282)
1 Real Estate 12.8 12.9 12.7 13.0 14.1 14.9 14.9 15.9 16.7 17.8
2 Trading/Hotel/Rest
16.2 15.6 15.9 15.4 15.0 15.1 14.6 14.6 14.6 13.8
aurant and
3 Insurance
11.4 10.5 10.2 10.2 11.1 10.4 10.4 10.8 10.8 11.0
financial
Figure 3.7.2 GDP by Industry in Maharashtra State
(4) Poverty Line
The criteria for poverty have been revising by the central government non-periodically. Thus
the poverty line and the number under the poverty line are not accurate under the same
criteria. According to poverty line in 2011-2012 based on the criteria determined by the India
Planning Commission in 2014, the poverty line is 1,078 INR in agricultural area Maharashtra
and 1,560 INR in urban area respectively.
Table 3.7.6 Poverty Line in Maharashtra State
Poverty Line Poverty Ratio (%) Number of Poor (million)
(INR/month-capita)
Rural Urban Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Lakdawala Methodology
1973-74 50.47 59.48 57.71 43.87 53.24 21.1 7.7 28.7
1977-78 58.07 73.99 63.97 40.09 55.88 25.0 8.0 33.0
1983-84 88.24 126.47 45.23 40.26 43.44 19.4 9.7 29.1
1987-88 115.61 189.17 40.78 39.78 40.41 18.6 10.9 29.6
1993-94 194.94 328.56 37.93 35.15 36.86 19.3 11.2 30.5
1999-00 318.63 539.71 23.72 26.81 25.02 12.5 10.3 22.8
2004-05 362.25 665.90 29.6 32.2 30.7 17.1 14.6 31.7
Tendulkar Methodology
2004-05 485 632 47.9 25.6 38.1 27.7 11.6 39.3
2009-10 744 961 29.5 18.3 24.5 18.0 9.1 27.1
2011-12 967 1,126 24.2 9.1 17.4 15.1 4.7 19.8
C.Rangarajan Methodology
2011-12 1,078.34 1,560.38 22.5 17.0 20.0 14.0 8.8 22.8
Source: India Planning Commission (2014)
CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN INDIA
The principal Environment Regulatory Agency in our country is the Ministry of Environment
& Forest (MoEF). The environment policies and environment clearance process for various
projects are laid down by MoEF. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) grants No
Objection Certificate (NOC) and consent for establishment and operation of the project.
4.1. EIA Notification 2006

The necessity of environmental impact assessment is stipulated on the Environmental
Protection Law in 1986, and concrete rules are described on the Environmental Impact
Assessment Notification in 2006 (EIA Notification). According to the notification, prescript
projects are required to obtain an Environmental Clearance before implementation of the
actual construction.
Government.
As per the EIA Notification of MoEF issued on 14th September, 2006, a National or State
highway development or expansion projects fall in either Category A or B of the schedule of
the notification. The proposed project does not completely fulfill either of the criterions
described for Category A or B, i.e. the proposed alignment is a sea link which is 22km (less
than 30km) and it is not a national/state highway. Hence, there is no need of obtaining
Environment Clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) for which an
EIA/EMP study is a primary requirement.
Table 4.1.1 Mandatory List for EIA
Category C
Project Activity Other Condition
Category A (Central Government) Category B (State Government)
i) New National Highways; and

i) New State High ways; and
ii) Expansion of National High ways greater

ii) Expansion of National / State Highways General Condition
7f Highway than 30 KM, involving additional right of
greater than 30 km involving additional right of shall apply
way greater than 20m involving land
way greater than 20m involving land
acquisition and passing through more than
acquisition.
one State.
Source: EIA Notification (MOEF 2006)
However, the proposed alignment passes through coastal regulation zone (CRZ) as per the
Coastal Zone Management Plans (hereafter referred to as the CZMPs) of Mumbai and Navi
Mumbai. Though construction of ‘Sea link’ is a permissible activity as per CRZ notification,
approval from Maharashtra Coastal Regulation Zone Management Authority (MCZMA) is
required as per the MoEF Notification of January 2011.
4.2. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ Notification 2011)

According to CRZ notification 2011, following objectives for establishment of regulation are
described;
“Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) and clause (v) of sub-
section (2) of section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the
Central Government, with a view to ensure livelihood security to the fisher communities and
other local communities, living in the coastal areas, to conserve and protect coastal stretches,
its unique environment and its marine area and to promote development through sustainable
manner based on scientific principles taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in
the coastal areas, sea level rise due to global warming, does hereby, declare the coastal
stretches of the country and the water area upto its territorial water limit, excluding the
islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep and the marine areas surrounding these
islands upto its territorial limit, as Coastal Regulation Zone (hereinafter referred to as the
CRZ) and restricts the setting up and expansion of any industry, operations or processes and
manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances as specified in the
Hazardous Substances (Handling, Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2009
in the aforesaid CRZ.”
In the designated CRZ, “allowed” and “Not allowed” activities are categorized and stipulated.
With regard to the Mumbai Harbor Trans Link, it is categorized as “Sealink” and allowed to
construct roads and bridges in CRZ, and an Environmental Clearance for CRZ with 5 years
validity has been obtained by MMRDA from MOEF in July 2013.
Relevant description regarding MHTL project on CRZ notification 2011 is show below.
Table 4.2.1 Relevant Description on CRZ Notification 2011

No. Name of Article Description
The activities such as Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater are declared as
Prohibited prohibited activities within the CRZ except those,-
Clause “3
activities within (a) required for setting up, construction or modernisation or expansion of foreshore facilities like ports, harbours,
(iv) (Page 2).
CRZ jetties, wharves, quays, slipways, bridges, sealink, road on stilts, and such as meant for defence and security
purpose and for other facilities that are essential for activities permissible under the notification;”
For the purpose of conserving and protecting the coastal areas and marine waters, the CRZ area shall be
classified as follows, namely:-
(i) CRZ-I,–
A. The areas that are ecologically sensitive and the geomorphological features which play a role in the
maintaining the integrity of the coast,-
(a) Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1000 sq mts, a buffer of 50meters along the mangroves
shall be provided;
(b) Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity;
(c) Sand Dunes;
(d) Mudflats which are biologically active;
Clause “7 Classification of (e) National parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats and other protected areas under
(Pg 8) the CRZ the provisions of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972), the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of
1980) or Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986); including Biosphere Reserves;
(f) Salt Marshes;
(g) Turtle nesting grounds;
(h) Horse shoe crabs habitats;
(i) Sea grass beds;
(j) Nesting grounds of birds;
(k) Areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites.
B. The area between Low Tide Line and High Tide Line;
(ii) CRZ-II,-
The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline.
(i) The development or construction activities in different categories of CRZ shall be regulated by the
Norms for concerned CZMA in accordance with the following norms, namely:-
regulation of I. CRZ-I,-
Clause “8 activities (i) no new construction shall be permitted in CRZ-I except,-
(Pg 9) permissible (e) Construction of trans harbour sea link and without affecting the tidal flow of water, between LTL and
under this HTL.” “(ii) Areas between LTL and HTL which are not ecologically sensitive, necessary safety measures
will be incorporated while permitting the following, namely:-
notification,-
(g) Construction of trans harbour sea links, roads on stilts or pillars without affecting the tidal flow of water.”
Source: Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (MOEF 2011)
Table 4.2.2 Special Conditions on Environmental Clearance of CRZ for MTHL
No. Conditions
As per the CRZ notification, 2011, at least five times the number of mangroves destroyed/cut during the construction process shall
1 be replanted. Mangrove plantation in an area of 30 ha shall be carried out as committed against loss of 0.1776 ha of
mudflats/mangroves. Permission from the High Court of Bombay shall be obtained with respect to mangrove cutting.
Proponent shall provide lighting in consulting in consulting with the Bombay Natural History Society so as to minimize the likely
2
impacts to the migratory birds
3 All the construction equipment’s shall be provided with exhaust silencers as committed
Noise containment barriers shall be provided on both sides of the bridge in mudflat areas (CRZ-IA) so as to minimize the likely
4
impacts to the migratory birds
5 There shall be no dreading and reclamation for the project
6 Pre-stressed super structure shall be used in the mud flat area for construction as committed
The muck materials shall be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal in the identified locations with the approval of competent
7
authority to ensure that it do not cause any impact to the environment
Proponent informed that there is no fishing activity in the area since it is a navigation channel for the nearby ports. However,
8
navigation channel is provided with 25m for ships and 9.1 m for fishing boats.
9 All the recommendations of the MCZMA shall be strictly compiled with.
10 There shall be no building construction beyond 20,000 sqm.
11 There shall be no water drawal in CRZ area
There shall be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal area. Solid waste Management shall be as per Municipal Solid
12
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
Sewage shall be trated and the Treatment Facility shall be provided in accordance with the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification,
13
2011. The disposal of treated water shall conform to the regulations of State Pollution Control Board.
The project proponent shall set up a separate environmental management cell for effective implementation of the stipulated
14
environmental safeguard under the supervision of a Senior Executive.
The funds earmarked for environment management plan shall be included in the budget and this shall not be diverted for any other
15
purposes.
The CRZ clearance was challenged in the National green tribunal and the Tribunal has suspended the clearance for 6 months.
4.3.
Other relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations
Other relevant environmental laws and regulations are shown in the next table.
Table 4.3.1 Other Relevant Environmental

No. Name
Laws and Regulations Year
1 Environmental（Protection）Act 1986
2 Environment Impact Assessment Notification 2006, 2009, 2012
3 Forest Conservation Act 1927, 1980
4 National Forest Policy 1952, 1988
5 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011
6 Wildlife（Protection）Act 1972
7 Land Acquisition Act 1894, 1989
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
8 Resettlement Act 2013
9 Air（Prevention and Control of Pollution）Act） 1981
10 Hazardous Waste(Management and Handling) Rules） 1989, 2003
11 Municipal Solid Waste （Management and Handling） Rules） 2000
12 Noise Pollution Regulation and Control Rule） 2000
13 Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act） 1974
Table 4.3.2 Other Relevant Environmental Ratification Treaty
No. Name Effected Year
1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1994
2 Kyoto Protocol 2001
3 Convention on Biological Diversity 1993
4 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2003
5 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1988
6 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 2002
7 Basel Convention 1992
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
8 2004
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
9 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2004
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing
10 1996
Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
11 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) 1975
12 The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1975
13 Antarctic Treaty / Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 1961
14 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty （Madrid Protocol） 1998
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan (website)
4.4. Gaps between Rapid EIA 2012 and JICA’s Guideline

The project is categorized as Category A which is required EIA level based on JICA
Guidelines, thus following preliminary comparative analysis has been conducted between
JICA Guidelines and “Rapid EIA in 2012” prepared by MMRDA for obtaining of
Environmental Clearance for CRZ from MOEF.
According to the gap analysis, the identified gaps are “NOT-Implementation” of Social
Impact Survey, Vibration Survey and Holding Public Consultation.
Thus vibration survey and implementation of public consultation has been carried out on this
modified Rapid EIA.
Table 4.4.1 Result of Preliminary Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and Rapid EIA
JICA Guideline Rapid EIA Policy to fill up gaps
(Appendix 2. EIA Reports for Category A Projects) (2012 prepared by MMRDA) Gaps
in this Study
1. When assessment procedures already exist in At first, the project is not required - Not required
host countries, and projects are subject to such to prepare the EIA in accordance (no difference)
procedures, project proponents etc. must with EIA Notification 2006.
officially finish those procedures and obtain the However necessary environmental
clearance for CRZ is obtained
approval of the government of the host country.
from
MOEF by MMRDA in 2013.
2. EIA reports (which may be referred to Current Rapid EIA has been At least English and Supplemental EIA
differently in different systems) must be written prepared in only English. Hindi version shall shall be prepared in
in the official language or in a language widely be prepared English and Marathi
(Syopsis)
used in the country in which the project is to be
implemented. When explaining projects to local
residents, written materials must be provided in
a language and form understandable to them.
3. EIA reports are required to be made available to Rapid EIA in 2012 has not been Rapid EIA shall be Supplemental EIA in
the local residents of the country in which the disclosed disclosed English and Hindi shall
project is to be implemented. The EIA reports be disclosed after
preparation of Final
are required to be available at all times for
modified Rapid EIA.
perusal by project stakeholders such as local
residents and copying must be permitted.
4. In preparing EIA reports, consultations with A public consultation has not been Either local Socialization prior to
stakeholders, such as local residents, must take conducted on the process of Rapid Stakeholder meeting conducting a series of
EIA and public RAP survey and a public
JICA Guideline Rapid EIA Policy to fill up gaps
(Appendix 2. EIA Reports for Category A Projects) (2012 prepared by MMRDA) Gaps
in this Study
place after sufficient information has been consultation has consultation after
disclosed. Records of such consultations must be been conducted preparation of draft
prepared. Supplemental EIA will
be held.
5. Consultations with relevant stakeholders, Any consultation has not been ditto ditto
such as local residents, should take place if conducted on the process of Rapid
necessary throughout the preparation and EIA 2012
implementation stages of a project. Holding
consultations is highly desirable, especially
when the items to be considered in the EIA
are being selected, and when the draft report
is being prepared.
Source: The Survey Team
CHAPTER 5 Alternative Analysis, Screening and Scoping
5.1. Alternative Analysis
5.1.1. Route Analysis
The first recommended draft plan of MTHL dates back to 1970s. Subsequently, committees
were formed in 1972 and 1978 to study the possible alternatives for establishing the
communication links across the Mumbai bay. The committees identified two alternative
routes, a northern route linking Sewri with Nhava and a southern route linking Colaba
(southern tip of Mumbai Island) with Uran, and suggested to carry out necessary engineering
studies for the alternative routes.
A Steering Group was constituted in 1981 and reviewed the previous studies and
recommended that Priority should be given to the construction of a northern route.
(1) Alignment by Peter Frankael and Partners (PFP), 1982
Five alternative alignments between Sewri on Mumbai Island and Nhava on the main land
were identified and studied. All the alignments started from Sewri.
The study recommended the northern most alignment for the communication link Sewri with
Nhava through a low level bridge skirting the harbour to the north.
Total length is 22.61km and it is comprised of the following sections (refer to Figure 3.1.1):
Section 1: Sewri side Approach 0.7 km

Section 2: Embankment over Sewri mudflats 2.32 km
Section 3: Viaduct 13.19 km
Section 4: Embankment on Nhava mudflats 2.20 km
Section 5: Nhava side Approach 4.20 km
The embankment of Section 2 and 4 had a road level of +7.00m above Chart Datum (CD)
considering run-up of wave approximately 1.0m above HHTL of 5.38m. The Central Water
& Power Research Station (CWPRS) study had recommended that the embankment section
shall be provided with an opening to cater for the non-tidal inflow. Accordingly, the
embankment on Sewri side was proposed to terminate at 350m west of the Green Island.
Subsequently the recommended northern alignment was modified by Expert Group by
shifting it to south of the jetty head in order to satisfy Bhabha Atomic Reserch Centre
(BARC) requirements. This shifted alignment was approved by Prime Minister’s Office
(PMO) in 1984.
Source: Peter Frankael and Partners (PFP)
Figure 5.1.1 Alignment Recommended by PFP, 1982
(2) Alignment by Consulting Engineering Services (CES), 1996
CES were appointed to review and update the feasibility study for the recommended northern
alignment in 1996 taking into account the subsequent developments after the 1982 study.
During the study, the Consultants held discussions and had interaction with concerned
departments including Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT), and studied various parameters and
suggested modifications. Among them the largest suggestion from the Consultants is as
follows:
Mudflats and Mangroves
With respect to the alignment traversing the mudflats, both at Sewri and Nhava, it was
recommended the link should be constructed on viaducts instead of embankment in order to
minimize the encroachment and the disturbance to the mudflats and the existing hydrological
conditions.
To this end, the Consultants suggested the following related to the alignment.
Underpass Interchange at Sewri
The Underpass IC at Sewri was proposed in view of complex elevated interchange,
unavailability of road and difficulty in land acquisition from MbPT.
Modification of Nhava Approach
The Consultants identified two alternatives as shown below. The Alternative II, which is the
less costly of the two due to reduced length of the link and acceptable to CIDCO has been
recommended.
Modified Alignment Alternative II
Modified Alignment Alternative I
Source: Alignment by Consulting Engineering Services (CES)

Figure 5.1.2 Alternative Alignments on Nhava Side, 1998
Table 5.1.1 Elements of Alternative Alignments on Nhava Side, 1998
Source: Alignment by Consulting Engineering Services (CES)
(3) Alignment by Consulting Engineering Services (CES), 2004
The alignment proposed by the Consultants under Alternative II with end point on NH4B
(north of Chirle) is finally accepted and proposed to be taken up for construction. This
alignment satisfies various issue solved in previous study.
Sewri IC and Connection with Eastern Freeway
Sewri IC is the starting point of the proposed MTHL link. The MTHL link will have to be
connected to Eastern Freeway and local road network. At that time, the alignment of Eastern
Freeway and improvement of East-West corridor is taken up by MMRDA is under study.
Therefore, only approach ramp is proposed to be constructed.
Viaduct over Sewri Mudflats
PFP had proposed construction of embankment over Sewri mudflats. However, to satisfy the
environmental requirements, it was suggested that the MTHL be provided with elevated
viaducts across the mudflats. The mudflat section is approximately 5km long, and 50m spans
were proposed along this section.
Main bridges in the marine section
The main bridge extends 9.6km long. This consists of three obligatory spans crossing several
jetties, the central channel and Panvel Creek and submarine pipelines.
Nhava Approaches and ending at north of Chirle
The alignment suggested by CES (Alternative II) was inspected with CIDCO officials and
was recommended as a better option.
The advantages of this alignment ending at north of Chirle include: reduced road/rail
crossings, a shorter overall length, and avoidance of crossing about 2.7km of mangroves.
(4) Alignment by ARUP, CES and KPMG, 2012
The start of the alignment has been taken as Sewri IC (3-level IC) where the MTHL connects
to the alignment of Eastern Freeway.
The alignment continues southeast to meet the NH4B by keeping Shivaji Nagar and Selghar
villages to the south, and Kharkopar to the north, before crossing SH-54 and Panvel-Uran
railway line.
The horizontal alignment has been shifted so that it does not cross the Tata Thermal Power
Station land. The latest alignment of MTHL is shown in Figure 5.1.3.
As described above, the road alignment was fixed with extreme care after several studies in a
long term.
Source: Final Feasibility Report (ARUP, CES and KPMG), 2012
Figure 5.1.3 MTHL Alignment on ARUP Report 2012
5.1.2. Control Points
(1) Control Points of Horizontal Alignment
Horizontal alignment is decided in consideration of the following control points.

1) Mumbai side
The Alignment matches the existing road direction
It does not invade Oil Company or Oil Tanks
Connect Eastern Freeway (Viaduct section)
2. Not invade Oil Tanks 2. Not invade a boundary
1. Existing road direction

Figure 5.1.4 Control Points at Mumbai Side
Horizontal alignment at the beginning point is decided by keeping the above control points.
2) Navi Munbai Side

The alignment passes through the edge of the mangrove area.
The alignment passes the area where cutting volume is reduced.
Connect CIDCO Road , NH54 and JNPT Road
CIDCO Road
JNPT Road
NH54
1. Mangrove area
2. Cutting Area

Figure 5.1.5 Control Points at Navi-Mumbai Side
This alignment does not invade some control points. The curve radiuses are more than IRC
standard.
3) On the Sea
Alignment direction of Mumbai and Navi Mumbai side shall be kept.
Not interfere to Tata Thermal Power Station
The separation more than 900m from Elephanta Island shall be secured.
The separation more than 1,600m from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre shall
Not interfere to navigation channel of large vessels
1. Mumbai side Direction
R=1,600m
4 Bhabha Atomic Research
5. Navigation Chann
R=900m
2 Tata Thermal Power Station
3 Elephanta Island 1. Navi-Mumbai side

Figure 5.1.6 Control Points on the Sea
The alignment is composed of three curves to avoid Tata Thermal Power Station and to keep the align
(2) Control Points of Vertical Alignment
The control points of vertical alignment shows in Figure 5.1.7. It was clarified that there is an extra clearance in some
Source: JICA Study

Team
Figure 5.1.7 Control Points of Vertical Alignment
5.1.3. Summary of the Horizontal Alignment
Horizontal alignment of MTHL has been fixed by the following reasons:

(1) Bay Crossing Route
1) Beginning points at Mumbai side

Northern route (connected at Sewri) was recommended in 1981 by a steering group, however,
the details of the study documents was not able to find out. Therefore, review was carried out
in a current viewpoint.
According to the master plan of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region that is the upper plan, the
MTHL on Mumbai side starts from Sewri in a road network in the future. The followings are
the reason:
ere is another plan on southern route linking Colaba (southern tip of Mumbai Island) with Uran in the master plan of the Mumbai Metr
ere is a plan linking western freeway via east-west corridor. There is a widening plan of Vashi Bridge on northern side of Sewri
Source: Comprehensive Transport Study for Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Figure 5.1.8 Future Road Network
In addition, regarding the connection to the northern Sewri, an alignment which satisfy the
followings is impossible since there is not have space to construction new road.
The separation more than 1,600m from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre shall be
secured.
Cutting mountain shall be avoided as much as possible.
Mountain
（ Height 150-200m ）
Residential Area
Tata Power Station Mangrove
Mangrove Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and requir
Sewri

Figure 5.1.9 Land Use Map on Northern Area of the Proposed Alignment
2) Ending points at Nhava (Navi-Mumbai) side
Regarding the alignment of Nhava side, the route comparison has been conducted in 1996 as described before. It is
The connection with CIDCO Road connected to Navi-Mumbai Airport, NH54, and JNPT Road connected to Jawaharla
There is an upper plan of new road connected to Mumbai-Pune Expressway from Chirle (ending point of MTHL).
Alignment of MTHL passes the side of Planned Special Economic Zone.
Alignment of MTHL passes the side of residential area. In other words, the alignment is decided to minimize the rese
Alignment is considered to minimize the volume of cutting soil. Alignment is considered to minimize the impact on m
MHTL
SEZ（Planned）
Residential Area
Shivaji Nagr IC Railway
Mangrove
Residential
Area
Mountain
CIDCO Road
(Planned) （Height
50m）
Chirle IC
NH54 IC
Mountain
（Height Railway Station
70m）
Residential Area

Figure 5.1.10 Control Point of Alignment on Nhava (Navi-Mumbai) Side
3) Control of Alignment on Marine Section
As shown in Figure 5.1.9, alignment of marine section was decided in consideration of the
following control points:
The separation more than 900m from Elephanta Island shall be secured.
The separation more than 1,600m from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre shall be
secured.
Not interfere to navigation channel for large vessels of Jawaharlal Nehru Port
5.1.4. Structure Type
In general, there are 3 typical structures such as 1) viaduct bridges, 2) immersed tunnel and
3) shield tunnel are selected.
With regard to the tunnel, at least 1.5 to 2 times cost of bridge is expected since relevant
utilities and facilities are required. Additionally construction period is longer than bridge, and
maintenance cost is also higher than bridge. Thus bridge type is selected from the view of
construction period and costs mainly.
5.1.5. Alternative Analysis
As explained from article 5.1.1 to 5.1.4, the route and fundamental structure have concluded
and approved by central government from the view of natural & social environment, security
and adjustment with other projects. Thus factor on alternative analysis is limited as follows.
As shown in Table 5.1.2, Span length and location of IC is listed up as factor of alternative
analysis, however, in general, the location of IC is planned at actual connected trunk road,
and hence, there are not any options to shift other area so long as the connected road plan
does not change.
Table 5.1.2 Selected Factors on Alternative Analysis
Factor/ Condition Reason for adoption
It is expected that changing of IC location may give positive impacts from the view
of natural and social consideration. However since the location shall be set up at
Location of Interchange
cross point with connected road, the location of IC cannot be shifted to other
points.
Thus “location of IC” is not appropriate factor on the analysis.
It is expected that changing span length reduce excavated area in mudflat and
Span length (steel girder mangrove cutting area. Adoption of steel girder for superstructure provides long span
bridge) and reduction of number of piers and piles. Thus this factor is selected as an
appropriate factor on the analysis
“Span length” is selected as a factor on the alternative analysis and evaluated from the view
of natural & social environment and economy & cost as shown in Table 5.1.3.
According to the result of analysis, option-2 with 80m span length has advantage slightly on
the all items on natural environment such as negative impacts on mudflat, mangrove,
Flamingo habitat, benthos, CRZ and tidal flow except land acquisition & resettlement.
Although differences of impacts between Option 1 and 2 are not significant from the view of
impacts on natural environment, Option-2 (80m) has extremely disadvantage from the view
of construction cost. Additionally, it is supposed the adverse impacts are minimized by
mitigation measures on management plan. Thus Option-1 (50m) should be selected from
comprehensive point of view.
Table 5.1.3 Alternative Analysis (Span Length)
Factor/ Condition Option-1 Option-2 Differences between options,
(analyzed area) 50m span with PC girder 80m span with steel girder Evaluation and mitigation measure
800m2
1. Area of Cutting mangrove 5 times of cutting mangrove area shall
App. 2,100m2 App. 1,300m2
(ST0.6-0.8km and 16.5-17.9km) be replanted in the designated area by
MoEF
It is supposed Flamingo fly over
2. Impacts on Flamingo Width of flying course under Width of flying course
bridge not under bridge. Thus there
(ST0.6-5.6km) bridge is 50m under bridge is
are
80m
no significant differences.
800m2
3. Impacts on Benthos in Mudflat area Excavated impacts area is Excavated impacts area 5 times of cutting mangrove area shall
(ST0.6-5.6km and 15-17.9km note1) App. 2,100m2 is app. 1,300m2 be replanted and created new habitat
in the designated area by MoEF
Excavated and cutting Excavated and cutting 410m
4. Impact on CRZ
mangrove area is mangrove area is Mitigation measures are committed on
(0.6-2.1km and 16.5-17.1km) note2)
App. 1,100 m2 App. 690 m2 CRZ clearance.
6. Tidal flow note3) Few impacts (note3) Few impacts (note3) Same impacts and negligible
Same impacts and compensation
7. Land acquisition Land acquisition area is same Land acquisition area is
policy under Indian laws and JICA
(ST0-0.6km and 16-22km) as Option-2 same as Option-1
Guidelines
8. Construction Cost(entire of alignment)
(Considered mudflat and mangrove area Approx. 1.640 crore INR Approx. 2,490 crore INR 850 crore INR (= 15 billion yen)
ST0.6-5.6km and 15-17.9km)
Note 1) Mudflat and mangrove area is ST0.6km – 5.6km in Sewri side and 15.0 km – 17.9 km in Shivaji Nagar side
Note 2) CRZ is located in the sea section from ST0.6-2.1km (CRZ-1) and 16.48 – 17.08km (CRZ I and II)
Note 3) Adverse Impacts on tidal flow by construction of MTHL in case of 50-180m span length has been analyzed and concluded as “negligible
level” by The Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS). Thus degree of impacts in both case of 50m and 80m are evaluated as
same level.
5.1.6. Zero Option
In case of “Zero Option” which does not implement the project, following adverse negative
and positive impacts are expected. Some positive impacts are expected, however, since the
expected negative impacts are serious from the view of economic and environment, “With
project case” is desirable comprehensively;
Negative Impacts
The congested situation must be accelerated and prevent from sound urban development.
Furthermore, this “without case” will not give a synergy effect on other development
plan such as a construction of Navi Mumbai Air Port.
The accelerated congestion must make all of vehicles decrease travelling speed, and then
volume of greenhouse gases increase from vehicles.
Positive Impacts
Mangrove and mud flat is conserved
Resettlement and land acquisition is not caused
5.2. Screening
As described in Chapter 4, obtaining of EC for EIA is not required in accordance with EIA
Notification 2006, however EC for CRZ in accordance with CRZ Notification 2011 has been
required, and MMRDA has obtained this EC in 2013 by preparation of Rapid EIA 2012. On
the other hand, JICA HQ has judged that some significant impacts on natural and social
environment are predicted on the MTHL project, thus the project has been classified as
“Category A” which is required to conduct EIA level study.
5.3. Scoping
Scope of the EIA study for the project is discussed in this section. The environmental
scoping is conducted based on an environmental reconnaissance by the JICA Study Team in
April 2015.
The result of scoping is indicated on the Leopold scoping matrix and reason tables. First of
all, impact factors, impacted item and impact degree are shown on the following scoping
matrix based on JICA’s Guidelines.
(1) Scoping Matrix for MTHL
As the result of Scoping Analysis, 13 items such as Air, Water, Waste, Noise & Vibration,
Biology, Hydrology, Topography and Geography, Existing Infrastructures, Misdistribution
of benefit and damage, land scape, infection diseases and accident are selected as item of the
Rating B which has some negative impacts.
Additionally mainly social items such as “involuntary resettlement” are evaluated as “Rating
C” which has unknown impacts.
Table 5.3.1 Draft Scoping Matrix for MTHL
activities by regulations
Land acquisition and Loss of properties and Change of
tunnel,
Appearance/ Occupancy of Roads and related building

campInflux of construction workers, construction of base

of various
Construction of Roads, tollgates, parking lots, Access

drilling,
roads for bridges and other related facilities

Control
plan,filling,
for the construction
land,
structures
etc.
by cutuse
Impacted Item
Alteration to groundLand
including tunnel and embankment

(JICA (Items of the Rapid
Guidelines) EIA 2012)
Air quality/ Siting of

1 Air Pollution borrow and quarry B- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- B- B- D- D-
material areas
Water Quality/
Construction of labor
2 Water pollution camp/ Siting of B- D- B- D- B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
borrow and quarry
material areas
Solid waste
management/
3 Waste Construction of labor B- D- D- B- B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
camp/ Topography,
Soil and Geology
Topography, Soil and
Soil Geology/ Siting of
4 C- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
contamination borrow and quarry
material areas
Noise and
5 Ambient Noise B- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- B- B- D- D-
Vibration
Ground
6 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Subsidence
7 Odor D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Sediment Topography, Soil and
8 C- D- D- D- C- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
quality Geology(No.4)
Reserved Forest and
Natural Environment
9 Protected Area B- D- D- B- B- B- D- D- C- B- B- B- D-
Fauna
Ecology and
Biodiversity/
10 Ecosystem B- D- D- B- B- B- D- D- C- B- B- B- D-
Ecology/Constructio
n of labor camp
11 Hydrology B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D- B- D- B- D-
Topography Topography, Soil and
12 B- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D- B- D- B- D-
and geology Geology
Involuntary
13 B- B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
resettlement
14 The poor C- C- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Indigenous and
15 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
ethnic people
Local economy
such as Quality of
16 C- C- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
employment Life/Fisheries
and livelihood
Land use and
17 utilization of Land use/Fisheries C- C- D- C- D- D- D- D- D- C- D- C- D-
local resources
activities by regulations
Land acquisition and Loss of properties and Change of
tunnel,
Appearance/ Occupancy of Roads and related building

campInflux of construction workers, construction of base


of various
Construction of Roads, tollgates, parking lots, Access

drilling,
roads for bridges and other related facilities

Control
plan,filling,
for the construction
land,
structures
etc.
by cutuse
Impacted Item
Alteration to groundLand
including tunnel and embankment

(JICA (Items of the Rapid
Guidelines) EIA 2012)
18 Waste Usage Water Quality D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-

Existing social Utility services
19 infrastructures and community B- B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
and services severance
Social
institutions
such as
20 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
local
decision
making
institutions
Misdistribution
21 of benefit and Quality of life D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
damage
Local conflict
22 B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
of interests
Cultural Archeological
23 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Heritage /Heritage
Aesthetics and
24 Landscape B- D- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- B- D- B- D-
landscape
25 Gender C- C- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Right of
26 D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D-
Children
Infectious
27 diseases such B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- B D- D- D- D-
as HIV/AIDS
Labor
environment
28 B- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- D-
(including
work safety)
Accident hazards and
29 Accidents B- D- D- D- D- B- D- D- D- B- B- D- D-
safety
Cross
Other
Boundary
30 B- D- D- B- D- B- B- D- D- C- C- D- D-
impacts and
climate change
Note) Rating:
A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected. C: Extent of impact is unknown (serious impacts are not expected, but survey and analysis
shall be done) , D: Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative survey is not necessary. (+: Positive impacts, - : Negative impacts)
Table 5.3.2 Reasons for Draft Scoping on MTHL
Rating
Impacted Item
(Item on the Rapid
Const Const
EIA)
1 Air Pollution Construction phase: Temporary negative impacts are expected on air quality due to
(Air quality/ Siting of B- B- construction machines and equipment.
borrow and quarry material Operation phase: Negative impact is expected due to the increase in traffic number.
areas)
2 Water Pollution Construction phase: Turbid water may be generated by earth works and excavation in
(Water Quality/ Construction the water where bridges are planned. Additionally Organic polluted water may
of labor camp/ Siting of B- D- be discharged from base camp if mitigation not provided.
borrow and quarry material Operation phase: No serious impacts are expected( The service area is not planned on
areas) this project)
3 Waste Construction phase: Construction waste such as waste soil and cutting trees
(Solid waste management/ are expected. Additionally domestic waste and night soil may be generated from
Construction of labor B- D- construction base camp.
camp/ Topography, Soil Operation phase: No serious impacts are expected( The service area is not planned
and on this project)
Geology)
4 Soil Contamination Construction phase: Excavated soil in the mudflat and mining area may contain
(Topography, Soil and polluted soil such as heavy metals.
C- D-
Geology/ Siting of Operation phase: No impacts are expected
borrow
and quarry material areas)
5 Noise and Vibration Construction phase: Noise generation is expected due to works of construction
(Ambient Noise) machines and equipment.
B- B-
Operation phase: Traffic Noise and Vibration is expected because of the increase
in traffic number and travelling speed.
6 Ground subsidence Construction and operation phase: No impacts are expected since activities which
D- D-
cause ground subsidence not expected.
7 Odor Construction and operation phase: No impacts are expected since activities which
D- D-
cause odor are not expected.
8 Sediment quality Construction phase: Excavated soil in the mudflat and may contain polluted soil such
(Topography, Soil and C- D- as heavy metals.
Geology(No.4)) Operation phase: No impacts are expected
9 Protected Area Construction and operation phase: There are not any national parks on the alignment,
Natural Environment
(Reserved Forest and Fauna) however, the alignment is passing through a part of coastal regulation zone (CRZ).
B- B-
Although an environmental clearance (EC) of CRZ has been given from MOEF in
2013, the degree of impact should be confirmed.
10 Ecosystem Construction and Operation phase: Some considerable species are observed in the
(Ecology and Biodiversity/ project area. The degree of impacts will be evaluated based on literature surveys and
B- B-
Ecology/Construction of interview survey with specialists.
labor camp)
Construction and Operation phase: Construction of bridge may change hydrological
11 Hydrology B- B-
situation of the creek and sea.
12 Topography and geology Construction and operation phase: Considerable topography and geological sites
(Topography, Soil and B- B- are not located in the project area, thus no impact is expected. However embankment
Geology) section may have risks of land slide.
13 Involuntary resettlement Pre-Construction phase: Illegal occupants are observed in Sewri area, and number of
Social Environment
B- D- affected persons will be identified on the SIA survey.

14 The Poor Pre-Construction phase: Impacts will be assessed based on the SIA survey.
C- D-
15 Indigenous and ethnic people D- D- Pre-Construction and Operation phase: Few impacts are expected
16 Local economy such as Pre-construction phase: Livelihood of residents and shopkeepers may be affected by
employment and livelihood C- D- land clearance. The degree of impacts will be assessed on the SIA surveys.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected
17 Land use and utilization Pre-construction phase: No agriculture land is observed, but quarry sites are located
of local resources on
(Quality of Life/Fisheries) C- C- Navi Mumbai side. Additionally construction of bridge may affect to fishermen in
the sea. Thus the degree of impacts to fishermen will be assessed by the SIA
surveys.
Operation phase: It is not likely to give adverse impacts since appropriate
land management along the road in Navi Mumbai side is planned by CIDCO.
Rating
Impacted Item
(Item on the Rapid
Const Const
EIA)
w impacts are expected
However construction of bridge may affect to fishermen in the sea. Thus the degree of
impacts to fishermen will be assessed by the SIA surveys.
18 Water Usage Construction phase: Few impacts are expected since major structure is viaduct and
(Water Quality) earthwork is limited in the project area. Furthermore, there are any residential area in
D- D-
the earth work area, thus it is not likely to give any impacts on this item.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected.
19 Existing social infrastructures Pre-Construction and Construction phase:
and services Some temples and public facilities may be affected by land acquisition for the
B- D-
road construction. Thus the degree of impacts will be assessed on the SIA
surveys.
Operation phase: Few impacts are expected because major structure is viaduct.
20 Social institutions such as Construction and operation phase: Impacts are not expected, since local decision
local decision making D- D- making institute will continue after the road construction.
institutions
21 Misdistribution of benefit Construction and operation phase: Misdistribution of benefit and damage caused by
and damage D- D- the road & bridge construction is not expected.
(Quality of life)
22 Local conflict of interests Construction phase: Local inhabitants and local authorities may request to ensure job
B- D- opportunities as construction workers.
23 Cultural Heritage Pre-Construction and Construction Phase: No registered cultural heritage on the
(Archeological /Heritage) D- D- alignment.
24 Landscape Construction and operation phase: Sewri Fort and Elephanta Island (World Cultural
(Aesthetics and landscape) B- B- Heritage) is located near the alignment, thus landscape from each site may change
after construction of bridges and road.
25 Gender Pre-Construction and Construction phase: Male head of the household may seize the
C- D- initiative in India, thus actual situation should be confirmed on SIA survey.
Operation phase: Few impact is expected
26 Right of children D- D- Construction and operation phase: Few impact is expected
27 Infectious diseases such as Construction phase: Infectious diseases such as STD are possible to be spread due to
HIV/AIDS inflow of construction workers. Furthermore, alteration to ground by cut land and filling
B- D-
may provoke to provide habitats of mosquito that possibly transmits dengue fever.
Operation phase: Road operation which causes infectious diseases is not expected.
28 Labor environment Construction phase: Construction work environment needs to be considered in
B- D- accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Operation phase: No impact is expected.
29 Accidents Construction phase: Construction vehicles may use existing local road near residential
(Accident hazards and safety) areas, thus risk of traffic accident may increase.
B- B-
Operation phase: Increased speed may increase gravity of accidents.
30 Cross boundary impacts and Construction phase: Deforestation and operation of construction machines may
climate change increase greenhouse gases such as CO2.
Operation phase: Reduction of distance between Navi Mumbai and Mumbai area
B- C- will cut amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2. Furthermore, replantation 5 times
of cutting tree will be done, thus such replantation will give positive impacts. However
construction of the sealink may generate additional traffic flow from developed area,
thus the impact should be estimated by quantitative forecast.
Note) Rating:
shall be done) , D: Few impacts are expected. Detailed quantitative survey is not necessary.
5.4. Baseline Survey and Analysis Methodology
The expected baseline and survey and analysis methodologies are shown below.
Mainly,
1) Measurement of vibration base on Gap Analysis between Rapid EIA 2012 and JICA
Guidelines,
2) Updating of statistical data and current secondly data and
3) Quantitative forecast on air, noise, vibration and water quality based on the latest traffic
condition will be done based on the Rapid EIA 2012, and then the EIA will be modified
and approved by MMRDA.
Methodologies of baseline survey and analysis are shown in the following Table 5.4.1
Table 5.4.1 Baseline Survey and Analysis Methodology

Rating
Item Pre and
Const.
1 Air pollution -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Air quality/ Siting of -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis
borrow and quarry material B- B- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest Operation Phase:
areas) monitoring data, if any - Quantitative analysis
(Puf model : calm wind model)
2 Water pollution -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Water Quality/ Construction -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis and quantitative
of labor camp/ Siting of B- D- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest analysis based on other cases
borrow and quarry material monitoring data, if any
areas)
3 Waste Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the During Construction Phase:
(Solid waste management/ preparatory survey by JICA Quantitative forecast of cutting trees
Construction of labor B- D- and excavated soil based on
camp/ Topography, Soil construction plan
and
Geology)
4 Soil Contamination -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction Phase:
(Topography, Soil and -Literature Survey： Qualitative forecast based on the
C- D- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest
Geology/ Siting of borrow Rapid EIA 2012
and monitoring data, if any
quarry material areas)
5 Noise and Vibration -Site Survey: During Construction Phase:
(Ambient Noise) Noise : Not conducted Quantitative or qualitative
Vibration: measurement at 2 points for analysis based on other cases.
B- B- 24 hours Operation Phase:
-Literature Survey: - Quantitative analysis
Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest (ASJ CN-Model 2008)
monitoring data
6 Ground Subsidence －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
(Topography, Soil and D- D- due to no impacts) impacts are expected
Geology(No.4))
7 Odor －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
D- D-
due to no impacts) impacts are expected
8 Sediment Quality -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction:
(Topography, Soil and -Literature Survey： Qualitative analysis based on the
C- D- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest
Geology(No.4)) Rapid EIA in 2012
monitoring data, if any
9 Protected Area -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction and
Envir al
(Reserved Forest and Fauna) B- B- -Literature Survey： Operation Phase:

Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest Qualitative analysis based on the
onme
Rating
Item Pre and
Const.
monitoring data, if any Rapid EIA in 2012 and relevant
monitoring data, if any
10 Ecosystem -Site Survey：Not conducted During Construction and
(Ecology and Biodiversity/ -Literature Survey： Operation Phase:
Ecology/Construction of labor Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012 and the latest Qualitative analysis based on the
B- B- monitoring data, if any
camp) Rapid EIA in 2012, interview
Interview survey with specialist and other survey with specialists and relevant
project study cases in Japan is referred. monitoring data, if any
11 Hydrology - Site Survey: Not conducted During construction and
- Literature Survey: Refer to secondary data operation phase:
B- B-
the latest monitoring data and results on Refer to other quantitative analysis
this JICA Survey, if any
12 Topography and geology -Site Survey：Not conducted During construction and
(Topography, Soil and -Literature Survey： operation phase:
Geology) B- B- Refer to Rapid EIA in 2012, the latest Qualittive analysis
monitoring data and topo. & geo. survey
result on this JICA Survey
Involuntary resettlement B- D- Quantitative analysis based on SIA
surveys
The poor C- D- Quantitative analysis based on SIA
surveys
15 Indigenous and ethnic people －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
D- D-
16 Local economy such as Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
employment and livelihood C- D- Quantitative or qualitative
(Quality of Life/Fisheries) analysis based on SIA surveys
17 Land use and utilization Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
of local resources (Land C- C- Quantitative or qualitative
use/Fisheries) analysis based on SIA surveys
18 Water Usage －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
(Water Quality) D- D- due to no impacts) impacts are expected
19 Existing social infrastructures Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:

and services Qualitative analysis based on SIA
B- D-
(Utility services and surveys
community severance)
20 Social institutions such －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
as local decision making D- D- due to no impacts) impacts are expected
institutions
21 Misdistribution of benefit and －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
damage D- D- due to no impacts) impacts are expected
(Quality of life)
22 Local conflict of interests Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
B- D- Qualitative analysis based on SIA
surveys
23 Cultural Heritage －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
D- D-
(Archeological /Heritage) due to no impacts) impacts are expected
24 Landscape -Site Survey: Visual Survey at Sewri During Construction and
(Aesthetics and landscape) and Elphanta Island (April 2015) Operation Phase:
B- B-
Qualitative analysis or preparation of
Photo montage
25 Gender Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
C- D-
Quantitative or qualitative analysis
Rating
Item Pre and
Const.
based on SIA surveys
26 Right of Children －(surveys on this item is not required Not required because few
D- D-
27 Infectious diseases such as Refer to SIA survey During construction phase:
HIV/AIDS B- D- Qualitative analysis based on SIA
surveys
28 Labor environment including Legal framework regarding labor Qualitative and quantitative analysis
work safety environment and safety shall be clarified based on the construction plan
B- D- and the safety shall be secured. Relevant
laws and actual situation shall be
interviewed with relevant organizations.
29 Accident Literature Survey: Statistical data from During Construction and
(Accident hazards and safety) police department, if any Operation Phase:
B- B-
Quantitative analysis based on
statistical data
Other
30 Cross Boundary impacts and Site Survey: Not conducted During Construction and
climate change Literature Survey: Refer to the drawing Operation Phase:
B- C-
and SIA survey results (number of cut Quantitative analysis based on
trees) generation of CO2
Note) Rating:
CHAPTER 6 RESULT OF BASELINE SURVEY AND IMPACT
ANALYSIS
6.1. Pollution
6.1.1. Air Pollution
(1) Result of Baseline Survey
1)
ocations in the influence zone of MTHL alignment as per CPCB guidelines. These locations are shown in Figure 6.1.1. The monitoring wa
e project road & wind direction in accordance with BIS guidelines [IS: 5182 (part-14)-1985].
1
1
6
2
Air, Noise (2011)

Vibration (2015)
Figure 6.1.1 Air and Noise & Vibration Quality Monitoring Locations
2) Monitoring Methodology
Monitoring of ambient air quality was carried out as per CPCB (Central Pollution Control
Board) guidelines. The concentration of ambient air is measured as per the methods given in
MOEF notification at 18/11/2009 in respect of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The
value of most particles is low and below the Indian standard and IFC standard, but the value
of SPM is high and above the standards.
Table 6.1.1 Monitored Ambient Air Quality (Average Values: 2011)
Indian (reference)
Location Standard IFC Standard
Gate Industrial,
Shivaji Elephanta Residential Middle
Chirle Mahul Sewri Way UNIT Sensitiv Guideline
Nagar Island Rural and term
of e Areas value
Parameter India Other objective
Areas
Particulate Matter 266.33 135.58 153.33 393.58 220 601) 601) 701) 201)
(SPM) 92 µg/m3
(exceeding) (exceeding) (exceeding) (exceeding) (exceeding) 1002) 1002) 1502) 502)
Respirable Particulate
79.92 42.83 48.42 141.00 48.5 24 µg/m3
Matter (RSPM)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 53.67 31.33 32.02 66.85 37.1 12.6 µg/m3 501) 201)
1252) 202)
802) 802)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 61.83 39.25 38.18 74.82 53.4 13.8 µg/m 3 401) 301) 401)
802) 802) 2002)
1001) 1001)
Ammonia (NH3) 21.97 10.15 16.70 31.32 26.2 28.5 µg/m3 4002) 4002)
0.51) 0.51)
Lead (Pb) 0.61 0.33 0.47 0.82 BDL BDL µg/m3 1.02) 1.02)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2.04 1.08 1.52 2.54 1.8 2.27 mg/m3 23) 23)
44) 44)
Hydrocarbon (HC) 1086.27 973.92 1090.42 1348.92 861 1083 µg/m3
1003) 1003) 1603) 1003)
Ozone (O3) 16.00 9.77 11.66 19.68 17.8 10.5 µg/m3 1804) 1804)
Benzene (C6H6) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL µg/m3 51) 51)
Benzopyrene (BaP) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL ng/m3 11) 11)
Arsenic (As) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL ng/m3 61) 61)
Nickel (Ni) 2.12 1.32 1.81 3.43 BDL BDL ng/m3 201) 201)
Source: Rapid EIA 2012 MMRDA, Surveyed by CES
Note: SPM: Suspended Particulate Matter RPM: Respirable Particulate Matter, NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen, SO2: Sulphur Dioxide, CO: Carbon
monoxide 1)= Annual, 2)=24hours, 3)= 8hours, 4)=1hour, BDL: Below Detected Level
Table 6.1.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Standards (CPCB)

Time Weighted Industrial, Residential
Pollutant Sensitive Areas
Average Rural and Other Areas
Annual * 50 20
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ( g/m3)
24 hours** 80 80
Annual * 40 30
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) ( g/m3) 24 hours** 80 80
Particulate Matter (Size less than 10 m Annual * 60 60
or PM10) ( g/m3) 24 hours** 100 100
Particulate Matter (Size less than Annual * 40 40
2.5 m or PM2.5) ( g/m3) 24 hours** 60 60
8 hours** 100 100
Ozone (O3) ( g/m3) 1 hour 180 180
Annual * 0.50 0.50
Lead (Pb) ( g/m3) 24 hours** 1.0 1.0
8 hours** 2 2
Carbon Monoxide (CO) (mg/m3)
1 hour** 4 4
Annual * 100 100
Ammonia (NH3) ( g/m3) 24 hours** 400 400
Benzene (C6H6) ( g/m3) Annual * 05 05
Benzopyrene (BaP) (ng/m3) Annual * 01 01
Arsenic (As) (ng/m3) Annual * 06 06
Nickel (Ni) (ng/m3) Annual * 20 20
Note) *Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24
hourly at uniform intervals.
** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a
year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Table 6.1.3 Air Quality Guideline (IFC Standard)

Time Weighted
Pollutant Value
Average
Middle term objective-1 125
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours Middle term objective-2 50
( g/m3) Guideline value 20
10 minutes Guideline value 500
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) annual Guideline value 40
( g/m3) 1 hour Guideline value 200
annual
Particulate Matter (Size Guideline value 20
less than 10 m or PM10) Middle term objective-1 150
( g/m3)
24 hours
Guideline value 50
annual
Particulate Matter (Size Middle term objective-3 15
less than 2.5 m or Guideline value 10
PM2.5) ( g/m3) Middle term objective-1 75
24 hours Middle term objective-3 37.5
Guideline value 25
Ozone (O3) ( g/m3) 8 hours Guideline value 100
Source: Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines/GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES:
ENVIRONMENTAL/ AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
The Ambient Air Quality Standards stipulated by CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board)
are presented in Table 6.1.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Standards (CPCB). At Chirle,
PM concentrations are lower than the CPCB standards while SO2 and NOx concentrations
are lower than the standards stipulated for 24 hours. The CO concentrations are below
standard stipulated for residential areas. Whereas at Shivaji Nagar, the concentrations for all
of the air parameters are lower than the ambient air CPCB standards. At Mahul it can be seen
that except for SPM all other parameters are below the CPCB norms. At Sewri, the ambient
concentrations of SPM, RSPM are above the CPCB standards whereas concentrations of SO2
and NOx are below the CPCB stipulations. Thus it can be seen from the above table that
concentration of all the parameters are within the prescribed standard of MOEF except Sewri
where the concentration of particulate matter is exceeding the standard. This may be due to
the ongoing construction of Eastern Freeway at Sewri.
From the monitoring results of air quality, The background density, which must be the
density of the area or point that do not be affected by any special pollution source, can be
concluded. The monitoring of air quality was carried out at six points, but the results at five
points are very high, and it can be concluded that those points are affected by some specific
pollution sources, and they are not suitable as a background point. Therefore, the density at
the point of Elephanta Island can be used as background density. This background density
will be used later.
Table 6.1.4 Background Air Quality Density of the Project Area
Particulate Sulphur Nitrogen Carbon
Item
Matter (SPM) Dioxide (SO2) Dioxide (NO2) Monoxide (CO)
Background Density
92 12.6 13.8 2.27
µg/m3
Source: Rapid EIA 2012 (baseline data at Elephanta Island)
3) Secondly data
The air quality monitoring is conducting by Maharashtra state Pollution Control Board
(MPCB) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The nearest monitoring locations
and the latest data are monitored data is shown below. All monitored data indicated under
standard level due to monsoon season.
Table 6.1.5 Monitored Ambient Air Quality by MPCB and CPCB (2015)
Navi Mumbai Indian (reference)
Mumbai side Side UNIT Standard IFC Standard
Location
Industrial,
Bandra Sion Airoli Residential
Sensitiv Middle term Guideline
24hrs; 17th 24hrs; 17th 24hrs; 17th Rural and
e Areas objective value
Parameter Aug. 2015 by Aug. 2015 by Aug. 2015 by Other
CPCB MPCB CPCB Areas
Particulate Matter 45.19 50.88
- µg/m3 1002) 1002) 1502) 502)
(SPM) (meet standard) (meet standard)
Respirable Particulate
Matter (RSPM) 135.0 - µg/m3
16.33 20.0 14.37
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) (meet standard) (meet standard) (meet standard)
µg/m3 802) 802) 1252) 202)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 26.62 88.0 - µg/m3 2002)
0.50
Carbon Monoxide (CO) BDL - mg/m3 44) 44)
(meet standard)
Source: Rapid EIA 2012 MMRDA, Survyed by CES
Note: SPM: Suspended Particulate MatterRPM: Respirable Particulate Matter, NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen, SO2: Sulphur Dioxide, CO: Carbon monoxide
1)= Annual, 2)=24hours, 3)= 8hours, 4)=1hour, BDL: Below Detected Level
Airoli
Bandra
Sion
Source: Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board / Central Pollution Control Board
Figure 6.1.2 Air Quality Monitoring Locations by MPCB and CPCB
(2) Potential Impacts
1) During Construction
Temporary negative impacts are expected on air quality due to construction machines and
equipment.
2) After Construction
Negative impact is expected due to the increase in traffic number.
(3) Impact Forecast
Exhaust gases including CO, NO2, SO2 and SPM are discharged from construction machines
and may impact to the near residential area. However this adverse impact is not serious
because of the following reasons.
Operation time is limited
Most of the construction area is on the ocean, far from the residential area
Most of the road is bridge structure, and therefore, earthworks is less than other
structure.
Most of the earthworks is underwater construction
Increase of traffic volume will give a degree of adverse impacts on air quality.
The Puff model, which is widely used in the analysis of air pollution in Japan, is adopted for
quantitative analysis in this case. Three points (sections) are selected for the prediction of air
pollution, the traffic volumes at each section are shown in Table 6.1.6, the location and the
road section of each points are shown in Figure 6.1.3.
Table 6.1.6 Traffic Volume at Forecasted Points at After Construction

Traffic Volume Traffic Volume in 2032
No.1 Sewri (ST500)
89,371
MTHL No.2 Near Elephata (ST8800)
No.3 Shivaji Nagar (ST182000) 26,505
St.1
St.2
St.3

Figure 6.1.3 The prediction points of Air and Noise & Vibration
The Puff-model is used to predict the road-contributed density. Three (3) points at each cross
section are selected as the prediction points at the distance of 0m, 10m and 200m, from road
shoulder.
Table 6.1.7 Result of Quantitative Forecast on Air Quality by Road Traffic

Point ST-1 ST-2 ST-3
Distance from the road 0m 10m 200m 0m 10m 200m 0m 10m 200m
Indicator Forecasted Point
SPM Road surface 0.26 0.23 0.03 0.55 0.40 0.04 0.21 0.16 0.01
( g/m3) Ground 0.26 0.24 0.03 0.22 0.21 0.04 0.16 0.13 0.01
SO2 Road surface 0.29 0.26 0.04 0.87 0.63 0.06 0.32 0.24 0.02
( g/m3) Ground 0.30 0.27 0.04 0.35 0.33 0.06 0.24 0.21 0.02
NO2 Road surface 2.60 2.35 0.35 5.62 4.09 0.37 2.21 1.66 0.14
( g/m3) Ground 2.69 2.43 0.36 2.27 2.13 0.38 1.64 1.40 0.14
CO Road surface 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.20 0.14 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.00
(mg/m3) Ground 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.00
Road surface (viaduct level)
▲ ▲ ▲
0m 100m 200m
Ground surface

Figure 6.1.4 Image of prediction points (Cross Section)
By adding the background density (reference as

Table 6.1.4) to the road-contributed density, the comprehensive density of each station points
is obtained as following. The density at all three points is below Indian standard and IFC
standard.
Table 6.1.8 Result of Comprehensive Quantitative Forecast on Air Quality

Point ST-1 ST-2 ST-3
Standard
Indicator Forecasted Point
SPM Road surface 92.3 92.2 92.0 92.6 92.4 92.0 92.2 92.2 92.0
Ground 92.3 92.2 92.0 92.2 92.2 92.0 92.2 92.1 92.0 1001)
( g/m3)
SO2 Road surface 12.9 12.9 12.6 13.5 13.2 12.7 12.9 12.8 12.6
( g/m3) Ground 12.9 12.9 12.6 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.6 801)
NO2 Road surface 16.4 16.1 14.2 19.4 17.9 14.2 16.0 15.5 13.9
Ground 16.5 16.2 14.2 16.1 15.9 14.2 15.4 15.2 13.9 2002)
( g/m3)
CO Road surface 2.36 2.35 2.28 2.47 2.41 2.28 2.34 2.32 2.27
(mg/m3) Ground 2.36 2.36 2.28 2.35 2.34 2.28 2.32 2.31 2.27 103)
Note: 1)= Indian standard 2)=IFC standard, 3)= Japan Standard Source: JICA Study Team
As a reference, the density of the monitoring points on Rapid EIA 2012 are also calculated, the results are shown below.
Table 6.1.9 Quantitative Forecasted Air Quality Values at Monitored Points
Shivaji Gate Way Elephanta
Location Chirle Nagar Mahul Sewri of India Island
Parameter composition
Observed(2011) 266.33 135.58 153.33 393.58 220 92
Particulate Matter Road-contributed 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04
(SPM, g/m3) Total 266.37 135.59 153.37 393.61 220.04 92.04
Observed(2011) 53.67 31.33 32.02 66.85 37.1 12.6
Sulphur Dioxide Road-contributed 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.06
(SO2, g/m3) Total 53.73 31.35 32.08 66.89 37.16 12.66
Observed(2011) 61.83 39.25 38.18 74.82 53.4 13.8
Nitrogen Dioxide Road-contributed 0.38 0.14 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.38
(NO2, g/m3) Total 62.21 39.39 38.56 75.18 53.78 14.18
Observed(2011) 2.04 1.08 1.52 2.54 1.8 2.27
Carbon Monoxide Road-contributed 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
(CO, mg/m3)) Total 2.05 1.08 1.53 2.55 1.81 2.28
Source: Baseline data is from Rapid EIA 2012, / Forecasted data : JICA Study Team
As shown above, the density at some observed points is higher than Indian standard since the
current density (observed value on the Rapid EIA) is exceeding the standard values.
However, the impact by the MTHL is negligible since the road-contributed density to the
monitoring points is too low to be nearly zero.
(4) Mitigation Measures
Water sprinkling shall be carried out on earth road and construction yard near residential area
Appropriate land use management will be done along the road (commercial and industrial
area)
(5) Evaluation
Exhaust gases and dusts may be produced during construction. However the adverse impact
is not serious because of far distance from residential area, bridge structure, underwater
construction etc., and the impacts can be minimized further by mitigation measures.
Air quality such as PM10, CO, NO2 and SO2 density increases along the road during
operation phase. However the density-increasing area is very limited, and road-contributed
density is very small, and the total density at roadside point is below standard values, thus it
is not likely to give significant impacts on air quality in the future.
6.1.2. Water Pollution
1) Survey Area
The survey area of water quality includes Thane creek, flanked by Sewri mud-flats & Shivaji
Nagar mud-flats on either side. For survey purpose, the area was divided into 3 zones:
Zone II : Sewri mudflat
Zone III : Thane Creek (sea)
Zone IV : Shivaji nagar mudflat
The feature of each zone is summarized in the next table
Table 6.1.10 Summary of Zone Feature
Zone No Zone Feature Chainage Length in km CRZ areas
I Land 0.45 to 1.0 0.5 0.15 km in CRZ-II
II Mudflats and sparse CRZ-I
1.0 to 2.5 1.5
Mangroves
III Sea 2.5 to 16.98 14.48 -
IV Mudflats and sparse 0.10 Km in CRZ II
16.98 to 17.58 0.6
Mangroves & 0.5km in CRZ-I
V Land 17.58 to 22.00 4.42 -
Source: Rapid EIA 2012 (MMRDA)
The survey area and alignment of MTHL are shown in following figures.
ZONE III ZONE V

ZONE I
ZONE II ZONE IV
Figure 6.1.5 Surveyed Section
2) Survey Result
Water quality of Sea water was determined by the physical & chemical attributes, and those
are given in Table 6.1.11. Only Dissolved Oxygen (DO) at Zone III and IV high-tide is
exceeding standard values slightly.
Table 6.1.11 Physical & Chemical Attributes in Aquatic medium
DO BOD
pH Temp Salinity Alkalinity Hardness COD
Sites Tide (mg/L) (mg/L)
[6.5-9] ºC ‰ ppm mg/L mg/L
[3.0] [3 or 5]
1.20
High 7.5 28 32.95 14 46 (exceeding) 0.97 100
Zone II
Low 7.5 24.5 32.95 14 47 1.48 1.32 105
(exceeding)
High 7 23.5 32.95 12 32 3.10 0.42 105

Zone III 2.40
Low 7 28 32.95 14.5 34 (exceeding) 0.42 76
High 7 26 32.95 10 36 3.03 0.83 100

Zone IV 2.05
Low 7 28 32.95 9.5 30 (exceeding) 0.12 85
Note) [*****] standard values for Primary Water Quality Criteria for Class SW-IV Waters (For Harbour
Waters) Source: Rapid EIA 2012 MMRDA, Survyed by CES
Table 6.1.12 Water Quality Standard for Harbour in India

No Parameter Standard Value Unit Remarks
To minimize corrosive and scaling
1 pH 6.5-9.0 -
effect
2 DO (Dissolved Oxygen) 3.0 mg/l
No noticeable colour
3 Colour and Odour
or offensive odour.
Floating Matters
Oil, grease and
4 10 mg/l
scum (including
Petroleum products)
Num/100ml
5 Fecal Coliform 500
(PAN)
BOD (Biochemical To maintain water relatively free from
6 Oxygen Demand : 3 days 5 mg/l pollution caused by sewage and other
at 27°C) decomposable wastes
BOD (Biochemical Restricted for bathing (aesthetic quality
7 Oxygen Demand : 3 days 3 mg/l of water). Also prescribed by IS:2296
at 27°C) 1974.
Source: EPA, 1986 [GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998 / Table 1.4 Primary Water Quality Criteria for Class SW-IV Waters (For Harbour Waters)
Observations:
pH
The pH of the water samples was found to be between 7-7.5. There is no significant
difference in high tide and low tide. Acidity is measured using the pH scale, where items are
given a numerical value between 0 and 14. Historically, ocean pH has averaged around 8.17,
meaning that ocean waters are slightly basic. But with the rising CO2 concentration causing
acidification, today the pH levels are around 8.09, edging the waters closer to neutral.
Temperature
Surface water temperature was found to be between 23 to 28 ºC. But the temperature was
found to low at Zone III during high tide. However, considering the ambient temperature
range for the west coast of India is in normal range. The study revealed the temperature was
in a normal range but it was found that the temperature at low tide was found to be more than
the high tide.
Salinity
The salinity range of the surface waters around India shows great seasonal fluctuations owing
to the influence of the monsoon rains as a result of river discharge. The salinity was found to
be 32.95‰ at all the Zones.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity in itself is not harmful to human being; still the water supplies with less than
100mg/L are desirable for domestic use. The alkalinity ranges from 9.5 to 14 ppm.
Hardness
Hardness was found to be in the range of 30 to 47mg/L
DO
DO values range between 1.2 to 3.1 mg/l. Only Dissolved Oxygen (DO) at Zone III and IV
high-tide is exceeding standard values slightly.
BOD
During the recent study the BOD1 varied from 0.12 mg/L to 1.32 mg/L. The BOD was found
to be lowest at Zone III during low tide. The BOD values were found to be comparable to
that of standard value. High BOD values results from high oxygen demanding substances
disposed to coastal waters. It is suggested that the sewage contamination may be less in these
areas.
COD
The COD was found to be highest at low tide at Zone II and high tide at Zone III with values
105 mg/L; and within acceptable limits of 250 mg/L.
Turbid water may be generated by earth works and excavation in the sea where bridges are
planned to be constructed. Additionally spillage of oil and grease from construction machines
and storage in the construction yard may be caused when maintenance of machines and
storage is not appropriate. Organic polluted water will be generated from labor camp site.
No permanent impact is anticipated on water quality due to no construction of service area.
(3) Impact Forecast
Turbid water may be generated by earth works and excavation.
According to other casesNote 1), the impacted density of suspended solid (SS) in 250m
from excavated point is around 4mg/l and 2mg/l out of 250m without any mitigation
measures respectively.
Thus this turbid water may give impacts on fauna-flora spceies within 250m range from
the excavated point since Japanese standard of Fisheries Water indicates 2 mg/l.
This standar value 2mg/l means additional impacted SS density, not absolute values in
the water body.
Therefore, the impact on water quality during construction may give impact within
250m from the excavated point, however it is insignificant out of 250m. Thus
appropriate mitigation measures for reduction of SS within 250m from excavated area
shall be prepared.
Note1) Environmental impact assessment report of island-city motorway, Fukuoka Prefecture, June 2013.
With regard to impacts by labor campsite, leaking oil and grease from machines and
storage, such adverse impacts will be avoided and/or mitigated by appropriate
management and maintenance.
No adverse impacts are expected due to no-activities which discharges polluted water from
project facilities.
Turbid waste water from earthwork area on the land shall be mitigated and treated in
sedimentation pond, if required.
In the sea section, the bored pilling methodology shall be adopted not to generate
significant turbid water
Waste oil shall be store and dispose to designated site
Domestic waste water and night soil from base camp shall be treated and discharged.

Figure 6.1.6 Bored Piling Methodology for Pollution Control
fter Construction 2)
the mudflat section, storm water should be collected by every pier and discharged on pile caps not to excavate mudflat area by the fa
(5) Evaluation
Turbid water may be generated by the construction activities. However the impacted time
and duration is limited during constriction and the impacted area is limited near bridge pier,
also impacts are minimized by planned mitigation measures, therefore, the degree of impacts
is acceptable level.
Additionally organic polluted water from labor camp site and leaking oil & grease will be
managed by contractor under observation of supervision consultant and the proponent. Thus
these impacts are prevented appropriately.
6.1.3. Waste
In general, domestic waste from household is discharge to designated waste box, and the
township collected all waste from the box and disposes them to designated dumping site,
namely Deonar and Mulund dumping site in Mumbai and Turbhe in Navi Mumbai. Night soil
in the city area is treated in sewerage plant namely Zone1-7 treatment plants in Mumbai and
7 sewerage treatment plants in Navi Mumbai respectively.
With regard to construction waste such as concrete and cutting trees are used for construction
material. Muck soil also shall be tested, treated and disposed at designated site under relevant
laws such as environmental protection law.
Construction waste such as muck soil & cut mangrove trees in the sea section, waste soil in
the land section, temporary structures and cutting trees are expected. Additionally domestic
waste, waste water and night soil may be generated from construction labor camp.
No impacts are expected from project activities due to no facilities which generate liquid and
solid waste such as a service area.
(3) Impact Forecast
Estimated waste volume on each item is shown below.
Table 6.1.13 Estimated Waste in the Project Area

Type of Waste Estimated Volume
1. Muck Soil in the Sea note1) 98,910 m3
2. Waste Soil on the Land note1) 2,374 m3
3. Trees in CRZ note2) 13.9 m3
4. Domestic waste and general waste (mainly from
labor campsite) note3) 756 kg/day
Note1): Sea section: 17.5km/ 0.05km/span x 8piles/span x 20m/depth x pile area (0.75*0.75*PI)
Note2): Mangrove lost area on CRZ clearance 0.1776 ha x 5000 trees/ha x 0.05m*0.05m*PI*2m
Note3): 0.51 kg waste/person in Mumbai * number of labour in the camp site (3,000 x 0.5 workers/
day)
Excavated muck soil from the sea section is estimated around 99,000 m3, and general waste
soil on the land section is 2,400m3 respectively. Additionally cutting mangrove volume is
app. 13.9m3.
Domestic waste and night soil is generated at base camp for workers, estimated volume is
around 760kg/day.
Basically no waste from MTHL project, thus almost no impacts on this item.
Construction waste (trees and waste soil including much soil)
After considering the possibility of reuse, construction waste shall be disposed at
designated disposal site after treating (totally 14 designated direct landfill site in
Mumbai and Navi Mumbai)
Garbage from base camp
Garbage at workers camp and waste oil shall be brought to designated disposal site or
facility
Night soil
Water treatment facility such as septic tank shall be introduced to the workers camp.
(5) Evaluation
All generated construction waste and domestic waste are reused and/or disposed under
adequate mitigation measures, thus it is not likely to give significant impacts on this item.
6.1.4. Soil Contamination and Sediment Quality
According to Rapid EIA 2012, following monitored data is indicated. Only density of Lead is
exceeding standard level.
Table 6.1.14 Soil Quality Survey Results on Rapid EIA 2012
Monitored Item (Standard Values)
Zinc Copper Total Lead Cadmium
Site Iron Cobalt
mg/l µg/l Manganese mg/l mg/l
(no standard) (no standard) µg/l mg/l
mg/l (0.01mg/l) (0.01mg/l)
Zone I (Sewri: Land) 1,800 Absence Absence
Zone II (Sewri: Sea) 0.483 0.00084
- 2,000 (Not exceed) Absence Absence
(Exceeding)
Zone III (Sea) - 0.000053 Absence Absence
Zone IV(Shivaji Nagar) 0.498 0.0006
250 1,500 Absence (Not exceed) Absence Absence
(Exceeding)
Zone V - Absence Absence
Note) this table was made based on the description of Rapid EIA 2012
Table 6.1.15 Environmental Standard for Soil Pollution

Substance Target level of soil quality examined through leaching and content tests
0.01 mg/l in sample solution and less than 0.4mg/kg in rice for agricultural
1. cadmium
land
2. total cyanide not detectable in sample solution
3. organic phosphorus not detectable in sample solution
4. lead 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
5. chromium (VI) 0.05 mg/l or less in sample solution
0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution, and less than 15 mg/kg in soil for
6. arsenic agricultural land (paddy fields only)
7. total mercury 0.0005 mg/l or less in sample solution
8. alkyl mercury not detectable in sample solution
9. PCBs not detectable in sample solution
10. copper less than 125 mg/kg in soil for agricultural land (paddy fields only)
11. dichloromethane 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
12. carbon tetrachloride 0.002 mg/l or less in sample solution
13. 1,2-dichloroethane 0.004 mg/l or less in sample solution
14. 1,1-dichloroethylene 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
15. cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.04 mg/l or less in sample solution
16. 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1 mg/l or less in sample solution
17. 1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.006 mg/l or less in sample solution
18. trichloroethylene 0.03 mg/l or less in sample solution
19. tetrachloroethylene 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
20. 1,3-dichloropropene 0.002 mg/l or less in sample solution
21. thiuram 0.006 mg/l or less in sample solution
22. simazine 0.003 mg/l or less in sample solution
23. thiobencarb 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
24. benzene 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
25. selenium 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
The above standards are not applicable to:
1) Places where natural toxic substances exist such as near mineral veins, and
2) Places designated for storage of toxic materials such as waste disposal sites.
Note) Prescript treatment methodology for polluted soils is not established yet under Indian laws and regulation at the moment. Thus
DUTCH Guidelines for Contamination Assessment of Soil is used in India.
Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests in India
Zinc : Zinc was found to be around 250 mg/l in Zone IV & around 1,800 mg/l in Zone I.
Copper: Zone II and Zone IV showed 2,000 and 1,500 µg/l.
Manganese: The total manganese was found to be absent in Zone IV. Zone III showed
the presence of 0.000053 mg/L of Manganese.
Lead: Zone II and Zone IV showed 0.483 and 0.498 mg/l with exceeding standard value.
Cadmium: Cadmium was found to be around 0.00084 mg/L and 0.00061 mg/L in Zone
II and Zone IV.
Iron: There was complete absence of iron in the sediments.
Cobalt: There was complete absence of iron in the sediments.
Construction waste soil such as muck soil from the piling points in the sea section and
cutting soil from earthwork area is generated. The muck soil may be polluted based on the
baseline survey and may give adverse impacts where dumping site of the waste soil.
No impacts are expected from project activities.
(3) Impact Forecast
Excavated muck soil from the sea section is estimated around 99,000 m3, and general waste
soil on the land section is 2,400m3 respectively.
Table 6.1.16 Estimated Waste in the Project Area

Type of Waste Estimated Volume
1. Muck Soil in the Sea note1) 98,910 m3
2. Waste Soil on the Land note1) 2,374 m3
Note1): Sea section: 17.5km/ 0.05km/span x 8piles/span x 20m/depth x pile area (0.75*0.75*PI)
Polluted excavated soil including muck soil shall be treated, and then reused and/or disposed
at designated site in accordance relevant laws and regulations.
(5) Evaluation
All generated construction waste soil are reused and/or disposed after soil analysis under
relevant laws, thus it is not likely to give significant impacts on this item.
6.1.5. Noise and Vibration
1) Noise
Monitored Ambient Noise
Ambient noise monitoring was carried out as per IS: 3029-1980 to know the existing ambient
noise levels in the study area of MTHL at the same locations as discussed in air quality as
shown in Figure 6.1.1. The analysis of the monitoring is presented in Table 6.1.17.
Permissible standards prescribed by CPCB are presented in Table 6.1.19.
It can be observed that the existing noise levels are exceeding the permissible limit excepting
Mahul near power plant industrial area.
Table 6.1.17 Ambient Noise Level (Monitored in 2011)

Noise Levels in dB(A) Standard
Location Leq Leq Leq:
Date Lmax Lmin L90 L50 L10
(Area Code) (Day) (Night) day/night
76
03/10/11 to 05/10/11 (Exceeding) 61.1 80 50 54 72 78 75/70
75.4
10/10/11 to 12/10/11 (Exceeding) 60.5 80 50 53 72 78 75/70
75.4
20/10/11 to 22/10/11 (Exceeding) 61.6 80 50 53 72 78 75/70
76
29/10/11 to 31/10/11 (Exceeding) 62.6 80 50 54 72 79 75/70
1. Sewri (A) 75.8
1/12/11 to 03/12/11 (Exceeding) 61.8 80 50 53 72 79 75/70
76
07/12/11 to 09/12/11 (Exceeding) 61.9 80 50 52 73 79 75/70
75.8
14/12/11 to 16/12/11 (Exceeding) 61.8 80 50 52 73 79 75/70
76
21/12/11 to 23/12/11 (Exceeding) 61.9 80 50 52 73 79 75/70
62.6 54.6
03/10/11 to 05/10/11 (Exceeding) (Exceeding) 69 44 46 59 65 55/45
62.1 56.2
62.1 56.4
62.3 54.4
2. Shivaji
Nagar (C) 62.2 55.3
62.3 55.6
65.3 59
65.2 60
67 60.4
3. Chirle (C)
10/10/11 to 12/10/11 68 61.3 74 50 53 65 71 55/45
Location Leq Leq Leq:
Date Lmax Lmin L90 L50 L10
(Area Code) (Day) (Night) day/night
(Exceeding) (Exceeding)
68 61.2
67.7 62
68.5 62.2
68.3 62.3
68.7 60.8
68.5 62.5
03/10/11 to 05/10/11 66.6 59.2 72 48 49 63 69 75/70
10/10/11 to 12/10/11 67.2 59.9 74 49 51 64 70 75/70
20/10/11 to 22/10/11 67.3 61 74 49 50 64 70 75/70
4.Mahul (I) 29/10/11 to 31/10/11 67.2 59 74 49 52 64 70 75/70
(near 1/12/11 to 03/12/11 67.1 60.4 73 49 51 64 70 75/70
power 07/12/11 to 09/12/11 67.1 61.5 74 49 52 64 69 75/70
plant) 14/12/11 to 16/12/11 67.4 60.3 74 49 51 64 70 75/70
21/12/11 to 23/12/11 67.7 61.6 74 49 53 64 70 75/70
66.2 60.2
5. Gate Way of 14/12/11 to 16/12/11 (Exceeding) (Exceeding) 73 48 50 63 69 65/55
India (B) 66.3 59.3
68.8 60.4
6.Gavan (C) 68.3 60.4
per the CPCB standards Leq - Equivalent continuous sound pressure level in dB(A)
min - Minimum Instantaneous Noise Level in dB(A)
e total sampling time in dB(A) L50 - Sound pressure level exceeded 50 percent of the total sampling time in dB(A) L90 - Sound pressure level exceeded 90 percent of the total sampling time in dB(A)
PCB, and the nearest monitoring location from project site is Antop Hills residential area. The latest data is shown below. All monitored data is e
Table 6.1.18 Ambient Noise Monitoring Data (December 2014)

Location (Area
Date and Time
Code) Leq Lmax Lmin L90 L50 L10 Leq
th
14 Dec. 2014 67.1
Daytime 82.1 51.0 78.0 69.5 59.6 55
6 AM- 10 PM: (Exceeding)
th
14 Dec. 2014 63.4
Night Time 82.2 51.7 73.2 61.9 54.1 45
Antop Hills 10 PM- 6 AM: (Exceeding)
th
(Residential) 15 Dec. 2014 63.6
Daytime 72.6 59.0 51.3 70.5 64.7 55
6 AM- 10 PM: (Exceeding)
th
15 Dec. 2014 60.1
Night Time 75.4 51.3 71.6 57.6 52.1 45
10 PM- 6 AM (Exceeding)
Source: Report on Ambient Noise Monitoring of Metropolitan Cities in Maharashtra 2014 (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board)
Antop Hill

Figure 6.1.7 Ambient Noise Monitoring Location by MPCB (2014)
Table 6.1.19 Ambient Noise Standards in Respect of Noise (MoEF Standard)

Limits in dB(A) Leq*
Area Code Category of Area/Zone Leq Day time Leq Night time
A Industrial Area 75 70
B Commercial Area 65 55
C Residential Area 55 45
D Silence Zone 50 40
traffic and industrial activities since the noise level is too high over 62dB(A) at all points. Therefore, the average of L90 of 6 monitoring
The average of L90
Background Noise (dB(A)) 52.7

2) Vibration
Monitored
Location
The ground vibration monitoring for ‘Mumbai Trans Harbour Line’ was carried out on 2nd
and 3rd of May 2015. The monitoring included two locations which are considered as
sensitive areas from the project point of view. The surveyed points are shown in Figure 6.1.1.
Observation of the Data
The monitoring was carried out by measuring the vibration velocity, and then the vibration
velocity is converted to vibration level by the conversion formula L=20log(v)+71 (v is the
vibration velocity, L is the vibration level) in order to compare the Japanese standard in
vibration level. All converted vibration level meets traffic vibration standard level.
Measurement Output
Table 6.1.21 Vibration Monitoring Result at Sewri (No.1)

Year/Date/Time Measured values Converted values Standard Value Evaluation
2015 Vibration velocity (mm/s) Vibration level (dB) (Japanese Standard in dB) (Meet or Exceeds standard)
3rd May 7:00 0.080 49.1
8:00 0.080 49.1
9:00 0.079 49.0
10:00 0.077 48.7
11:00 0.080 49.1
12:00 0.0807 49.1
13:00 0.080 49.1 Day Time
14:00 0.076 48.6 Meet Japanese Standard
15:00 0.074 48.4 70
16:00 0.075 48.5
17:00 0.080 49.1
18:00 0.078 48.8
19:00 0.075 48.5
20:00 0.077 48.7
21:00 0.078 48.8
22:00 0.071 48.0
23:00 0.079 49.0
2nd May 24:00 0.0763 48.7
1:00 0.076 48.6 Night Time
3:00 0.080 49.1 65
4:00 0.077 48.7
5:00 0.083 49.4
6:00 0.076 48.6
Year/Date/Time Measured values Converted values Standard Value Evaluation

2015 Vibration velocity (mm/s) Vibration level (dB) (Japanese Standard in dB) (Meet or Exceeds standard)
3rd May 7:00 0.079 49.0
8:00 0.075 48.5
9:00 0.076 48.6
10:00 0.0747 48.5
11:00Source: JICA Study
0.074
Team 48.4
12:00 0.0805 49.1
13:00 0.0773 48.8 Day Time
14:00Table 6.1.22 Vibration
0.0728 Monitoring
48.2 Result at Shivaji Nagar (No.2) Meet Japanese Standard
15:00 0.0782 48.9 70
16:00 0.0744 48.4
17:00 0.0757 48.6
18:00 0.076 48.6
19:00 0.077 48.7
20:00 0.078 48.8
21:00 0.075 48.5
22:00 0.072 48.1
23:00 0.077 48.7
2nd May 24:00 0.079 49.0
1:00 0.0833 49.4 Night Time
3:00 0.078 48.8 65
4:00 0.081 49.2
5:00 0.080 49.1
6:00 0.082 49.3
Table 6.1.23 Traffic Vibration Standard
Day Time 7:00-20:00 Night Time 20:00-7:00
Class
(dB) (dB)
Mainly residential area 65 60
Japanese
Mainly commercial and
Standard 70 65
industrial area
Source: Japanese Standards (vibration regulation)
Noise and vibration generation is expected due to works of construction machines and
equipment.
2) During Operation
Traffic Noise and Vibration is expected because of the increase in traffic number and
travelling speed in the project area.
(3) Impact Forecast
Construction noise and vibration is generated by operation of construction machines and
devices in the project area.
Construction noise and vibration may affect a degree of impacts to residential area in the
daytime mainly. Estimated construction noise is less than 85dB(A) which is Japanese
standard for construction noise on the boundary of construction yard. With regard to
construction vibration, it is estimated less than 75dB which is Japanese standard for
construction vibration on the boundary of construction yard in the daytime.
Many investigation and simulation results on the projects show that the noise level and
vibration level are less than the standards. Therefore, the noise and vibration during the
construction of MTHL can be expected to be less than the Japanese standard.
2) After
Construction a)
Noise
The forecasted points are shown in Figure 6.1.3 and Figure 6.1.4
The ASJ-2008 model is used to predict traffic noise. Three station points are calculated, and
the results are shown below.
Table 6.1.24 Forecasted Traffic Noise at the Station Points (without background level)
Point ST1 Sewri ST2 Elaphanta ST3 Shivaji Nagar
Road surface 63 66 59 66 68 59 61 63 54
day
Ground 54 54 56 53 53 55 52 53 52
Road surface 59 62 55 61 63 55 57 58 49
night
Ground 49 49 51 49 49 51 48 48 48
The total noise of each station points is calculated by compositing the traffic noise and
background noise (52.7dB, reference as in Table 6.1.20 ), the results are shown below. The
forecasted noise level at all three points are below Indian standard and IFC standard.
Table 6.1.25 Forecasted Traffic Noise at the Station Points (with background level)
ST2 Elaphanta ST3 Shivaji Nagar Indian
Point ST1 Sewri
(0-200m: Right (0-50m: Right of way Standard dB(A)
(landuse) (0-200m: Industry)
of 50-200m: Commercial) (Industrial and
way) Commercial)
** IFC Standard
Distance from road 0m 10m 200m 0m 10m 200m 0m 10m 200m
75 (Industrial)
Road surface 64 66 60 66 68 60 62 63 56
*65 (Commeicial)
day
Ground ** IFC: 70 (Industrial and
56 56 57 56 56 57 55 56 *55
(evaluated values) Commercial)
70 (Industrial)
Road surface 60 62 57 62 64 57 58 59 54
*55 (Commercial)
night
Ground ** IFC: 70 (Industrial and
54 54 55 54 54 55 54 54 *54
(evaluated values) Commercial)
Note) * : The actual land use at evaluated point 200m in Shivaji Nagar is commercial area. Other points are in the right of way, thus the standard
for industrial area is adopted
**: IFC Standard for Industrial and Commercial: day 70 dB(A)/ night 70
dB(A) Source: JICA Study Team
As a reference, the noise of the monitoring points in EIA is also calculated by compositing
the traffic noise and observed noise, the results are as following.
Table 6.1.26 Forecasted Traffic Noise at the Station Points (with background level)
Shivaji Gate Way of Gavan
Location Sewri Chirle Mahul
Nagar India (Elephanta)
1. Observed average Day 76 63 68 67 66 69

in 2011 night 62 57 62 61 59 60
2. Forecasted Traffic Day 56 52 56 56 56 56
noise (impacted by
only traffic) night 51 48 51 51 51 51
Total Day 76 64 68 67 67 69
(1+2: composed) night 62 57 62 61 60 61
As shown above, the noise at some observed points is higher than Indian standard since the
current noise (observed value in Rapid EIA) is higher than the standard already. However,
the influence of MTHL is very small since the traffic noise caused by MTHL in monitoring
points is so low that it can be ignored comparing with the current noise.
b) Vibration
The forecasted points are shown in Figure 6.1.3 and Figure 6.1.4. All they are same points as
noise and air forecast points.
Then the vibration formula, which is widely used in the calculation of traffic vibration in
Japan, is used to predict traffic vibration. Three station points are calculated, and the results
are shown below. All forecasted vibration level are lower than the Japanese standard.
Table 6.1.27 Forecasted Traffic Vibration at the Station Points (without background level)
Point ST1 Sewri ST2 Elaphanta ST3 Shivaji Nagar
standard
Vibration Level Day 48 47 45 50 48 45 46 45 42 65
(dB) Night 48 47 45 50 49 45 46 45 42 60
The expected noise and vibration does not give significant impacts, however, construction
noise and vibration levels near residential area should be minimized by following mitigatiom
measures;
Selecting low-noise equipment.
Avoiding works of heavy equipment during night time.
Informing the construction schedule to surrounding communities to obtain their
consensus.
2) During Operation
Forecasted noise and vibration level does not give significant impacts along the road,
however, following mitigation measures are proposed.
Proponent should propose appropriate land use plan such as commercial area along the
road.
Although noise barrier is not necessary since the forecasted level is not exceeding the
noise standard, as a reference, the noise level with noise barrier (height of 1m) is also
calculated. The calculation results show that the noise level at ground height is almost
the same with that of no-noise- barrier, and therefore it can be seen that the effect of
noise barrier is very limited for the ground height. However the project proponent will
monitor the noise level after construction and take necessary mitigation measures when
the noise level exceeds standard level.
Table 6.1.28 Result of Comparison Analysis of the noise level with/without Mitigation Measure
Point ST-1 Sewri ST-2 Elephanta Island ST-3 Shivaji Nagar
Road
1. Traffic 60.0 63.4 57.9 62.4 64.6 56.7 57.9 59.5 51.3
surface
noise
With 1m level Ground 53.5 53.6 54.2 52.7 52.9 53.5 51.6 51.7 49.9
height (daytime)
noise 2. Total Road
surface 60.7 63.8 59.0 62.8 64.9 58.2 59.0 60.3 55.1
barrier composed
noise level
Ground 56.1 56.2 56.5 55.7 55.8 56.1 55.2 55.2 54.5
(daytime)
Total Road
Without 63.6 66.5 60.2 66.0 67.8 60.0 61.8 63.0 56.2
composed surface
noise
noise
barrier Ground 56.1 56.2 57.3 55.9 56.1 57.3 55.4 55.7 55.4
level
(daytime)
Road
surface -2.8 -2.7 -1.2 -3.2 -3.0 -1.8 -2.7 -2.7 -1.2
Effect of noise barrier
(change of noise level)
Ground 0.0 0.0 -0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -1.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.8
(5) Evaluation
In the daytime, it is expected that impacts from construction activities is reduced by
mitigation measures and meet standard values such as 85 dB(A) noise and 75 dB vibration,
thus it is not likely to give serious impacts to surrounding area.
In the night time, the construction activities will give a degree of impacts to the nearest
residential area, however, implementation of mitigation measures minimize the impacts and
the degree of impacts will be acceptable level for inhabitants.
2)
y significant impact on this item. Since the noise-reducing effect of noise barrier is not very high, it is not necessary to build a noise barr
6.2. Natural Environment
6.2.1. Protected Area and Ecosystem
1) Survey Item
The survey items on protected area and ecosystem are shown below;
Sensitivity test
Biodiversity Study
Migratory bird
CRZ Areas of the Alignment
2) Survey Area
The survey area includes Thane creek, flanked by Sewri mud-flats & Shivaji Nagar mud-flats
on either side. For survey purpose, the area was divided into 3 zones as shown in Table
6.1.10 and Figure 6.1.5:
Zone II : Sewri mudflat
Zone III : Thane Creek (sea)
Zone IV : Shivaji Nagar mudflat
1) Survey Methodology
6 sampling sites were considered in the survey area, keeping in view, tidal influences, and a
holistic picture of the wetlands on both sides and the thane creek. These sites were
distributed as two sites each in the mudflat areas, & 2 sites in the Thane creek.
Quantitative Estimation of Flora in Wetland areas :
Flora in the wetland areas mainly included mangrove species. These were quantitatively
estimated using quadrants of 10 x 10 m2 dimensions. The wetland areas were further divided
as per the tidal influence viz. high tide, mid tide & low tide. Thus quadrants were laid
accordingly in each tidal area, and species and count of flora was estimated.

Figure 6.2.1 Survey to estimate Mangrove species & count
Quantitative estimation of fauna in Wetland areas :

Mud-flats are very important as this type of habitat provides home and food for animals like
Crustaceans, Mollusk’s, Insects, Pisces, Reptiles, Avian’s, as well as Mammals. These were
determined similarly, in each tidal zone mentioned above, by laying 1x1 m2 quadrants.

Figure 6.2.2 Burrows present in Mud flat area of Shivaji Nagar
012
hells present in Mud flat area of Shivaji Nagar
Water Samples :
s were collected in the mud flat areas during high and low tides. Similarly surface water samples were collected in the Thane Creek dur
2) Survey Result
A) Sensitivity test
a. Water quality
Water quality of Sea water was determined based on the physical & chemical attributes is as
given in Table 6.1.28:
Table 6.2.1 Physical & Chemical Attributes in Aquatic Medium
Sites Tide pH Temp Salinity Alkalinity Hardness DO BOD COD
ºC ‰ ppm mg/L (mg/L) (mg/L) mg/L
High 7.5 28 32.95 14 46 1.20 0.97 100
Zone II
Low 7.5 24.5 32.95 14 47 1.48 1.32 105
High 7 23.5 32.95 12 32 3.10 0.42 105
Zone III
Low 7 28 32.95 14.5 34 2.40 0.42 76
High 7 26 32.95 10 36 3.03 0.83 100
Zone IV
Low 7 28 32.95 9.5 30 2.05 0.12 85
Observations:
pH
The pH of the water samples was found to be between 7-7.5. There is no significant
difference in high tide and low tide. Acidity is measured using the pH scale, where items are
given a numerical value between 0 and 14. Historically, ocean pH has averaged around 8.17,
meaning that ocean waters are slightly basic. But with the rising CO2 concentration causing
acidification, today the pH levels are around 8.09, edging the waters closer to neutral.
Temperature
Surface water temperature was found to be between 23 to 28 ºC. But the temperature was
found to low at Zone III during high tide. However, considering the ambient temperature
range for the west coast of India is in normal range. The study revealed the temperature was
in a normal range but it was found that the temperature at low tide was found to be more than
the high tide.
Salinity
The salinity range of the surface waters around India shows great seasonal fluctuations owing
to the influence of the monsoon rains as a result of river discharge. The salinity was found to
be 32.95‰ at all the Zones.
Alkalinity
Alkanility in itself is not harmful to human beings, still the water supplies with less than
100mg/L are desirable for domestic use. The alkalinity ranges from 9.5 to 14 ppm.
Hardness
Hardness was found to be in the range of 30 to 47mg/L
DO
DO values ranges between 1.2 to 3.1 mg/L.
BOD
During the recent study the BOD1 varied from 0.12 mg/L to 1.32 mg/L. The BOD was found
to be lowest at Zone III during low tide. The BOD values were found to be comparable to
that of standard value. High BOD values results from high oxygen demanding substances
disposed to coastal waters. It suggests that the sewage contamination may be less in these
areas.
COD
The COD was found to be highest at low tide at Zone II and high tide at Zone III with values
105 mg/L; and within acceptable limits of 250 mg/L.
b. Determination of Nutrients
Nutrients in an aquatic medium encourage/ deplete the growth of biota. Three primary
nutrients of the coastal aquatic medium, namely, nitrate, phosphate and silica, were
determined.
Nitrates, Phosphates, Silicates in aquatic medium is given in below.
Table 6.2.2 Nutrients in Aquatic Medium

Nitrates Phosphates Silicates
Sites Tide µg/l µg/l mg/L
High 2,600 76.06 0.125
Zone II Low 2,750 64.79 0.227
High 1,200 45.07 0.227
Zone III Low 1700 14.08 0.193
High 440 25.35 0.17
Zone IV Low 1700 33.8 0.079
Observations:
Nitrates
Nitrate is considered to be the micronutrient, which controls primary production in the
euphotic surface layer. The lowest nitrate values of 440 μg/L was found at high tide at Zone
IV and the highest values of 2750 µg/L was found at the low tide at Zone II.
Phosphates
Inorganic phosphate is also an important nutrient like nitrogen compound in the primary
production of the sea. The concentration of phosphate especially in the coastal waters is
influenced by the land run off, fertilizers used in nearby areas and domestic sewage. The
lowest value of phosphates was found to be 14.08 µg/l at Zone III and the highest at Zone II
with 76.06 µg/l.
Silicates
Silicon is the most abundant element in the earth after oxygen. Despite its overabundance in
nature, it occurs in meagre quantities in water. The concentration of silica in natural waters is
usually between 1 to 30 mg/L but may reach as high as 100mg/L in hot springs. The silicates
ranged from 0.079 to 0.227 mg/L.
The analysis of the above three nutrients showed that they were within the permissible limits
(10mg/L or less for nitrate) and (0.1 mg/L or less for phosphate).
c. Analysis of Dissolved Trace Metals in Aquatic Medium:
Dissolved trace metals taken up by the coastal halophytic biota are required in minute
quantities for survival, though in high amount it injures their physiology and morphology.
The presence of the following dissolved trace metals were investigated, viz. zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd).
Heavy metal in water samples is given in Table 6.1.28.
Table 6.2.3 Heavy metals concentration in Aquatic Medium
Zinc Copper Magnesium Iron Lead Cobalt Cadmium
Sites Tide mg/l µg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
High 50 37.5 Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.0000027
Zone II Low 12.5 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.000012
High 37.5 25 Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.000017
Zone III Low 62.5 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.000014
High 12.5 50 Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.000013
Zone IV Low 37.5 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.000045
Observations:
Zinc
Zinc is present in the galvanising paints, pigments, insecticides, cosmetics and their
discharge increases their concentration in the waste. The zinc values are ranging from 12
mg/l to 63 mg/l
Copper
Copper in the natural waters also results in higher concentration due to pollution. Samples
from low tides at all the three Zones did not show any presence of copper whereas at high
tide they were in the range of 25 to 50 µg/l.
Cadmium
Cadmium is present in the waste water from electroplating, chemical industries and milling
and mining wastes from lead-zinc mines. It accumulates in various parts of the body. The
concentration of cadmium varied between 0.0000027 to 0.000045 mg/l.
Magnesium, Iron, Lead and Cobalt were found to be absent in the water samples from all the
Zones.
B) Biodiversity Study
a. Biodiversity for Defining of Ecology:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources,
including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are a part. Many variables are united in a common string of biosphere and the
tiers of variability are :
Ecosystem tier
Community tier
Species tier
Genetic tier
Present study deals with studying diversity of flora & fauna at species level through Shannon
Weaner Index, Index of dominance.
Shannon Weaner Index:

The Shannon Weaner Index (H'), is one of several diversity indices used to measure diversity
in categorical data.
H'= - (Ni/N) × ln (Ni/N)
Where;
Ni= Number of individuals in a species
N= Total number of individuals of all the species in the quadrant
Index of dominance:
Index of dominance = (Ni2/N2)
Where;
Ni= Number of individuals in a species
N= Total number of individuals of all the species in the quadrant
Stress Index :
Stress Index (I) = K [(No- Ns)/N(Nt)]
Where;
N= Number of species
K= Dimension of Quadrant
No= Number of opportunistic species
Ns= Number of sensitive species
Nt= Total no. of individual of all species in quadrants
Phytoplankton, their biomass and diversity :

Phytoplankton is a primary source of food in the marine environment. The concentration and
the numerical abundance of the phytoplankton indicate the fertility of a region.
The diversity index (Shanon-Weaver index –H’) which is less than 1, it is indicating poor
species diversity in many of the sites. Many of the phytoplankton does not appear to form
food source for economically important species. Majority of the phytoplankton species
encountered are stress tolerant which grow in polluted creek water. Various phytoplankton
groups were observed and their Shanon Weaver index is shown in Table 6.2.4.
Faunal diversity fluctuates from 5 to 7 genera. The common forms were Skeletonema spp.,
Bidulfia spp., Cosinodiscus spp., Nitzchia spp., Pleurosigma spp., Rhizosolenia spp. which
are stress tolerant and withstand estuarine pollution.
Phytoplankton population analysed at various sites showed that their numerical abundance
varied from 20 x 103 to 93 x 103 nos/L. The biomass varied from 0.055 to 0.705 gm/L in the
region shown in Table 6.2.6. Phytoplankton observed by microscope are indicated in Figure
6.2.5.
Table 6.2.4 Phytoplankton Observed in Aquatic Medium
Cell count No. Of Shanon weaver
Zone Tide (×103/L) genera Major Genera Frequency Dominance index
II High 58 6 Skeletonema 0.9397 0.883 0.05847
Bidulphia
Coscinodiscus
Low 92.5 7 Skeletonema 0.9355 0.8752 0.0623

Coscinodiscus
Pleurosigma
III High 31.6 6 Skeletonema 0.869 0.756 0.122

Coscinodiscus
Rhizosolenia
Low 51.6 5 Skeletonema 0.913 0.8336 0.083

Bidulphia
Coscinodiscus
IV High 20.3 5 Skeletonema 0.689 0.4748 0.256

Bidulphia
Nitzchia
Low 44.8 5 Nitzchia 0.3495 0.349 0.3674

Bidulphia
Skeletonema

Bidulfia spp. Navicula spp. Diatylum spp. Cosinodiscus spp.
Figure 6.2.4 Phytoplankton Species
dance of the zooplankton indicate the fertility of a region. Various zooplankton groups were observed as indicated in Figure 6.2.6, and t
tic Medium
Zone Tide Cell count No. Of Major Genera Freq- Domi-nance Shanon weaver
(×103/L) genera uency index
II High 5.5 5 Tintinnopsis 0.6364 0.405 0.2876
Rhabdonellopsis
Low 2.5 5 Tintinnopsis 0.2667 0.01711 0.3525

fish eggs
III High 4 7 Sagitta 0.3334 0.1112 0.3662

Eutintinnus
Dyphis
Low 6.6 8 Fish eggs 0.2272 0.5165 0.33675

codonellopsis
copepods
IV High 5.66 5 tintinnopsis 0.3235 0.10467 0.3651

eutintinnus
Low 2.5 8 tintinnopsis 0.3334 0.1112 0.3662

barnacal nauplius
Copepod Mysis larva

Figure 6.2.5 Zooplankton Species

Faunal diversity showed 7 types of genera. The common forms were Nauplii spp., Zoea of
crab, Copepods and Tintinids.
The Shanon Weaver Index was found to be less than 1 at all the sites. This shows that the
population density of zooplankton is found to be not good at the time of sampling. Large
population of zooplankton could graze the phytoplankton population to near extinction. This
in turn would cause collapse of zooplankton and the entire food chain until phytoplankton
recovers.
Table 6.2.6 Biomass quantity of Phytoplankton & Zooplankton
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Zone Tide
g/L g/L
High 0.055 0.22
II Low 0.105 0.47
High 0.16 0.85
III Low 0.47 0.325
High 0.165 0.465
IV Low 0.705 0.325
Benthos diversity (quantitative estimation of fauna)

Biological diversity of fauna in the 2 segments is given in Table 6.2.7.
Table 6.2.7 Biodiversity of Fauna
Zone II Zone III Zone IV
Name of the animal species High Tide (HT) Low Tide (LT) HT LT HT LT
Crabs 8 3 156 9
Mud Skippers - - 1 -
Telescopium Telescopiaum - - Water analysis 1 1
Cerithium Morus - 6 Parameters - 562
Nerita Crepidularia 14 11 - -
Polycheat Worms - 36 - -
Slugs 12 15 - -
Total (N) 34 71 158 572
Index Of Frequency (C) 0.4117 0.5071 0.9287 0.9825
Index Of Dominance (D) 0.1715 0.2572 0.9873 0.9657
Shannon Weaner Index (H) 0.365433 0.34445 0.01262 0.01734
Stress Index (I) 0.05 0.093 0.327 0.3269
Biological Diversity of Flora :

Biological diversity of flora in the 2 segments is given in Table 6.2.8.
Table 6.2.8 Biodiversity of Flora No/ quadrant No/ quadrant No/ quadrant
Name of species (zone ii) (zone iii) (zone iv)
Trees (mangroves) Ht Mt Lt Ht Mt Lt
1 Avicennia marina 0 0 3 3 6 4
2 Sonneratia apetala 0 0 1 -- -- --
Study not conducted

Shanon weaner index Shannon-wiener index (log):0.8113 -- -- --
Shannon-wiener index (ln):0.5623 -- -- --
Shannon-wiener index (adjusted)* -- -- --
: 81.13%
Index of dominance 0.9 1
Stress index (i) --
Sapling (mangroves) Ht Mt Lt Ht Mt Lt
1 Avicennia marina 54 52 50 7 0 0
2 Sonneratia apetala 0 0 1 -- -- --
Study not conducted
Shanon weaner index Shannon-wiener index (log):0.05562 -- -- --
Shannon-wiener index (ln):0.03855 -- -- --
Shannon-wiener index (adjusted)*: 5.562% -- -- --
Index of dominance 0.994 1
Stress index (i) 25 48.039
Note) HT: High Tide; MT: Mid Tide; LT: Low Tide
Observations:
Phytoplankton, their biomass and diversity:
Phytoplankton is a primary source of food in the marine environment. The concentration and
the numerical abundance of the phytoplankton indicate the fertility of a region. The diversity
index (Shanon-Weaver index –H’) which is less than 1, indicates poor species diversity in
many of the Zones. Many of the phytoplanktons do not appear to form food source for
economically important species. Majority of the phytoplankton species encountered are stress
tolerant which grow in polluted creek water.
Zooplankton, their biomass and diversity:
The concentration and the numerical abundance of the zooplankton indicate the fertility of a
region. The shanon weaver index was found to be less than 1 at all the Zones. This shows
that the population density of zooplankton is found not to be good at the time of sampling.
Large population of zooplankton could graze the phytoplankton population to near extinction.
This in turn would cause collapse of zooplankton and the entire food chain until
phytoplankton recovers.
b. Analysis of Microbens in Aquatic Medium:

Microbial population
The water samples were collected at all sites using sterile 250 ml sterile polyvinyl bottles and
preserve for analysis. Pour plate method was use to culture the organisms. The agar media
used for analysis were Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24
hrs and total viable count was taken. Organisms were identified and counted on the basis of
their colour characteristics.
Table 6.2.9 Bacterial population in surface waters (number × 103/ml)
Mac Conkey Nutrient Agar
Zone Tide
Agar SPC/ml
SPC/ml
High Nil 80
1 Low Nil Nil
High Nil 0.5
2 Low Nil Nil
High Nil 2.4
3 Low Nil 9
Absence of coliform enteric in Mac Agar Presence of E.coli and other bacteria In NA
Figure 6.2.6 Bacterial Colonies

Observations:
Microbial population:
Bacterial count in the water at all Zones was analyzed. All high tide samples show absence of
enteric coli colonies.
c. List of Avifauna Species :
Avifauna species were spotted during the field survey & sample collection. Head count of the
Avian(Birds) and Lepidopteran (Butterflies) population is given in Table 6.2.10. and Table
6.2.11.
Out of the 17 species of birds spotted in the study area, 1 are migratory while the rest are
known to be residents. Most birds seen were those that fell in the Least Concern category of
the IUCN Red List, except for the black headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) and
Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyx intermedia) which is Near Threatened.
In the 2008 survey, Out of the 78 species of birds spotted in the study area, 15 are migratory
while the rest are known to be resident. Most migratory birds seen were those that fell in the
Least Concern category of the IUCN Red List, except for the Lesser Flamingo
(Phoenicopterus minor) which is Near Threatened (Table 6.2.12).
Table 6.2.10 Avian (Birds) species spotted

Zone II Zone IV
Zone Name IUCN Status Name IUCN Status
Name of 1 Common sandpiper #3 LC 1 Red vented bulbul LC
Specie 2 Western reef egret LC 2 Indian pond heron LC
3 Blue rock pigeon LC 3 Small green bee eater LC
4 Intermediate egret #1 NE 4 Shikra LC
5 White throated kingfisher LC 5 Black kite LC
6 Small blue kingfisher LC 6 Intermediate egret #1 NE
7 Black headed gull #4 LC 7 Red wattled lapwing LC
8 Black headed ibis #2 NT 8 Bush lark sp. LC
9 Little egret LC 9 Black headed ibis #2 NT
10 Common sandpiper #3 LC
11 Little stint LC
12 Black headed gull #4 LC
Sub Total 9 12
Total 17
Note) The survey was conducted under spot survey on the Rapid EIA 2012
Table 6.2.11 Lepidopteron (Butterflies) species spotted

Zone Zone II Zone IV
Name of Plain tiger Yellow orange tip
Species Striped tiger Common jezebel
Common crow Striped tiger
Denied eggfly (female) Small salmon arab
Total 4 4
Table 6.2.12 Comprehensive Recorded Birds Species (2008-2012)

Species Name Recorded in 2008 note3) Rapid EIA 2012 note4) Status
Bird Sewri Type on
No Shivaji Shivaji
English Name Scientific Name Mahul Sewri
Note1)
IUCN
Category Nagar Nhava Nagar Note2)
Creek
1 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos R LC
2 Duck Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica R LC
3 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha R LC
4 Egrets, Great Egret Casmerodius albus R LC
5 Herons & Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia R NE
6 Ibis Little Egret Egretta garzetta R LC
7 Western reef Egret Egretta sacra R LC
8 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea R LC
9 Little Heron Butorides striatus R LC
10 Indian Pond Heron Aedeola grayii R LC
Threskiornis
11 Black headed Ibis R NT
melanocephalus*
12 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala* R NT
13 Greater Spotted eagle Aquila clanga** R VU
14 Pariah (Black) Kite Milvus migrans R LC
15 Brahminy Kite Haliatur Indus R LC
16 Bird of Prey Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus R LC
17 Osprey Pandion haliaetus R LC
18 Shikra Accipiter badius R LC
19 Barn Owl Tyto alba R LC
20 Roller Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R LC
21 Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus R LC
22 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius R LC
23 Black-tailed Godwit Limoaas limosa R NT
24 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata R NT
25 Whimbrel Neumenius phaeopus R LC
26 Common Redshank Trianga erythropus R LC
27 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia R LC
28 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola R LC
29 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres R LC
30 Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos R LC
31 Waders Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus R LC
32 Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R LC
33 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea R LC
34 Little Stint Calidris minuta R LC
35 Black winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R LC
36 Dunlin Calidris alpina M LC
37 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta R LC
38 Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii M LC
39 Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis M LC
40 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus M LC
41 Black Headed Gull Larus ridibundus M LC
42 Gull billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica M LC
43 Gulls & Caspian Tern Sterna caspia M LC
44 Terns Little tern Sterna albifrons M LC
45 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus R LC
46 Heuglin’s Gull Larus heuglini R LC
47 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor* M NT
48 Flamingos Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus rubber M LC
49 Rock Pigeon Columba livia R LC
50 Pigeons, Rose ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R LC
51 Parakeets & Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R LC
52 Coucal Blue Rock Pigeon R LC
53 White throated Kingfisher Halycon smyrnensis R LC
54 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R LC
55 Kingfisher Black capped Kingfisher Halycon pileata R/M LC
56 Small blue Kingfisher R LC
57 Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra R LC
58 Asian Keol Eudynamis scolopacia R LC
59 House Crow Corvus splendens R LC
60 Large-billed (Jungle) crow Coverus macrohynchos R LC
61 Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus M LC
62 White throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis R LC
63 Barn swallow Hirunda rustica M LC
64 Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis R LC
65 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R LC
66 White eared Bulbul Pyycnonotus leucotis R LC
67 Passerines Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis R LC
68 Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum R LC
69 Common tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius R LC
70 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis R LC
71 Purple rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica R LC
72 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola R LC
73 White Wagtail Motacilla alba R LC
74 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava M LC
75 House Sparrow Passer domesticus R LC
76 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R LC
77 Small Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis R LC
78 Rufuous tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus M LC
79 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R LC
80 Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus R LC
81 Bush lark Mirafra erythroptera R LC
Sub Total 70 34 9 12
Total 78 17
Note 1) Type: Resident (R) or Migratory (M)
Note2) IUCN status: Extinct (EX), Threatened (CR, EN, VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Not Evaluated (NE)
Note3) The survey for avifauna was conducted from October 2006 to August 2008 at mainly 2 points Sewri Port and Tata
power station. Note4) The survey for avifauna was conducted in Rapid EIA 2012
Source: Compiled from Study of Flamingos and Migratory Birds 2008 (MMRDA/Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
d. Considerable Bird Species and Expected Impacts:

The Sewari area and the entire Thane Creek is declared as Important Bird Area by Birdlife
International in 2004. The listed up considerable species such as NT and VU on IUCN Redlist
are shown in Table 6.1.13. The 6 species out of 7 species are resident, only Lesser Flamingo is
migratory bird. These 6 species are using the project area as a part of feeding area, not nesting
area due to surrounding vegetation and land use. However only Lesser Flamingo is using the
project area as not only feeding area, but also roosting site near ST5-5.5 km near TATA power
plant. During construction, all of 7 species may avoid feed in the project area certain period of
time due to construction activities, however, Sewri mudflat is located near industrial area with
high noise level and human activities. Hence such considerable birds get back again and start
to feed near project site gradually. However road lighting may give impacts on Flamingo’s
roosting area located near ST5-5.5km, thus mitigation measures for minimizing impacts shall
be considered.
Table 6.2.13 Recorded Considerable Bird Species and Impacts

English Name Category Nesting environment General targets Role of
No. (Scientific Name) Note Note3 for feeding project area Impact forecast
1 Black headed Ibis NT/R A colony in waterside Fish, Insecta etc. Feeding area [During Cost]
(Threskiornis forests This species may avoid project area, but get
melanocephalus) back gradually
[Operation]
Feeding area may change, but basically get back again
in the project area and continue feeding
2 Painted Stork NT/R A colony in waterside Fish, Aquatic Feeding area [During Cost]
(Mycteria leucocephala) forests organism etc. This species may avoid project area, but get
back gradually
[Operation]
3 Greater Spotted eagle VU/R The forest of the Small mammals, Part of the Feeding [During Cost]
(Aquila clanga) waterfront Birds, Fish etc. area This species may avoid project area, but get
(On the trees) back gradually
[Operation]
Part of the Feeding area may change, but basically
get back again in the project area and continue
feeding
4 Black-tailed Godwit NT/R A grass of the banks Crustacea, Bristle Feeding area [During Cost]
(Limoaas limosa) of the wetlands and worm, This species may avoid project area, but get
lakes. Shellfish etc. back gradually
[Operation]
5 Eurasian Curlew NT/R Slightly dry grasslands Crustacea, Feeding area [During Cost]
(Numenius arquata) and wetlands Bristle worm This species may avoid project area, but get
etc. back gradually
[Operation]
6 Lesser Flamingo NT/M Coastal zone of saltwater Algae Feeding area, [During Cost]
(Phoenicopterus lakes and coastal (Bule-greenalgae, Roosting area This species may avoid project area, but get
minor) lagoons. diatoms etc.) back gradually
[Operation]
Flying course may change, but basically get back again
Note1) NT: Near Threatened, VU: V, R: Resident, M: Migratory
Note2) Impacts on each listed considerable species are forecasted based on site survey, literature survey and interviews with Japanese and Indian mudflat and migratory bird
specialists Note3) Any colonies and nesting areas have not been observed on Rapid EIA 2012. Additionally any nesting areas were not observed on 17-18th Sep 2015 in
Sewri and Shivaji
Nagar.
e. Level of Bio-Accumulation as Indicator of Interraction with Ecology:

Conservative pollutants like heavy metals are non-biodegradable in nature and hence get
accumulated within the body tissues of the organisms. Such accumulations are injurious to the
biota, often leading to morbidity as well as mortality. The concentrations of bio-accumulation
were determined by acid digestion method. The residue materials were tested by Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy.
Heavy metals in root, shoot & leaves of Avecinia marina was analysed & results of analysis is
given in Table 6.2.14.
Table 6.2.14 Concentration of Heavy Metals in Halophytic Vegetation

Magnesium Iron Lead Zinc Copper
Sites sample mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l µg/l
Zone II Stem 0.0000065 0.153 0.00746 2050 950
Root 0.0000045 0.128 0.0207 1500 350
Leaves -- -- -- 1400 1200
Zone IV Stem 0.000011 0.184 0.0394 1800 2200
Root 0.000043 0.0651 0.0439 2400 2550
Leaves -- -- -- 1800 1150
Heavy metals muscles of Cupia toli was analysed & results of analysis is given in Table 6.2.15.
Table 6.2.15 Concentration of Heavy Metals in Commercial Fin-fishes
Magnesium Iron Lead Zinc Copper
Sites
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l µg/l
Zone III 0.000037 0.391 0.0302 1200 250
f. Sediment Analysis:
Sediment characteristics:
Table 6.2.16 Physico- Chemical Characteristics
Item % composition of sand
Type of Organic carbon
sediment content (%)
Zone
Granule/very Very fine
coarse Medium sand Fine sand sand Coarse silt
Zone II 31.4 54.4 5.4 2.3 6.5 Sand 3.28
Sand with some
Zone IV 4 42.3 5.6 10.8 37.3 amount of silt 2.83
Heavy Metal:
According to Rapid EIA 2012, following monitored data is indicated. Only density of Lead is
exceeding standard level.
Table 6.2.17 Soil Quality Survey Results on Rapid EIA 2012
Monitored Item (Standard Values)
Zinc Copper Total Lead Cadmium
Site Iron Cobalt
mg/l µg/l Manganese mg/l mg/l
µg/l mg/l
(no standard) (no standard) mg/l (0.01mg/l) (0.01mg/l)
Zone I (Sewri: Land) 1,800 Absence Absence
Zone II (Sewri: Sea) 0.483 0.00084
- 2,000 Absence Absence
(Exceed) (Not exceed)
Zone III (Sea) - 0.000053 Absence Absence
Zone IV(Shivaji Nagar) 0.498 0.0006
250 1,500 Absence Absence Absence
(Exceed) (Not exceed)
Zone V - Absence absence
Note) this table was made based on the description of Rapid EIA 2012
Table 6.2.18 Environmental Standard for Soil Pollution

Substance Target level of soil quality examined through leaching and content tests
0.01 mg/l in sample solution and less than 0.4mg/kg in rice for agricultural
1. cadmium
land
2. total cyanide not detectable in sample solution
3. organic phosphorus not detectable in sample solution
4. lead 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
5. chromium (VI) 0.05 mg/l or less in sample solution
0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution, and less than 15 mg/kg in soil for
6. arsenic
agricultural land (paddy fields only)
7. total mercury 0.0005 mg/l or less in sample solution
8. alkyl mercury not detectable in sample solution
9. PCBs not detectable in sample solution
10. copper less than 125 mg/kg in soil for agricultural land (paddy fields only)
11. dichloromethane 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
12. carbon tetrachloride 0.002 mg/l or less in sample solution
13. 1,2-dichloroethane 0.004 mg/l or less in sample solution
14. 1,1-dichloroethylene 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
15. cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.04 mg/l or less in sample solution
16. 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1 mg/l or less in sample solution
17. 1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.006 mg/l or less in sample solution
18. trichloroethylene 0.03 mg/l or less in sample solution
19. tetrachloroethylene 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
20. 1,3-dichloropropene 0.002 mg/l or less in sample solution
21. thiuram 0.006 mg/l or less in sample solution
22. simazine 0.003 mg/l or less in sample solution
23. thiobencarb 0.02 mg/l or less in sample solution
24. benzene 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
25. selenium 0.01 mg/l or less in sample solution
e above standards are not applicable to:

ces where natural toxic substances exist such as near mineral veins, and
ces designated for storage of toxic materials such as waste disposal sites.
urce: Ministry of Environment and Forests in India
nc : Zinc was found to be around 250 mg/l in Zone IV & around 1800 mg/l in Zone I. Copper: Zone II and Zone IV showed 2000 and 150
anganese: The total manganese was found to be absent in Zone IV. Zone III showed the presence of 0.000053 mg/L of Manganese.
ead: Zone II and Zone IV showedIron: There
0.483 andwas complete
0.498 absence
mg/l. The valuesofatiron in IIthe
Zone sediments.
and IV are exceeding standard value.
admium: Cadmium was found to be around
Cobalt: There0.00084 mg/L and
was complete 0.00061
absence mg/L
of iron in intheZone II and Zone IV.
sediments.
C) Inference
a) Surface water Physical and Chemical Properties.
Physical properties
Temperature
Water temperature was measured at Zone II, III and IV. Temperature was measured at the
top of water column between 11 am and 3 pm. The study revealed the temperature was in a
normal range but it was found that the temperature at low tide was found to be more than the
high tide.
pH
Acidity is measured using the pH scale, where items are given a numerical value between 0
and 14. Historically, ocean pH has averaged around 8.17, meaning that ocean waters are
slightly basic. But with the rising CO2 concentration causing acidification, today the pH
levels are around 8.09, edging the waters closer to neutral. In this study too, the pH was
found to be between 7 – 7.5.
Salinity
The salinity was found to be in around 32.95‰.
DO
The DO values were found to be less in the Zone III as compared to the other two Zones.
BOD
The BOD values were found to be comparable to that of standard value. High BOD values
results from high oxygen demanding substances disposed to coastal waters. It suggests that
the sewage contamination may be less in these areas.
COD
COD values were found to be within the acceptable limits of 250mg/L.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity is important for fish and aquatic life because it protects or buffers against pH
changes (keeps the pH fairly constant) and makes water less vulnerable to acid rain. The
values of alkalinity were found to be almost similar to the earlier report.
Hardness
The hardness of all the three Zones was found to be low as compared to the previous data.
Chemical Properties of water

Nitrate, Phosphate and silicate
The analysis of the above three nutrients showed that they were within the permissible limits
(10mg/L or less for nitrate) and (0.1 mg/L or less for phosphate).
Heavy metals
The amount of zinc present was found to be more than the standard limit of 0.1mg/L. Copper
was found to be absent in low tide readings of all the three Zones. But it was found to be
slightly higher in Zone II and IV and it was more than the standard limit of 0.02mg/L in Zone
IV during high tide. Cadmium was also found to be very less as compared to the standard
limit. Manganese, Iron, Lead and cobalt were absent in all the three Zones.
Heavy metals in sediments
Manganese was found to be absent in sediments from Zone IV and present in meagre
amounts in Zone II. Lead was found to be more than the permissible limits (0.05mg/L).
Cadmium was found to be less than the permissible limits (0.1mg/L). Iron and cobalt are
absent in the sediments. Zinc and copper were found to be higher than their standard
values.
Heavy metals in mangrove vegetation
Stem, root, leaves of Avecinia marina were analysed for the presence of heavy metals.
Zinc and copper were found to be high in all three parts of A. marina in both the Zones.
Manganese, Iron and Lead were absent in the leaves from both the Zones. Iron and lead
were found to be less than the permissible amount as compared to the sediment
concentrations.
Heavy metals in commercial fin fishes
Iron and lead were found to be less than the permissible amount of 20mg/l and 0.05mg/l
respectively. Zinc and copper was found to be higher as seen similar to the sediments.
Sediment analysis and organic carbon content

The organic content of soil greatly influences the plant, animal and microorganism
populations in that soil. Decomposing organic material provides many necessary nutrients
to soil inhabitants. Both, Zone II and IV have poor organic content. The sediment type is
sandy having particle size + 0.2mm.
Analysis of phytoplankton
All these Zones show the presence of stress and pollutant related phytoplanktons. Shanon
weaver index and biomass were found to be less indicating poor diversity in this area. The
population of phytoplanktons was not healthy.
Analysis of zooplankton
The diversity of zooplankton was found to be poor. The biomass and Shanon weaver
index were also less.
Bacterial study
Enteric coliforms were found to be absent in all the three Zones. Nutrient agar showed the
presence of E.coli and some other types of bacteria.
D) Ecological Status Report:

a. Attributes of Zones:
Sewri Mud- flat (Zone II) :
Physiochemical conditions in this zone were found to be in the normal range.
Mangroves showed poor diversity, with presence of only Avicennia species.
Among the phytoplankton species, the Shanon Weaver Index was found to be less
than one. This indicates poor species diversity. Also, species found were stress
tolerant.
The zone showed absence of enteric coliforms. This indicates absence of fecal
contamination.
Thus the zone is found to be especially polluted due to presence of sea vessels, which
could add in Zn & Cu & such other heavy metal contamination.
On the whole, the zone has relatively less organic contamination due to sewage or
such other effluent, but the heavy metal contamination was found in aquatic &
sediment medium, which was further found to be accumulated in mangrove species.
Thane Creek (Zone III) :

Water in this region receives effluent discharges from industries & CETPs in the area.
This may be one of the reasons for high levels of Cu, Zn & Cd in the zone.
Bioaccumulation was also found in fin- fish in the zone.
Specific enteric bacterial population was found to be absent in this zone.
Water in this zone is found to be polluted by heavy metals & the biodiversity is also
low.
Shivaji Nagar Mud- flat (Zone IV) :

Heavy metal concentration in this zone was similar to that observed in Sewri area.
Physiochemical characteristics of water were found to be conducive to the growth of
mangroves.
Mangroves diversity was mainly dominated by presence of Avicennia species, with a
few surviving Sonneratia species.
The area towards the high tide region, near the road, was found to be contaminated
due to anthropogenic activities; also the mangrove density was low at the periphery.
However, the mid tide & low tide regions appeared relatively untouched by
anthropogenic agtivities.
b. Levels of Stress:
Sewri Mud- flat (Zone II):
pH, temperature, Salinity, alkalinity was found to be normal.
Dissolved oxygen was found to be less as compared to the Shivaji Nagar Mudflat
area. However, the BOD & COD was found to be low, implying a lesser organic
load.
Heavy metal contamination was also found to be on the lower side in aquatic medium,
except the presence of Zn, Cu, & Cd. Lead was found in the sediments.
Nitrates concentration was found to be ranging from 2.6 – 2.75 mg/l. Phosphates &
Silicates concentration too was found to be on the lower side.
The mangrove density was found to be low as compared to the Shivaji Nagar mud-
flat.
Thane Creek (Zone III):

Zoo & Phytoplankton species showed diversity on the lower side.
Heavy metal contamination was present.
Shivaji Nagar Mud- flat (Zone IV):

Mangrove density was high in this region. Most of the mangrove species found were
in the sapling stage (stunted growth), with only a few full grown trees.
However, the diversity index was low, with Avicennia species indicating major
dominance.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was found in mangroves.
The area did show presence of phytoplankton & zoo-plankton species of stress
tolerant types.
Table 6.2.19 Comparative Biodiversity
Area/Item ZONE II ZONE III ZONE IV
Only avicennia species Species of avicennia dominated
were observed in the area the macro-flora diversity, with a
There were approximately an few sonneratia species.
Macro flora (qualitative) equal no of tree & seedings of -- Most of the macro- flora found were in
avicennia found. sapling stage, with a few full grown trees
Mangrove density was also found present.
to be low. Mangrove density was found to be high.
Very poor diversity, with index Poor diversity, with diversity index=
Macro flora (quantitative) --
of dominance= 1 0.994 & shanon weaver index=
5.562%
Macro fauna (qualitative) Poor -- Moderate
Zooplankton diversity Poor Moderate Poor
Phytoplankton diversity Very poor Poor Poor
9 species of birds were spotted About 12 bird species were spotted in
in this zone a few of which this area, a few of which included red
Avian diversity --
included black headed ibis, white vented bulbul, common sandpiper, black
throated headed
kingfisher, western reef egret etc. gull etc.
F) Findings of the study

The findings of the above study lead to a number of important conclusions. These are as
follows
1) The two tracts marked as CRZ I, namely the Sewri mud-flat and the Shivaji Nagar mud-
flat, are under ecological stress. Detailed survey of mangrove in Shivaji Nagar site
revealed that mangrove patches are degraded and dominated by Avicennia marina with
stunted growth as low as 0.25 m - 0.75 m in height and low diversity. The major reason
of destruction of mangroves is due to cutting for fuel purposes.
2) For the above reason, the existing eco-system cannot be described as sensitive.
3) The pollution load in the zone inhibits normal development of physiology and morphology.
Hence the growth and reproduction of the different mangrove species get affected. In this
zone, the mangroves growth will be hampered until the circumstances of pollution are
radically amended.
4) The Shivaji Nagar mud-flat, has relatively less stress in terms of pollution. However, the
tidal movement in this segment, which is one of the basic conditions of sustainance of
mangrove ecosystem, has been drastically cut off by the ONGC road which is passing
parallel with the coastaline in Shivaji Nagar. This has not only inhibited the input of
required nutrients to the system on which the mangroves are sustained, but the diversity
of Phytoplankton has also been drastically reduced. This has paved the way of decline of
several feeding filter bivalves.
The major repository of pollution is the waters of the Thane Creek in Segment III. To remove
the circumstances of pollution is in itself a difficult task. With all the will that the managers
of environment can muster, cleaning up will take a long time, because the heavy metals
already deposited in the soil are not going to disappear soon.
G) Migratory Birds
a) Findings on Rapid EIA 2012 (MMRDA)
The mudflats and mangroves constitute the ecological settings of the project area. have
mudflats and mangrove area. The Sewri end of the mudflat experiences migratory birds
during winter season.
The Sewri mudflat area is known to attract lesser flamingoes (Phoeniconaias minor) and a
few number of greater flamingoes (Phoeniconaias rosues) from November to June every
year. About 10,000 to 15,000 flamingoes which are Near Threatened on the IUCN’s Red List
are known to visit this site.
Although important migratory birds have s not been confirmed in the survey of the 2012
survey, these migratory birds have a stay at this habitat for a limited period and leave the area
in the beginning of summer back to their original habitat. They feed themselves on the
minute aquatic creatures in the mudflats and also enjoy the high salinity nature. Monitoring
programme will be taken up during construction phase to monitor the movement of the
migratory birds. Due to slight increase in noise level during construction phase, it is
supposed that the migratory bird colonies/areas will not have permanent shifting. It is
expected that they may slightly shift, if at all, during construction phase, to avoid any
disturbance. It has been observed during the study that during high tide period on the
mudflats these birds shifts themselves to other areas and come back again during low tide.
Even during movements of boats etc they tend to shift for temporary period. There are a few
industries very near to these mudflats, which generate typical noise levels due to industrial
operations. It is expected that construction of this project will not affect the habitation of the
migratory birds permanently.
b) Findings on Study of Flamingos and Migratory Birds 2008 (MMRDA /Salim Ali
Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History studied the FlemingosFlamingos and
other migratory birds in the Sewri - Mahul and Nhava Mudflats and the findings and
recommendations of this study which will help build an appropriate to take necessary
mitigation plan steps for the protection of birds in the area. Following are some of the
observation in the report.
Observation
According to the report, number of recorded species are 70 species in Sewri Section
and 34 species in Shivaji Nagar Section in 2008 as shown in Table 6.2.12
Comprehensive Recorded Birds Species (2008-2012).
The average number of Black headed Ibis, a near threatened category species was
found to be 18 and four juvenile birds were observed in Sewri during February 2008.
The lesser flamingo started arriving in the area during December 2006 in small
numbers, and increased slowly in March 2007 and in large numbers in April
2007reaching the peak in May 2007. They started leaving the area in June with a few
juveniles remaining in June-July 2007.
Source: Study of Flamingos and Migratory Birds 2008 (MMRDA/Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Figure 6.2.7 Abundance of the Lesser Flamingo in the Sewri-Mahul region (during January-July 2007 and 2008)
Source: Study of Flamingos and Migratory Birds 2008 (MMRDA/Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History)
Figure 6.2.8 Details of the areas used by Flamingos in the Sewri-Mahul Section
Disturbance was caused by the ship repair activities at Sewri and tourist going closer
to the flamingos by boat. The local people catching crabs did not cause much
disturbance. Small construction works by Tata Power caused slight disturbance, but
the birds got adjusted and went back to the area after the construction was over. This
shows their adjustable nature with local movements as recorded elsewhere in the
world.
Heavy metal contamination in water, sediment and fish samples from the study
locations showed high levels were of Iiron, Nnickel and Ccopper in the sediment in
Sewri and Cchromium and Ccadmium in Mahul because of effluents from industry,
domestic sewage and ship repair. These would create toxicity to the biota on a long-
term exposure .
Recommendations on the report regarding MTHL

Mangrove restoration programs may be undertaken in suitable areas. These areas also
need to be identified.
Long term monitoring and detailed studies during the construction work of MTHL.
D) CRZ Areas of the Alignment
CRZ Clearance issured on 19th July 2013 and its implications on this project have been
discussed in detail in Chapter 1 of this report.
The CRZ maps of the Mumbai and Navi Mumbai have s been collected and the alignment of
the proposed project has been superimposed on themit. The maps shows the CRZ
categorization of the MTHL alignment as CRZ I and CRZ II. The proposed alignment passes
through different types of environment like CRZ and sea. According to the types of
environment encountered, the proposed alignment segments can be conveniently subdivided
into five zones as follows.
Table 6.2.20 Environmental Protected Zone (Coastal Regulation Zone: CRZ)

Zone No Zone Feature Chainage Length in km CRZ areas
I Land 0.5 to 1.0 0.5 0.15 km in CRZ-II
II Mudflats and sparse Mangroves 1.0 to 2.5 1.5 CRZ-I
III Sea 2.5 to 16.98 14.48 -
0.10 Km in CRZ II &
IV Mudflats and sparse Mangroves 16.98 to 17.58 0.6
0 .5km in CRZ-I
V Land 17.58 to 22.00 4.42 -
The attributes of each segment are described below.

Table 6.2.21 Feature on each Coastal Regulation Zone
Zone No Zone Feature
Zone I starts from east of Sewri rly station in the east-central part of the city of Mumbai near the Sewri railway station on the
I Harbour Line and ends on the edge of the high-water line at the Thane Creek. Here the proposed alignment would pass through
urbanized land of the City of Mumbai. There are many port related infrastructure within this zone. 0.15 km of this zone.
Zone II extends between the high-water and the low-water lines of the Thane Creek hugging to the island of Mumbai. This
zone is known as the Sewri mud-flat, which in places has coastal halophytic vegetation. This mud-flat, subject to the
II
concurrence of the GOI, has been defined by the GOM as CRZ - I. The Survey of India (SOI), in their topographical maps,
prepared some thirty
years ago, have marked the coastal halophytic vegetation found on the Sewri mud-flat as belonging to mangrove type.
Zone III stretches across the Thane Creek between the low-water lines along the island of Mumbai and the mainland of
III Maharashtra. This zone is heavily used to sustain port related activities. The marine environment in this zone provides the
nutrients to the coastal halophytic vegetation on the Sewri and the Shivaji Nagar or Nhava mud-flat.
Zone IV is another mud-flat flanking the mainland, bounded by low-water and high-water lines of the Thane Creek. This is
IV known as the Shivaji Nagar or Nhava mud-flat. This mud-flat, subject to the concurrence of the GOI, has also been classified
as CRZ - I by the GOM. The SOI has also marked the coastal halophytic vegetation of this mud-flat as of mangrove type.
Zone V extends from the high-water line towards higher grounds on the mainland. This has terrestrial environment with farm
V
lands, villages, roads, stone quarries, etc
Source: Compiled based on Rapid EIA 2012
The statement of area for MTHL falling in CRZ is shown in the following table
Table 6.2.22 Area Statement of bridge/Viaduct in CRZ
Cost in
Sr Area of Bridge in Total area of pier
Zone No of Piers Size of Pier Crore INR
No CRZ in Sqm in CRZ in sqm
(x 10 mil)
SEWRI SIDE
1 CRZ I 45,000 62 3mX4m 744 481.5
2 CRZ II 4,500 8 3mX4m 96 48.15
Total 49,500 70 840 529.65
CHIRLE SIDE
1 CRZ I 15,000 22 3mX4m 264 160.5
2 CRZ II 3,000 6 3mX4m 72 32.1
Total 18,000 28 336 192.6
Grand Total 67,500 98 1,176 722.25
(3)
Potential Impacts
1)
During Construction
Fauna
Operation such as construction related vehicle and heavy equipment, also construction activities.
Inflow and installation of base camp construction officials Flora
Cutting mangrove, other trees and vegetation
After Construction
Fauna
Increase in traffic number
The presence of viaduct and related facilities
2)Existence of bridge may give impacts on tidal flow and mudflat Flora
Existence of bridge may give impacts on tidal flow and mudflat
Impact Forecast During Construction
Fauna
The items examined to forecast the impact are as below:
(4)
1)
Loss of mudflat and mangrove and/or their habitats caused due to by excavation for the
piles
Turbid water due to activities in the creek area and inflowing from construction area
may impact on aquatic fauna.
Part of the mudflat ecosystem is likely to be temporarily lost during the construction of
the project which may result in drying of the mudflat around pile area and concurrent
reduction in the food resources of migratory birds.
If the base camp and construction yard are established installed near the feeding grounds
of migratory birds(mainly Flamingo and black headed ibis), migratory birds may avoid
the area and fly away to other mudflat in Mumbai harbour temporarily. However, in
general, such birds may return to their habitat after completion of the work in those
stretches.
Flora
A part of mangrove area will be cut by the construction activiteis, however, the drying
of the mudflat may increase only around piles and provide habitas of the mangrove.
Fauna
Some migratory birds are accidentally killed on the road and bridge due to increase of
traffic volume.
The presence of elevated road, there is a risk of inhibiting the flight path of the
Flamingo.
Impact on the Flamingo roost is concerned by due to the irradiation of lighting of the
road and traffic noise
According to the result of forecast on hydology in article 6.2.2 Hydrology, existence of
piers does not give significant impacts on entire of tidal flow and physical condition of
mudflat, thus it is expected that such insignificant impacts on tidal flow and phisical
condition of mudflat does not give adverse impacts on ecosystem in the mudflat.
Flora
The drying of the mudflat may be caused by existence of bridge piers, however, such
area is limited around the piers and may provide possible environment for mangrove
growth.
The proposed mitigation measures are set up based on CRZ clearance specific condition of
MOEF, Rapid EIA 2012 approved by MMRDA, interview with specialists of mudflat and
migratory birds in India and Japan and other project cases in Japan.
Fauna
Adoption of excavation methodology for the minimal turbid water prevention (i.e. bore
casing and excavation)
(Referred project name: Shikoku Odan Expressway in Japan)
Minimization of affected area on mangrove area and mudflat by adoption of temporary

jetty construction road
(Referred project name: Lake Man of Okinawa in Japan)
Establishment of construction plan in consideration with lifecycle of migratory birds

such as Flamingos, if possible. (i.e. Construction of temporary jetty may be constructed
during rainy season)
(Referred project name: Shikoku Odan Expressway in Japan, Isewangan Expressway in Japan)
Installation of silencer with construction machines and/or low-noise machines near CRZ
and mudflat in accordance with CRZ clearance.
It is recommended that implementation of detailed baseline survey for fauna and

preparation of monitoring plan in the project area before design-build stage
Flora
Implementation of the compensatory mangrove plantation in accordance with CRZ
clearance specific condition on July 2013 (5 times of cutting mangrove: 0.1776 ha x 5 =
0.888 ha)
Implementation of monitoring for migratory birds such as Flamingos in accordance with

CRZ clearance general condition on July 2013.
It is recommended that implementation of detailed baseline survey for flora and
preparation of monitoring plan in the project area before design-build stage
Fauna
Sound barriers shall be installed on both sides of the road in CRZ area and Flaming
distributed area so as to minimize the adverse impacts to the migratory birds in
accordance with CRZ clearance specific conditions.
(Referred project name: Shin Meishin Expressway Asuka IC- Nabeta IC in Japan and Case of rail-kill the Keiyo Line in
Japan)
Adoption of bridge type not to give significant impacts on migratory bird flying course in
mudflat area. Distribution area and flying course for such as Flamingo should be
identified through baseline survey prior to construction stage.
(Referred project name: Shikoku Odan Expressway in Japan)
Pre-stressed super structure shall be used in the mud flat area for construction as
committed on CRZ clearance
Lighting which does not give significant adverse impacts to roosting area of Flamingos
should be installed in accordance with CRZ clearance specific condition.
(Referred project name: Tokyo Bay Aquiline in Tokyo, Shin Meishin Expressway Asuka IC- Nabeta IC in Japan)
Prohibit to use vehicle horn in mudflat section

Implementation of periodical monitoring for migratory birds such as Flamingos in

accordance with CRZ clearance general condition on July 2013
Flora
Implementation of replanting shall be done in accordance with CRZ specific condtion in
Nahava area, however, detailed specific area, methodology and management &
maintenance plan is not established yet at the moment. Thus detailed replanting and
management shall be planed under considering surrounding vegetation and ecosystem
during detailed design stage. (this management plan shall be prepared before
construction stage under discussion with Ministry of Environment and Forests and
Mahashtra State)
Source: Panasonic Eco-solutions (Project name: Shin Meishin Expressway Asuka IC- Nabeta IC in Japan)
Figure 6.2.9 Noise Barrier with Lighting System in the handrail/noise barrier/view barrier
(6) Evaluation
The existing information on the project area suggests that the project area does not have rich
environment, mangrove vegetation and a plenty of migratory birds mainly Flamingos are
feeding on the mudflat between from November to June. Construction activities of MTHL
may cause noise during construction stage, thus some group of migratory birds may avoid the
adjacent area and flyaway to other area in Mumbai basin temporarily. However since several
mitigation measures will be conducted, the migratory birds may again get back to same
habitat gradually. Additionally turbidity from excavated area in the sea and cutting mangrove
area will be minimized by appropriate mitigation measures such as adoption of bored piling
methodology and installation of temporary jetty in the mudflat.
On the other hand, during operation phase, travelling vehicles generate noise and existence of
viaduct may give adverse impacts for migratory birds. For minimization of these impacts, not
only CRZ specific conditions, but also additional measures such as consideration of lighting
system not to give impacts on Flamingo’s roosting area are planned.
When unexpected events and phenomena has been confirmed after construction and during
construction, appropriate to take action in consultation with relevant organizations such as
MMRDA with general consultant and contractor, environmental department of Maharshtra
and MoEF.
Thus, it is not likely to give serious impacts on project area including mudflat ecosystem
under implementation of appropriate mitigation measures.
6.2.2. Hydrology
(1) Current Condition
Mumbai lies on the western coast of Arabian Sea, and is classified a “Tropical wet and dry or
savanna climate” (by Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw). The climate of Aw have a
pronounced dry season, with the driest month having rainfall less than 60 mm and less than
1/25 of the total annual rainfall. The summer and the winter climate are controlled by the
south-west / north-east monsoons, and the autumn and spring seasons are practically
indistinguishable. The Mumbai comes under the direct influence of the south-west monsoon
from June to September, it is usually very heavy, and 93% or more of the annual rainfall
occurs from June to September. November to March is the North East monsoon period.
Although occasional high wind speeds are experienced during the North East monsoons,
rainfall is negligible.
Rivers flowing into the Mumbai Bay are ranked as the river of a relatively small basin in
Indian rivers, and there are basins of 1358 hectares, only in the upper river basin of the
MTHL. The tidal currents of the Mumbai Bay in the target region are mainly due to tidal ebb
and flow. However, during South West monsoon, due to heavy rainfall, run off from rivers /
creeks could considerably alter the flow pattern.
The tidal flow is unsteady and the magnitude and direction of the tidal current varies with
respect to location, time and depth. According to the past observation results (June 2004) of
tidal current, maximum velocity is observed as 0.77m/s on location along the proposed
MTHL. Also, on the nautical chart, maximum velocity is described as 3knot (1.54m/s) /
2knot (1.03m/s) at the time of flood-tide and ebb-tide respectively. In addition, it was
reported that the combination of ebb tide and heavy discharge from creeks during monsoon,
it reaches up to 4 knots (2.06m/s). The dominant tide in the Mumbai Harbour is the
semidiurnal tide with a period of 12 hours and 40 minutes. The tidal chart diagram of the
Mumbai port is shown in Table 6.2.23 From tidal chart diagram, fluctuations of average
spring and neap tides are observed as 3.66m (c)-i) in the next table) and 1.44m (d)-h)). Also,
the difference between recorded highest high tide and lowest low tide is 5.85m (b)-k)), the
recorded highest high tide including storm surge of cyclone etc. is 5.39m (c)) above
CDL(Chrat Datum Level). This big difference in height between ebb and flow tide produce
the intertidal zone as the result. This intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or
habitats, including estuaries, neritic, surface and deep zones.
Source: The Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) Technical Report No.5165 (Mar,
2014)
Figure 6.2.10 Bathymetry Layout of the Mumbai Bay
Table 6.2.23 Each Statistical Tide Level of Mumbai Port
Above(+) or Below(-) Above(+) or Below(-) from MSL
Tide
from Chart Datum of Indian Survey Datum
a) Design Highest High Tide Level (HHTL) + 5.60 m + 3.09 m
b) Highest High Water recorded + 5.39 m + 2.88 m
c) Mean High Water Spring Tides. (MHWS) + 4.42 m + 1.91 m
d) Mean High Water Neap Tides. (MHWN) + 3.30 m + 0.79 m
e) Highest Low Water + 2.74 m + 0.23 m
f) Mean Sea Level. (MSL) + 2.51 m + 0.00 m
g) Lowest High Water. + 2.48 m - 0.03 m
h) Mean Low Water Neap Tides. (MLWN) + 1.86 m - 0.65 m
i) Mean Low Water Spring Tides. (MLWS) + 0.76 m - 1.75 m
j) Chart Datum Level (CDL) + 0.00 m - 2.51 m
k) Lowest Low Water recorded - 0.46 m - 2.97 m
Source: Mumbai Port Trust
1) During and After Construction

Construction of bridge may change hydrological situation of the creek and sea.
(3) Impact Forecast

The hydraulic analysis have studied at 2014 by the Central Water and Power Research
Station (CWPRS), for both cases with / without of the construction of the MTHL with 50-
180 m span length. In this study, seven (7) important analysis points have been set up as
shown in Figure 6.2.11 due to existence of important facilities such as ports and jettties. The
precondition of the mathematical model for tidal hydrodynamics is shown in Table 6.2.24
Precondition of the mathematical model for Tidal Hydrodynamics.
According to FEM (Finite Element Method) result, at the nearest point of the project
alignment No.3 named Pir-Pau with 150m span length, there is negligible increase and
decrease in current strength during ebb and flood tide as shown in Figure 6.2.12 in case of
ebb tide at Pir-Pau. Additionally flow patern image at Shivaji Ngar point on Figure 6.2.13
also shows few impacts. It was reported that it will not have any hydraulic impacts on
functioning of other points. It means that it is not likely to give significant impacts on the
function of transportation and sedimentation. Thus it is expected that existence of piers does
not affect physical condition of the mudflat.
No3. Pir-Pau Area
No4
No3
No2 No5
No1 No7 ●
●
●
No6
Note) 7 points have been selected due to existence of important facilities such as ports and jetties
Source: The Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) Technical Report No.5165 (Mar, 2014)
Figure 6.2.11 Hydraulic Analysis Areas in the Mumbai Basin
Table 6.2.24 Precondition of the mathematical model for Tidal Hydrodynamics

Case-1 Case-2
Items Without MTHL With MTHL Remarks
Analysis Area 193
Bathymetry data Provided by CWPRS
Considered
Span lengths are varied from
50m to 180m of same
conditions as 2012 F/S study.
Influence by MTHL bridge Not considered
In a similar way, pier shapes
are taken in the analysis model
as quasi-shapes by triangular
finite elements.
Observed tidal levels at Apollo bunder (Mumbai Port), Vashi
Boundary Conditions and
bridge (Thane creek) and Ulwe Bundar (Panvel creek) from
Reproduction Period
08.05.2013 to 03.06.2013
Observed Tidal current for the
calibration Six locations in Analysis area from 27.05.2013 to 03.06.2013
No. of Nodes for
finite element mesh 21,018 129,120
Summary No. of Elements for Triangular finite
of FEM finite element mesh 39,921 250,681 elements
hydraulic Usage Software TELEMAC-2D
model Two-dimensional unsteady flow by hydrodynamic equations of
Analysis method Saint Venant's
Figure 6.2.12 Comparison of Current Strength With/Without MTHL at No3 Pir Pau Jetty
No3. Pir-Pau Area (app. 150m span length)
No4. Near BACR jetty (app. 180m span length)
Shivaji Nagar Mudflat area (app. 50m span length)
Figure 6.2.13 Flow pattern around Piles of MTHL Bridge during Ebb Tide
1) During and after Construction

Although Hydraulic impacts are negligible, the monitoring of the tidal level and current
should be conducted at the bridge sites by installing water alarm system during and after the
construction of MTHL. Furthermore, the bathymetric survey around the MTHL should be
conducted periodically, and will be confirmed that the sea bed level is higher than the design
scour depth. When the sea bed gets closer to the design scour depth, the surrounding of pier
around the sea bed will be protected by appropriate material such as the riprap or geobag.
(5) Evaluation

The study of bridge hydraulics in the Mumbai Bay has been conducted on 2014 by the
Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS). In the Study, the insignificant changes
in flow speed and direction only around piers are indicated in Figure 6.2.13 graphically,
however, the changes of ebb tidal flow speed at forecasted points are not significant as
shown in Figure 6.2.12, thus it is not expected that construction of new bridge affects on
entire of hydrological situation and physical condition of mudflat.
6.2.3. Topography and Geology
(1) Current Condition
The topographical and geological features are described in the chapter “3.1.Topography,
Geography and Hydrology”.

Any considerable topography and geological sites are not located in the project area, thus no
impact is expected. However embankment section may have risks of land slide.
(3) Impact Forecast

The area of earthworks and embankment is shown in the next figure. An embankment section
is located from ST 17+000 to 17+900 and from ST 21+300 to 21+800 as an interchange in
Shivaji Nagar and Chirle, the cutting section is located from ST 19+500 to 19+900 as a
Tollgate approach road.
Shivaji Nagar
Cutting Section
Chirle
Chirle
Cutting Section
Shivaji Nagar
Figure 6.2.14 Major Earthwork Sections in the Project Area
Embankment (Shivaji Nagar and Chirle)
CarrigewayMedianCarrigeway
1:1.8 Embankment Material 1:1.8
Cutting Section
Soft Rock
1:0.81:0.8
Carrigeway Median Carrigeway

Figure 6.2.15 Typical Cross Section on the Earthwork Area
Storm water may give adverse impacts on its stability due to surface water flow, and such
rain water causes turbid water from earthwork area during monsoon season. However, the
toll gate section is located on rock mountain, thus, it is expected that soil erosion and
landslide is not caused during monsoon season.
1) During and after Construction

The cutting section is assumed to soft rock area based on the past studies and field survey,
hence, the slop gradient is adopted 1:0.8, and the embankment is selected 1:1.8 as the slope
of general respectively. These slope gradients are stabilized in accordance with Guideline of
earthwork (Japan Road Association). Additionally appropriate slope protection measures are
adopted, as required.
Planting slope protection method Mortar Spraying slope protection method
(5)
1)
tion measures such as slope protection and periodical monitoring & maintenance will mitigate the expected impacts. Thus it is not like
6.3. Social Environment
Since approximately 96ha land acquisition is almost completed in Navi Mumbai side with
satisfied under policy of JICA’s guidelines, some social environment items such as
resettlement, land acquisition, the poor, local economy, land use, existing social
infrastructures and gender are discussed on only Mumbai side on this report. Detailed
description on Navi Mumbai side is given on SIA report.
6.3.1. Involuntary Resettlement
A total of 229 project affected families (PAFs) and 53 business shops, and totally 1,272
persons are recorded as Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in Sewri side.
A category-wise outline of PAHs and outline of affected structures & houses are shown
below;
Table 6.3.1 Number of Project Affected Families and Persons in Sewri Side
No Item Number
1 Impact on Structure (no.) 317
1.1 Loss of Residence (no.) 229
1.2 Loss of Business(no.) 53
Other structure (no.)
1.3 35
(see item No5 and 6)
2 Impact on PAFs/PAPs(no.) 317
2.1 Total PAFs (Residential 229, business 53) 282
2.2 Total PAPs 1,272
3 Titleholder (no.) 0
4 Non-Titleholder (no.) 282
Impact on Community Resources(no.)
Community Temple: 5
5 Community Mosque: 1 10
Women’s group facility: 3
Community Toilet:1
6 Impact on government structures(no.) 25
MTHL Land / Sea area acquisition area
Total : 914.6 ha
(ha) Sewri Section: 8.6ha
7 Land : 104.6
Sea Section 810 ha
Sea : 810
Navi Mumbai Section: 96 ha
Source: MMRDA, CIDCO & BSES data from JICA study team
As shown in Table 6.3.1 Number of Project Affected Families and Persons, 1,272 resettlers
are caused by the construction of MTHL.
No impacts are expected
(3) Impact Forecast
As shown in Table 6.3.1 Number of Project Affected Families and Persons, number of PAFs
and relocated persons is 282 and 1,272 to be displaced are identified based on SIA survey.
Major mitigation measures are as follows;
Holding consultation meetings for understanding of compensation policy
Implementation of adequate compensation on JICA Guidelines
Implementation of livelihood restoration program based on Social Impact Assessment
(SIA)
(Detailed implementation programs are described in the SIA report)
Monitoring and assessing will be conducted regarding livelihood of PAPs, appropriate
restoration and enhancement of living standards will be considered in accordance with SIA.
(5) Evaluation
Although 1,272 resettlers are caused by the project, implementation of appropriate
compensation, resettlement and social assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus
it is not likely to give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.2. The Poor
The annual family income of PAPs is shown in Table 6.3.2. In the Sewri area, 146 (58.9 %)
of affected families earn income ranging from 50,000 to 100,000 INR. On the other hand,
yearly expenditure less than 300,000 INR indicates 96.3%.
Table 6.3.2 Income of PAPs in Sewri Section
Annual Income No. Total %
Less than 50,000 28 11.3
50,000 K – 100,000 (1 Lakh.) 146 58.9
1 Lakh - 5 Lakh 71 28.6
5 Lakh & Above 3 1.2
Total 248 100.0
Source – BSES data from JICA study team
Table 6.3.3 Expenditure of PAPs in Sewri Section

Annual Expenditure No. Total %
Less than 100,000 (1 Lakh) 105 46.8
100,000 to 300,000
(1 Lakh – 3 Lakh) 111 49.5
300,000 to 500,000
(3 Lakh – 5 Lakh) 8 3.7
500,000 and above
(5 Lakh - ) 0 0
Total 224 100.0
Source: BSES data from JICA study team
The poverty line in urban area Maharashtra state indicates app. 1,560 INR/month and 18,720
INR/year in accordance with Table 3.7.6 respectively. According to basic social economic
survey (BSES), 4 PAPs are categorized as under-poverty line in the survey area Sewri
Section.
Table 6.3.4 Under Poor-line and other Vulnerable People
Category No. Total %
1. Scheduled Caste (SC) 6 10.4%
2. Scheduled Tribe (ST) 2 3.4%
3. Below Poverty line (BPL) 4 6.9%
4. Widow Headed Household and Window 28 48.3%
5. Divorce Headed Household 5 8.6%
6. Women Headed House (WHH) 10 17.2%
7. Physically Disabled 3 5.2%
Total 58 100.0%
According to SIA survey, 4 PAPs under poverty line are recorded in the project area, thus,
resettlement may have risks of income reduction due to loss job.
(3) Impact Forecast
4 PAPs under poverty line to be displaced are identified based on SIA survey, thus such
displaced PAPs may have income reduction due to increase of commuting time and loss of
job temporarily.
Implementation of adequate compensation based on JICA Guidelines
(5) Evaluation
Any house heads under poverty line are not impacted by the project, however the displaced
house heads may have risks of income reduction. Hence implementation of appropriate
compensation and social assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it is not
likely to give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.3. Local economy such as employment and livelihood
With regard to income and expenditure, the survey results are shown in Table 6.3.2 and
Table 6.3.3. Table 6.3.5 shows the main occupation of family heads. More than half of family
heads are private service workers, and app. 23.7% belongs to businessand trade activities.
Table 6.3.5 Occupation of Family Heads
Total
Occupation No. %
1. Fishing 2 0.5
2. Labour 42 9.4
3. Business /Trade 106 23.7
4. Govt. Service 10 2.2
5. Private Service 257 57.5
6. Maid Servant 8 1.8
7. Others 22 4.9
Total 447 100.0
Major occupation is private sector and business&trade who are working near project area.
Thus resettlement may cause income reduction due to long commuting time or loss of job.
Basically no impacts are expected on this item because most impacts are given during
construction phase.
(3) Impact forecast
According to Table 6.3.5, census and economic surrey on SIA, loss of income is expected on
private sector and business & trade workers mainly.
Holding consultation meetings for understanding of compensation policy and livelihood
restoration programs
Implementation of adequate compensation based on JICA’s Guidelines
(detailed implementation programs are described in the SIA report)
(5) Evaluation
Although 447 PAPs and their properties are impacted by the project, implementation of
appropriate compensation and social assistance will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus
it is not likely to give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.4. Land use and Utilization of Local Resources
Approximately 8.6 ha compound of Mumbai Port Trust (MPT) will be affected by the project,
and some areas are used for residential and commercial shops as shown in Table 6.3.1. Some
house heads and shop owners have a lease contract with MPT in Sewri Section. Additionally,
in the sea section, traditional fishermen have own customary fishing ground. Detailed data is
shown in SIA report.
As described in Table 6.3.5, private service workers, fishermen and business & trade workers
are working in the project area and near project area, thus such working space is reduced by
the construction of MTHL.
Development activities without any permission from the local government along the
alignment may be caused and unplanned development may give adverse impacts from the
view of social environment and natural conservation.
(3) Impact forecast
Approximately 8.6 ha MPT compound including commercial and housing land with 229
families and 53 shops will be used for construction site and yard, additionally in the sea
section between ST500 to ST17600, customary fishing ground will be reduced by the
construction of MTHL.
Surrounding area of the MTHL may be used for commercial area and small factory
compound without any permission from authorities.
Holding consultation meetings for understanding of compensation policy and livelihood
restoration programs for affected persons including fishermen
Implementation of adequate compensation for affected properties based on JICA’s
Guidelines
Implementation of livelihood restoration program for income loss based on JICA’s
Guidelines
(detailed implementation programs are described in the SIA report)
Management of appropriate land use in accordance with approved land use plan along the
road.
(5) Evaluation
Although totally 8.6 ha compound in Sewri area and customary fishing area is affected by the
project in the sea section, implementation of appropriate compensation and social assistance
will mitigate expected adverse impacts, thus it is not likely to give serious impacts on this
item.
Appropriate land use management by road management organization and local government
will minimize expected adverse impacts. And such appropriate land use management will
give positive impacts in the affected area from the view of economic and natural
environment considerations.
6.3.5. Existing Social Infrastructure and Services
According to SIA survey, no sensitive receptors such as public school and public hospital and
local meeting places are observed in the affected area. However community level temple,
mosques and women’s group accommodation are recorded in the project area as shown in
Table 6.3.1.
Construction of MTHL will affect to community temple & mosque and women’s group
facility. Additionally traffic restriction in construction area may give impacts on commuting
traffic and access in the project area.
No adverse impacts are expected
(3) Impact forecast
Traffic restriction area in the project area, inhabitants and commuting people including
students will spend much time than usual for passing such construction area. Additionally
displacement of community level temples & mosques and women’s group facilities may give
adverse impacts on prayers and group members.
Construction of diversion road adjacent to the constructed road is required from the view of
traffic safety and smooth traffic flow. Additionally existing community road will be
connected with new bypass for access to the public facilities.
On the other hand, following mitigation measures shall be implemented;
Implementation of adequate compensation or displacement in accordance with JICA
Guidelines
(5) Evaluation
Construction activities will give adverse impact on access to public facilities and commuting
time, additionally displacement of community level temples and mosque will be caused.
However implementation of mitigation measures will minimize the impacts. Thus it is not
likely to give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.6. Local Conflicts
According to comments in the local level stakeholder meetings and socialization meetings on
Social Impact Assessment, local inhabitants and local authorities requested to ensure job
opportunities as construction workers.
Conflicts or disputes between communities may be raised if imbalance in hiring workers is
caused.
(3) Impact forecast
Conflicts or disputes between communities may be raised if imbalance in hiring workers is
caused.
Followings are proposed mitigation measures;
Local workforce is prioritized for construction of the MTHL
Implementation of appropriate education for hired workers from other area and countries
(5) Evaluation
The hired workers from other areas may have conflicts with inhabitants, however
implementation of mitigation measures will minimize the impacts. Thus it is not likely to
give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.7. Landscape
As shown in Chapter 3, 2 sites are selected from the view of major viewpoints and landscape
resources within 5 km from the project area. In this range, Sewri fort as registered heritage
and Elaphant Caves designated as the World Cultural Heritage is located. The locations and
features are shown below.
1. Sewri Fort
App. 200m from Alignment
App 3km
2. Elephanta cave
App 9km
Source: JICA Study

Team
Figure 6.3.1 Tourism Points near Project Area
Table 6.3.6 Features of Selected View Points and Landscape

Site Name Feature Landscape from the site
1. Seweri Fort The Sewri Fort is a fort in Mumbai built by the British at Sewri. Built in 1680, Mudflat, mangrove trees in the Mumbai bay is
fort served as a watch tower, atop a quarried hill overlooking the Mumbai seen from the fort.
harbour. Especially from November to May, migratory
The fort is currently owned by Maharashtra state's Department of Archaeology birds, particularly the lesser flamingoes are
and Museums. It is classified as a Grade I heritage structure. seen from this view point.
2. Elephanta The Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta The Elephant cave is registered as the World
Cave Island, or Gharapuri in Mumbai Harbour, 10 kilometres to the east of the city Cultural Heritage.
of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The island, located on an arm of This site is located near rock mountain, thus
the Arabian Sea, consists of two groups of caves—the first is a large group of tourists cannot see outside from the entrance
five Hindu caves, the second, a smaller group of two Buddhist caves. The of the caves.
Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu Although sea view points are located on the
sect, dedicated to the Lord Shiva. approach path of the caves, the distance
The rock cut architecture of the caves has been dated to between the 5th and 8th between the points where can see outside and
centuries, although the identity of the original builders is still a subject of debate. project site is around 2km.
The main cave (Cave 1, or the Great Cave) was a Hindu place of worship until
Portuguese rule began in 1534, after which the caves suffered severe damage.
This cave was renovated in the 1970s after years of neglect, and was
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 to preserve the artwork.
Figure 6.3.2 Landscape from Viewpoint at Sewri Fort (No.1)

Figure 6.3.3 Landscape from the Entrance of Elephanta Caves (World Cultural Heritage) (No.2)
During and after construction of the sealink, landscape from the Sewri Fort maybe change
due to appearance of viaduct after construction and related temporary jetty only during
construction. On the other hand, landscape from entrance of the Elephanta Caves registered
as the World Cultural Heritage does not change by the project because the rock mountain
with the caves blocks tourists view.
(3) Impact Forecast
The degree of impact is forecasted by making a photomontage after construction. The

photomontage is shown below
Figure 6.3.4 Photomontage from View Point at Sewri Fort
The landscape elements are mainly mangrove trees, mudflat and skyline of opposite hilly
area. According to the photomontage, a part of mangrove and mudflat are blocked or reduced
by construction of the sealink, however the viaduct does not give impacts on the skyline of
hilly area and the changed area is negligible on this photomontage.
To mitigate adverse impacts on the view, the monotone color harmonized with surrounding
current landscape has been adopted shown in Figure 6.3.4.
(5) Evaluation
The changes before and after construction of sealink are unavoidable. However the structure
does not give serious impact on skyline apposite hilly area, and the color of structure
harmonize with surrounding mudflat and mangroves than other colors.
Additionally, Non Objection Certificate (NOC) regarding passing through near heritage sites
such as Sewri Fort and Elephanta Caves had been issued from relevant authority in 2003.
Thus it is evaluated that the project does not give serious impacts on this item.
6.3.8. Gender
In other projects, compensated cash and properties are not provided to affected house family
members fairly, and the men head or men family members spend the compensated money not
for right purpose.
(2) Impact forecast
According to result of basic economic survey on SIA, any gender gaps and risks caused by
the project on this item are not identified. Thus it is not likely to give serious impacts on this
item.
6.3.9. Infection Disease
According to interview survey with inhabitants, major infection diseases are dengue fever,
malaria and diarrhea. However such statistical data is not recorded in this area.
Infectious diseases such as STDs are possible to be spread due to inflow of construction
workers. Furthermore, alteration to ground by cut land and filling may provoke to provide
habitats of mosquito that possibly transmits dengue and malaria fever.
Inappropriate drainage maintenance may provide a habitat of carrier mosquito.
(3) Impact forecast
1) During and Construction

Hired construction workers and skilled equipment operators may contact with inhabitants and
spread infection diseases.
Additionally puddles in the construction area and insufficient drainage will provide a habitat
of carrier mosquito for dengue fever and malaria.
Insufficient maintenance of drainage and bridges may provide some puddles and small pond,
such environment may be habitat of mosquito larva.
Installation of sufficient drainage facilities not to provide habitat for vector mosquito
Provision of adequate temporary sanitation facilities
Enforcement of medical screening and periodical medical check-up
In order to prevent spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, awareness of the
labors is promoted
Installation of sufficient drainage facilities not to provide habitat for vector mosquito
Implementation of periodical maintenance for drainages and bridges
(5) Evaluation
Inflow of workers during construction may provide opportunity for spreading infection
disease. Additionally insufficient and inappropriate drainage and maintenance during and
after construction may also provide habitats of mosquito larvae. However implementation of
mitigation must prevent and minimize these adverse impacts. Thus it is not likely to give
serious impacts on them.
6.3.10. Labor Environment
Inappropriate labour environment and working without safety measures in accordance with
relevant laws and regulations may cause accident during construction.
(2) Impact forecast
1) During and Construction

Working without considering labor laws and regulations in the construction area may cause
accident. For instance, working without out helmet and working boots have risks to injure
head and foot.
Followings are relevant laws and regulations shall be followed by the contractor and workers;
Indian labour laws and regulations such as “Building And Other Construction Workers
(Regulation of Emloyment and Conditions of Service) Act,1996” and “The building
and other construction worker’s welfare cess Act, 1996”
IFC Performance Standard 2 Labor and Working Conditions
(4) Evaluation
The labour environment is secured when the contractor under observation of general
consultant follows Indian laws such as “Building And Other Construction Workers
(Regulation of Emloyment and Conditions of Service) Act,1996”, “The building and other
construction worker’s welfare cess Act, 1996” and international standards such as “IFC
Performance Standard 2 Labor and Working Conditions”.
6.3.11. Accident
According to statistical Mumbai Police Department, number of fatal and injured case in 2014
is 350 and 14,684 persons respectively as shown in Table 6.3.7
Table 6.3.7 Number of Traffic Accident in Mumbai
Occupation 2013 2014
1. Injured 15,224 14,684
2. Fatal 387 350
Total 15,611 15,034
Source: Mumbai Police Department (7th October 2014/dnindia)
Construction machines and vehicles are operated near residential area and public facilities
such as school and hospital, additionally there will be some restricted areas in the
construction areas. Thus number of traffic accident may increase in construction area and on
the road where construction machines use.
Number of traffic accident may increase due to increase of traffic number and travelling
speed after construction of MTHL.
(3) Impact forecast
According to construction plan, construction machines and trucks will be operated for 4.5
years. Thus risks of traffic accident increase on the commuting roads.
Number of traffic accident may increase due to increase of traffic number and travelling
speed after construction of MTHL.
Deploying flagman at the gate and crossing points of the construction vehicles
Installation of safety sign board
Installing fence around the construction site to keep out local people such as children
Installation of lightning in the night time near construction area
Installation of parking for idling construction machines
Restricting mobilization speed in the construction site
Safety training for the workers and safety patrol at the construction site by supervisors
Installation of sign board and road making for speed limit
Implementation of advertisement for traffic safety campaign
Enforcement of traffic controls by police
(5) Evaluation
Traffic volume must increase during and after construction of MTHL, hence, number of
accident increase in conjunction with traffic volume. However implementation of mitigation
must prevent and minimize these adverse impacts. Thus it is not likely to give serious
impacts on them.
6.3.12. Cross Boundary Impacts and Climate Change
Deforestation of mangrove for land clearance will generate greenhouse gasses such as CO2.
At the same time, operation of construction machines and construction activities generate the
CO2.
Greenhouse gas around the MTHL may increase by the traffic. However traffic flow in the
analysis area must be improved after construction of MTHL, thus total generated CO2 is
estimated on both cases “With/Without Project”. Only the estimated travelling speed will
increase in case of “With Project” as shown in the next table.
a) Loss of trees (negative impacts)
Construction Phase b) Operation Construction Machines (negative impacts)
c) Emission from Vehicles in analyzed area (before construction)
d) Loss of trees (negative impacts)
Operation Phase e) Emission from Vehicles in analyzed area (after construction)
f) Replanting of trees (positive impacts)

Figure 6.3.5 Analyzed Item on CO2 Generation
(2) Impact forecast
The expected activities which give negative impact on generation of greenhouse gases such
as COs are;
a) Cutting trees on developed area
b) Operation of Construction machines
The result of analysis is show below articles respectively.
a) Cutting trees on developed area
According to CRZ clearance, loss of mangrove area is 0.1776 ha. Affected area out of CRZ
is estimated 0.0264ha shown in below.
Table 6.3.8 Estimated CO2 Volume by Cutting Tree
Affected Lost volume of Cutting Lost volume of
CO2 sink Unit
Area mangrove area carbon sink Duration carbon dioxide sink
(ha) (t/ha) Note*** (CO2 t) (Year) (CO2 t/Year)
1. CRZ (Sewri and Navi Mumbai side)Note* 0.1776 524.48 93.15 1 93.15
Note**
2. Out of CRZ (Navi Mumbai Side) 0.0264 524.48 13.85 1 13.85
Total 0.2040 524.48 107.00 1 107.00
Note
*: CRZ Clearance July 2013 ( Sewri: (CRZ-I Number of piers 62 x (3x4) m2/pier = 744 m2) + (CRZ-II Number of Piers 8 x (3x4)m2/pier = 96
m2) = 840 m2, Navi Mumbai: (CRZ-I Number of piers 22 x (3x4) m2/pier = 264 m2) + (CRZ-II Number of Piers 6 x (3x4)m2/pier = 72 m2) =
336m2 totally 0.1176ha on affected piers area + other affected area 0.06 ha : Grand total is 0.01776 ha)
**: Mangrove area out of CRZ is from ST. 16500 to ST. 16980 and from ST. 17580 to 17900. Number of main route without ramp section is 22
piers. 22 piers x (3x4) = 264 m2
***: Biomass Mangrove = 192 Ct/ha above ground biomass + 94.08 Ct/ha below ground biomass (ratio 0.49) = 286.08
Ct/ha CO2 Sink Unit = 286.08 x (44/12) x CF (0.5)= 524.48 CO2 t/ha.
b) Impact of Construction Machines Operation

The estimated generated CO2 unit volume is given from a reference, and the quantitative
analysis is carried out in accordance with these values. The result of analysis is shown below,
totally 45,683 t-CO2 during construction and 13,052 CO2-t per year.
Table 6.3.9 Estimated CO2 Volume by Construction Activities
Construction Generated CO2
Type of Structure Unit (CO2 t/km) Length (km) Generated CO2 t
year t/year
Embankment 3401.7 1.2 4,082 4.5 907
Bridge (PC) 2101.05 19.8 41,601 4.5 9,245
Total 21.0 45,683 13,052
Generated CO2 Unit: Highway Technology Research Center in Japan (2004 December)
Highway with 4 carriage way, Earth work section: 2,267.8t-CO2/km, Steel Bridge Section: 1,287 t-CO2/km, PC Bridge Section:
1400.7 t-CO2/km, Tunnel Section: 713.5 t-CO2/km

The estimated generated CO2 from traffic network is shown below;
Table 6.3.10 Estimated CO2 Volume from Traffic (before construction 2015)
Estimated (CO2 t/year)
Period Year Source: Road Traffic
Without Project
Before Construction 2015 4,534,386
2) Operation Phase
The expected activities which give negative impact on generation of greenhouse gases such
as CO2 are;
d) Cutting trees on developed area
e) Replanting of mangrove
f) Emission from Vehicles in analyzed area
The result of analysis is show below articles respectively.
d) Impact of Cutting Trees (Negative impacts)
Estimated lost volume of carbon sink is 107.0 CO2 t/year as shown in Table xxx.
e) Replanting of mangrove (Positive impacts)
According to specific condition on the CRZ clearance issued in 2013, 5 times of cutting
mangrove area shall be replanted on the Nhava side designated by MoEF. Thus although
0.1776 ha of mangrove is cut during construction stage, 5 times of 0.1776, 0.888ha mangrove
area will be created by mitigation measures in accordance with CRZ clearance.
Table 6.3.11 Estimated CO2 Volume by Cutting Tree
CO2 sink Created volume of
Replanted mangrove
Area Unit (t/ha) carbon sink
area(ha)Note* Note**
(CO2 t/year)
1. CRZ (Sewri and Navi Mumbai side) 0.888 524.48 465.74
Note)
*: Replanted mangrove area = 0,1776 x 5 times in accordance with CRZ Clearance = 0.888 ha
**: Biomass Mangrove = 192 Ct/ha above ground biomass + 94.08 Ct/ha below ground biomass (ratio 0.49) = 286.08 Ct/ha
CO2 Sink Unit = 286.08 x (44/12) x CF (0.5)= 524.48 CO2 t/ha.
f) Emission from Vehicles in analysed area (Positive impacts with project)

Basically travelling speed in the analyzed area must increase due to improvement of traffic,
thus total generated greenhouse gas such as CO2 will decrease after construction.
Table 6.3.12 Estimated CO2 Volume from Traffic (Operation Phase 2022, 2032 and 2042)
Estimated (CO2 t/year)
Period Year
Without Project With Project
After Construction 2022 729,433 729,488
After Construction 2032 986,541 984,706
After Construction 2042 1,392,036 1,390,991
3) Compiled Result of Quantitative Analysis

The estimated comprehensive CO2 volume is shown below. Although negative impacts are
predicted during construction 4.5 years in case of “With Project” due to mainly construction
activities, basically positive impact is given by the project operation phase due to
improvement of traffic stream after 2032. Thus it is not likely to give significant impact on
the generation of CO2.
Table 6.3.13 Compiled Estimated CO2 Volume during Construction and Operation Phase
Estimated (CO2 t/Year)
Without Project With Project
1. Without -
Year
2. With Project
Construction Road Traffic Cut Mangrove Replanting 1. Without Project Construction Cut Mangrove Replanting 2. With Project Total
Road Traffic
Works (t/year) (t/year) (t/year) Mangrove (t/year) Total (CO2 t/y) Works (t/year) Mangrove (t/year) (CO2 t/y)
2015 0 454,386 0 0 454,386 0 454,386 0 454,386 0
2018 0 591,914 0 0 591,914 10,152 591,914 107 602,173 -10,259
2022 0 729,443 0 0 729,443 0 729,488 107 -466 729,595 -152
2032 0 986,541 0 0.0 986,541 0 984,706 107 -466 984,813 1,728
2042 0 1,392,036 0 0.0 1,392,036 0 1,390,991 107 -466 1,391,098 939
With regard to cutting mangrove during construction, replanting mangrove will be conducted
in accordance with CRZ clearance in 2013.
(4) Evaluation
Negative impacts are forecasted during construction due to construction activities such as
operation of construction machines, however, traffic stream in the analyzed area will be
improved by the construction of MTHL operation phase. Thus it is likely to give positive
impacts on this item.
CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1. Mitigation Measures
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been recommended in this chapter. This
EMP takes into account all the environmental impacts identified for MTHL and the
corresponding mitigation measures to ameliorate the same. The EMP presented below
includes:
Specific actions to be taken vis-à-vis site-specific issues;
Mitigation measures for abatement of the undesirable impacts caused during
construction and operation stages
Agencies responsible for its implementation & supervision;
Post project Environmental Monitoring Program to be undertaken after commissioning
of the project
Environmental status reporting frequency; and
Institutional arrangement, Strengthening of their capabilities, and role.
Mitigation measure and monitoring plan is merged from Rapid EIA 2012 prepared by
MMRDA, CRZ clearance specific condition and JICA Scoping report commented by
JICA Advisory Committee.
The cost for all mitigation measures is including a part of construction cost except
replanting mangrove. The cost of replanting mangrove in accordance with CRZ
clearance is estimated 60 Lakh INR on Rapid EIA 2012
Detailed mitigation measures and monitoring plan should be establish in the future under
MMRDA and General Consultant
Environmental management plan during construction phase and operation phase is listed
below.
Table 7.1.1 Environmental Management Plan

Area No. (on Rapid EIA Implementation
During Construction Operation Responsible Agency
2012) Agency
1 Air pollution All vehicles and machineries shall obtain & Appropriate land use Contractor MMRDA &
(Air quality) maintain the ‘Pollution under Control management along the road (Construction General
Certificate (PUC)’. These vehicles will be (commercial and industrial Company) Consultant
maintained so that emissions conform to the area) (PMC & EC)
standards prescribed in the certificate. Monitor periodically ambient
Vehicles carrying construction material shall air quality at suggested
be covered to avoid spilling locations
Asphalt mixing plant (Hot mix and batching Enforcing different control
plants) shall be over 500 m away from any measures to minimize the air
communities and 300 m from the road as far pollution
as possible to avoid any air emissions from
these plants.
Water sprinkling shall be carried out twice or
thrice each day on earth road/unpaved
sections of road and construction yard near
residential area to avoid dust generation
The exhaust of DG set will be released at the
height prescribed by MPCB (Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board) so that it does not
affect nearby population.
Responsible Agency
2 Water pollution Turbid waste water from construction area Turbid water from road Contractor MMRDA &
(Water Quality/ shall be mitigated and treated in surface shall be collected (Construction General
Construction of sedimentation pond, if required through drainage and treated Company) Consultant
In the sea section, the casing and excavation by sedimentation trench (PMC & EC)
labor camp/ Siting
methodology shall be adopted not to In the mudflat section, storm
of borrow and
generate significant turbid water. water should be collected by
quarry material There shall be no water drawl in CRZ area every pier and discharged on
areas) Waste oil shall be stored and disposed to pile caps not to excavate
designated site mudflat area by the falling
Provision of sanitation facilities at the labor water.
camps, also the location of camps will be at
least 200 m away from any water sources.
Domestic waste water and night soil from
base camp shall be treated and discharged.
Septic tanks will be provided in accordance
with Coastal Regulation Zone Notification,
2011. The disposal of treated water shall
conform to the regulations of MPCB
(Maharashtra Pollution Control Board).
Uncontrolled digging of borrow pits will be
avoided to prevent water accumulation,
which results in breeding of vector disease.
Providing adequate drainage structure
Avoiding obstruction of existing drainage
during filling
3 After considering the possibility of reuse, Not required Contractor MMRDA &
construction waste shall be disposed at (Construction General
designated disposal site with the approval of Company) Consultant
competent authority to ensure that it do not (PMC & EC)
Waste cause any impact to the environment
(Solid waste Proper sanitation facilities suc as septic tank
management/ shall be provided at construction workers
Construction of camp. Garbage/muck materials generated
labor camp/ will be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal
in the identified locations with the approval
Topography, Soil
of competent authority to ensure that it do
and Geology) not cause any impact to the environment
There will be no disposal of solid or liquid
wastes on coastal area. Solid waste
Management will be as per Municipal Solid
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
4 Soil Contamination Polluted excavated soil including muck soil Not required Contractor MMRDA &
(Topography, Soil shall be disposed at designated site with the (Construction General
and Geology/ approval of competent authority to ensure Company) Consultant
that it do not cause any impact to the (PMC & EC)
Siting of borrow
environment
and quarry
material
areas)
5 Noise and Adoption of low-noise equipment Proponent will propose Contractor MMRDA &
Vibration All the construction equipment’s shall be appropriate land use plan (Construction General
provided with exhaust silencers as such as commercial area Company) Consultant
(Ambient Noise) committed. along the road (PMC & EC)
Noise containment barriers shall be provided Noise barrier shall be
on both sides of the bridge in mudflat areas installed as required
(CRZ-IA) so as to minimize the likely Periodic monitoring of
impacts to the migratory birds ambient noise levels at
Avoiding works of heavy equipment during suggested locations
night time. Erecting signboards at
Provision of using ear plugs by workers sensitive and residential
exposed to high noise levels locations prohibiting use of
Informing the construction schedule to horns
surrounding communities to obtain their Growing road side plantation
consensus. to prevent the noise levels.
Responsible Agency
8 Bottom Polluted excavated soil including muck soil Not required Contractor MMRDA &
Sedimentation shall be treated, and then reused and/or (Construction General
disposed at designated site in accordance Company) Consultant
(Topography, Soil relevant laws and regulations. (PMC & EC)
and
Geology(No.4))
9 Protected Area Adoption of excavation methodology for the Installation of noise barrier MMRDA & MMRDA &
and (Reserved Forest turbid water prevention (i.e. bore casing and for not to cause “Fly-Kill” on Contractor General
and Fauna) and excavation) the viaduct as required (Construction Consultant
10
Ecosystem Temporary jetty would be constructed in the Sound barriers shall be Company) (PMC & EC)
mudflats for movement of vehicles and installed on both sides of the
(Ecology and
machinery to avoid the disturbance to road in CRZ area and
Biodiversity/
mudflats/mangroves. Flamingo’s distributed area in
Ecology/Constru Establishment of construction plan in accordance with CRZ
ction of labor consideration with lifecycle of migratory clearance specific conditions.
camp) birds such as Flamingos. Adoption of bridge type
Installation of silencer with construction which does not give
machines in accordance with CRZ clearance. significant impacts on
Implementation of monitoring for migratory migratory bird flying course
birds such as Flamingos in accordance with in mudflat area.
CRZ clearance general condition on July note) Distribution area and
2013. flying course should be
Implementation of the compensatory identified through baseline
mangrove plantation in accordance with CRZ survey prior to construction
clearance specific condition (5 times of stage.
cutting mangrove: 0.1776 ha x 5 = 0.888 ha) Pre-stressed super structure
where MoEF appoints. shall be used in the mud flat
It is recommended that implementation of area for construction as
detailed baseline survey for fauna & flora committed on CRZ clearance
and preparation of monitoring plan in the Lighting which does not give
project area before design-build stage. significant adverse impacts to
roosting area of Flamingos
should be installed in
accordance with CRZ
clearance specific condition.
Prohibit using vehicle horn in
mudflat section (Installation
of sign boards).
Implementation of
monitoring for migratory
birds such as Flamingos in
accordance with CRZ
clearance general condition
on July 2013.
Implementation of
appropriate management and
maintenance of mangrove
plantation area
11 Hydrology The monitoring of the tidal level and current Same monitoring and mitigation Contractor MMRDA &
should be conducted at the bridge sites by measures during construction (Construction General
installing water alarm system during and shall be done Company) Consultant
after the construction. (PMC & EC)
The bathymetric survey around the MTHL
should be conducted periodically, and will be
confirmed that the sea bed level is higher
than the design scour depth. Designing of
bridges with sufficient capacity not to give
impacts on tidal conditions.
There shall be no water drawl in CRZ area.
12 Topography and Installation of slope and stabilizing Not required Contractor MMRDA &
geology embankment with appropriate measures (Construction General
(Topography, Soil Company) Consultant
and Geology) (PMC & EC)
Responsible Agency
13 Implemention of SIA; Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA

・ Holding consultation meetings for
understanding of compensation policy.
Involuntary ・ Implementation of adequate
resettlement compensation on JICA Guidelines.
・ Implementation of livelihood restoration
program based on SIA.
14 The poor Implementation of SIA Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA
16 Local economy Implementation of SIA Monitoring based on SIA MMRDA MMRDA
such as
employment and
livelihood
(Quality of
Life/Fisheries)
17 Land use and Holding consultation meetings for Management of appropriate MMRDA MMRDA
utilization of local understanding of compensation policy and land use in accordance with (propose to
resources (Land livelihood restoration programs for affected approved land use plan along MCGM and
persons including fishermen. the road. CIDCO)
use/Fisheries)
Implementation of adequate compensation
for affected properties based on JICA’s
Guidelines.
Implementation of livelihood restoration
program for income loss for fishermen based
on JICA’s Guidelines.
19 Existing social Implementation of SIA Monitoring as required Contractor MMRDA &
infrastructures and (Construction General
services Company) Consultant
(Utility services (PMC & EC)
and community
severance)
22 Local conflict of Local workforce is prioritized for Not required Contractor MMRDA &
interests construction of MTHL (Construction General
Implementation of appropriate education for Company) Consultant
hired workers from other area and countries. (PMC & EC)
24 Landscape Adoption of appropriate design and color Not required Contractor MMRDA &
(Aesthetics and harmonized with surrounding current (Construction General
landscape) landscape Company) Consultant
Landscaping of borrow pits (PMC & EC)
27 Infectious diseases Installation of sufficient drainage facilities not Installation of sufficient Contractor MMRDA &
such as HIV/AIDS to provide habitat for vector mosquito. drainage facilities not to (Construction General
Provision of adequate temporary sanitation provide habitat for vector Company) Consultant
facilities. mosquito. (PMC & EC)
Enforcement of medical screening and Implementation of periodical
periodical medical check-up. maintenance for drainages
In order to prevent spread of infectious and bridges.
diseases such as HIV/AIDS, awareness of
the
labors and local inhabitants is promoted.
28 Labour Implementation and follow relevant laws and Not required Contractor MMRDA &
Environment regulations “Building And Other (Construction General
Construction Workers (Regulation of Company) Consultant
Employment and Conditions of Service) (PMC & EC)
Act,1996” and “The building and other
construction worker’s welfare cess Act,
1996” and IFC Performance Standard 2
Labor and Working Conditions
29 Accident Secure assistance from local police for traffic Implementation of Contractor MMRDA
control during construction phase. advertisement for traffic (Construction
(Accident Safety measures will also be undertaken by safety campaign. Company)
Other
hazards and installing road signs and marking for safe and Prepare and administer a in
safety) smooth movement of traffic. monitoring system on road consultation
Setting up of appropriate detours. accidents. with Traffic
Restricting mobilization speed in the Installation of sign board and Police
Responsible Agency
construction site. road making for speed limit. Department

Installation of parking for idling construction Enforcement of traffic
machines. controls by police.
Installing gate structure at the entrance of the
construction site to set up restricted area
Deploying flagman at the gate and crossing
points of the construction vehicles.
Installing fence around the construction site to
keep out local people such as children.
Installation of lightning in the night time near
construction area.
Labourers will be equipped with proper
safety gears like helmets gloves and
gumboot. Periodic health check-up of
construction worker.
Safety training for the workers and safety
patrol at the construction site by
supervisors. Monthly safety meeting
30 Cross Boundary Replanting mangrove and street trees same Maintenance of planted trees MMRDA MMRDA
impacts and amount of cutting trees and mangroves through
climate change (Replanting of mangrove shall be done 5 periodical inspection
times of cutting trees in CRZ as per specific
condition on CRZ clearance)
No. Conditions Response on Mitigation Measures

As per the CRZ notification, 2011, at least five times the number of mangroves
destroyed/cut during the construction process shall be replanted. Mangrove
MMRDA will replant 5 times of cutting mangrove in
1 plantation in an area of 30 ha shall be carried out as committed against loss of
the appointed area by MoEF
0.1776 ha of mudflats/mangroves. Permission from the High Court of Bombay
shall be obtained with respect to mangrove cutting.
MMRDA will setup traffic light inside of bridge
Proponent shall provide lighting in consulting in consulting with the Bombay
2 handrail especially in CRZ and flamingo roosting
Natural History Society so as to minimize the likely impacts to the migratory
area
birds
All the construction equipment’s shall be provided with exhaust silencers as Low noise construction machines and with exhaust
3
committed silencer is installed during construction
Noise containment barriers shall be provided on both sides of the bridge in Noise barrier is installed in CRZ and roosting
4
mudflat areas (CRZ-IA) so as to minimize the likely impacts to the migratory /feeding are of migratory birds such as flamingo
birds
Dreading and reclamation is not planned on this
5 There shall be no dreading and reclamation for the project
project in the CRZ.
Pre-stressed super structure shall be used in the mud flat area for construction as Pre-stressed super structure will be used in the mud
6
committed flat area CRZ
The muck materials shall be analyzed prior to dumping / disposal in the identified The muck soil is generated from excavated points of
7 locations with the approval of competent authority to ensure that it do not cause piles. The excavated soil is analyzed and disposed at
any impact to the environment designated and authorized dumping site.
Proponent informed that there is no fishing activity in the area since it is a
Sufficient prescript vertical clearance under
8 navigation channel for the nearby ports. However, navigation channel is provided
discussion with relevant authorities.
with 25m for ships and 9.1 m for fishing boats.
All recommendation of the Maharashtra Coastal
9 All the recommendations of the MCZMA shall be strictly compiled with. Zone Management Authority will be reflected to
mitigation measures, if any
No building is planned in CRZ.
10 There shall be no building construction beyond 20,000 sqm. Only toll gate is planned out of CRZ in Navi
Mumbai side
11 There shall be no water drawal in CRZ area No polluted water from project in CRZ. However
storm water will be flow down from the road in
monsoon season.
There shall be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal area. Solid waste
There is no activities to discharge and dispose solid
12 Management shall be as per Municipal Solid (Management and Handling) Rules,
and liquid waste from project activities in CRZ
2000.
Sewage shall be treated and the Treatment Facility shall be provided in
Sewage including polluted water and night soil does
13 accordance with the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011. The disposal of
not generate from project activities in CRZ
treated water
shall conform to the regulations of State Pollution Control Board.
The project proponent shall set up a separate environmental management cell for
MMRDA will setup environmental management cell
14 effective implementation of the stipulated environmental safeguard under the
for MTHLin MMRDA
supervision of a Senior Executive.
The funds earmarked for environment management plan shall be included in the
15 MMRDA will secure budge for MTHL
Source: CRZbudget and thisClearance
Environmental shall not(MOEF
be diverted for 2913)
19th July any other purposes.
7.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan
7.2.1. Construction Phase
Environmental monitoring plan for pre and during construction phase is proposed as follows.
Table 7.2.1Environmental Monitoring Plan Pre and During Construction Phase

Category
Impacted Standard
Item on Cost Central Pollution Control
No. Parameter Method Location Frequency a year
JICA (INR) Board (CPCB) – Ministry of
Guidelines
Evironment & Forest
(MoEF)
1 Air pollution SO2, NO2, PM10,Same method as 2 Locations 4 times / year x National Ambient Air Quality
PM2.5, O3, Pb, CO,baseline survey where baseline 4.5 years Standards (NAAQS) by
NH3, C6H6, BaP, As, Or Establis fixed monitoring was (Once every Central Pollution Control
Ni, CH4 and monitoring station at carried out. quarter Board (CPCB)
CO2 (14 Items) 2 locations (2 locations: –Summer, (Standard for 24hrs: Industrial
Sewri and Shivaji Winter, and Residential/ Ecological
Nagar) post-monsoon) Sensitive area)
(24 hr/day for 2 SO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
consecutive NO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
working days per 1800,000 PM10: 100 /
week for 2 weeks 100μg/m3 PM 2.5:: 60
except CO which / 60μg/m3
is 8 hr/day) O3: 180 / 180μg/m3
Pb: 1.0 / 1.0μg/m3
CO: 0.4 / 0.4mg/m3
NH3:: 400 /
400μg/m3
C6H6: 0.5 /
0.5μg/m3(anual) BaP: 0.1
/ 0.1μg/m3(anual)
2 Water pH, BOD, DO, Same method as 3 Locations 4 times / year x Marine water quality
pollution Turbidity and baseline survey Near excavated 4.5 years Standards – Class SW-IV
O&G area in Zone II Harbour Waters (MPCB)
(Sewri mudflat), Once every pH : 6.5-9
Zone III and quarter – 810,000 DO: 3 mg/l
Zone IV where Summer, Winter Turbidity: 30 NTU
baseline and BOD: 5 mg/l
monitoring was post-monsoon O & G: 10 mg/l
carried out.
3 Waste Volume of waste Record volume 3 Locations 4 times / year x Municipal Soild Waste
soil, cutting tree of generated (1. Sewri camp 4.5 years Management Rules, 2013
and domestic waste site
garbage 2. Mangrove Generated waste shall be
cutting area reused or disposed at
3. Navi Mumbai designated site.
camp site)) (The construction waste can be
dumped in legally authorized
dumping grounds in Navi
Mumbai by CIDCO with
association of Navi Mumbai
324,000
Municipal Corporation
(NMMC) which is located in
Taloja. Remaining i.e. from
Mumbai side, MMRDA can
be taken care of and dumped
the construction waste in
association with Municipal
Corporation of Greater
Mumbai (MCGM) on
authorised sites i.e. Deonar,
Mulund and Gorai.
Category
Impacted Standard
Guidelines
Evironment & Forest
(MoEF)
4 Soil Heavy Metals & Same method as 2 Locations 1 times / year x Soil Pollution Standard in
And Contaminati Oil & Grease baseline survey 1. Excavated 4.5 years India (MOEF)
on/sediment (5-10 items shall muck soil and 2. Cd: 0.01mg/l
8
ation be selected from stocked soil in Lead: 0.01mg/l
Soil pollution the yard from Chromium (VI):
standards) cutting area 0.05mg/l
108,000
Arsenic: 0.01mg/l
T-Mercury: 0.0005mg/l
Copper: 125mg/kg
(some items shall be selected
from totally 25 standards
items)
5 Noise and Ambient and road Same method as 3 Locations 2 times / year x -Construction Noise;
vibration side noise baseline survey (1. Sewri, 2. ST 4.5 years 85dB(A)
(dB(A)LAeq ) (continuous 24 migratory bird -Ambient Noise Standards in
hrs) distribution area India (dB (A) Leq)
ST500-5500, 3. 1.Industrial Area
Shivaji Ngagar) Day Time: 75 (6-22hr)
Night Time: 70 (22-
Note) No2 and 3 6hr) 2.Commercial
108,000
locations where Area: Day Time: 65 (6-
baseline 22hr) Night Time: 55
monitoring was (22-6hr) 3.Residential
carried out. Area:
Night Time: 45 (22-
6hr) 4.Silence Zone
- Construction vibration
75dB
-Vibration Standards
Same method as roadside
Vibration
baseline survey 2 times / year x 1. Commercial /Industrial Area
(dB L10 or ditto 54,000
(continuous 24 4.5 years Day Time: 70 (7-20hr)
mm/sec) hrs) Night Time: 65 (20-7hr)
Day Time: 65 (7-
20hr)
9 1.Monitoring of
and
mudflat conditions Significant impacts are not
including Ocular inspection caused by the project
10 fauna-flora and quantitative
2. Monitoring of survey Note)
Cutting Tree and Detailed monitoring plan
replantation/ 1-1. Fauna-Flora will be setup during basic
transplanting area Line-Point design stage
3.Monitoring of census and
Mangrove record number Standard for Soil; Table 6.1.15
Plantation area and Along MTHL Sandar for Ecological
Protected
appointed by appeared species alignment and 4 times / year x Parameter:
Area MoEF 6,480,000
1-2: Mangrove mangrove replant 4.5 years Netprimary Productivity
/Ecosystem 4. Monitoring of density and area <1,500 mgC/m3/day at
sedimentation soil community surface
and ecological survey Chlorophyll-a
parameter 1-3: Benthos <4mg/m3
(18items on Survey Phosphate: 0.1-90μg/l
Table 2-1: Cutting trees Nitrate: 1.0-500μg/l
6.1.15 for soil and confirmation Nitrite: <125μg/l
7 items such as 3-1: Mangrove Particulate Organic
1)Netprimary survey in the Carbon: 10-100mg/m3
productivitye, replanted area SiO2: 10-5,000μg/l
2)Chlorophyll-a,
3)Phosphate,
Category
Impacted Standard
Guidelines
Evironment & Forest
(MoEF)
4)Nitrate,
5)Nitrite,
6)Particulate
Organic Carbon,
7) SiO2)
11 Flood level
2 Locations
measurement
Project activities and structures
during high 4 times / year x
Hydrology Flooding situation (CRZ at Sewri 540,000 does not cause flooding and
precipitation 4.5 years
and Shivaji impacts on tidal conditions
periods
Nagar)
12 2 Locations
(1. Embankment
The cost is
Visual survey of Inter Change Embankment shall be
Topography Conditions in 4 times / year x including
about Stability of in Shibaji Nagar stabilized without any
and Geology embankment area 4.5 years with No17
embankment and 2 Cutting landslide and cracks
Land use
area at toll gate
in
Chirle)
13 Involuntary Payment and Consultation
Compensation shall be
resettlement implementation of Meeting and/or
Refer to SIA completed prior to actual
social assistance in Survey with the Affected area
monitoring plan construction activities and
accordance with project affected
secure livelihood standards
SIA persons (PAPs)
14 The poor Refer to SIA
ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto
monitoring
16 Local plan
economy
such as
employment
and
livelihood
17 Land use 2 Locations
Designated land use shall be
and Situation of (Sewri and Navi
Confirmation of 2 times / year x secured without any unplanned
utilization of establishment of Mumbai side in 180,000
land use map 4.5 years development by local people
local land use map the Affected
and developers
resources area)
19 Existing
Compensation shall be
social Condition of Refer to SIA
Refer to SIA completed prior to actual
infrastructur facilities to be Ocular inspection Affected area monitoring
monitoring plan construction activities and
es and displaced plan
secure livelihood standards
services
22 Local 2 Locations 4 times / year x
Confirmation of 4.5 years
conflict of Construction (camp site in Employment opportunity shall
workers list from 180,000
interests worker’s township Sewri and Shivaji be provided fairly
contractor Nagar)
24 Landscape 1 time / year x Color of structure shall be
1 Location 4.5 year
Condition of adopted monotone color
Visual inspection (View from (Dry season) 22,500
landscape harmonized with surrounding
Sewri Fort) landscape
27 Infectious 2 Locations 4 times / year x
Confirmation of 4.5 years
diseases Number of (camp site in Infection disease rate shall not
health check list 180,000
such as infected patient Sewri and Shivaji be caused by the project
from contractor
HIV/AIDS Nagar)
28 Labour 2 times / year x “Building And Other
Environmen Confirmation of 2 Location 4.5 years Construction Workers
Construction
t safety devices (camp site in (Regulation of Emloyment and
worker’s 90,000
and conditions Sewri and Shivaji Conditions of Service)
condition
via interviews Nagar) Act,1996”, “The building
and
other construction worker’s
Category
Impacted Standard
Guidelines
Evironment & Forest
(MoEF)
welfare cess Act, 1996” and
international standards such as
“IFC Performance Standard 2
Labor and Working
Conditions”
29 Accidents Number of Confirmation of 2 Locations 4 times / year x Any accidents are not caused
accidents accidents list (camp site in 4.5 years by construction
from local Sewri and Shivaji
government and Nagar) 180,000
State Traffic
Police
Department
30 Cross Monitoring of
impacts and transplanting trees Refer to No.9 and 10
climate and mangrove
change
Total Cost during Construction : 8,140,500 INR for 4.5 years
7.2.2. Operation Phase
Environmental monitoring survey plan for operation phase is proposed as follows. Proposed
monitoring period is at least three (3) years.
Table 7.2.2 Environmental Monitoring Survey Plan during Operation Phase

Category
Impacted Standard
Item on Cost Central Pollution Control Board
JICA (INR) (CPCB) – Ministry of Environment
Guidelines
& Forest (MoEF)
1 Air pollution SO2, NO2, PM10,Same method as 2 Locations 2 times / year x 3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM2.5, O3, Pb, CO,baseline survey years (NAAQS) by Central Pollution Control
NH3, C6H6, BaP, As, Or Establis fixed (1. Embankment Board (CPCB)
Ni, CH4 and monitoring station at 2 of Inter Change (Once every (Standard for 24hrs: Industrial and
CO2 (14 Items) locations in Shibaji Nagar quarter Residential/ Ecological Sensitive area)
and 2 Cutting –Summer, SO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
area at toll gate Winter, NO2: 80 / 80μg/m3
in Chirle) post-monsoon) PM10: 100 /
(24 hr/day for 2 600,000 100μg/m3 PM 2.5:: 60
consecutive / 60μg/m3
working days per O3: 180 / 180μg/m3
week for 2 weeks Pb: 1.0 / 1.0μg/m3
except CO which CO: 0.4 / 0.4mg/m3
is 8 hr/day) NH3:: 400 /
400μg/m3
C6H6: 0.5 /
0.5μg/m3(anual) BaP: 0.1
/ 0.1μg/m3(anual)
2 Water pH, BOD, DO, Same method as 3 Locations 4 times / year x 3 Marine water quality Standards – Class
pollution Turbidity and baseline survey years SW-IV Harbour Waters (MPCB)
O&G Zone II (Sewri pH : 6.5-9
mudflat), Zone Once every DO: 3 mg/l
540,000
III and Zone IV quarter – Turbidity: 30 NTU
where baseline Summer, Winter BOD: 5 mg/l
monitoring was and O & G: 10 mg/l
carried out. post-monsoon
4 Soil Heavy Metals & Same method as 3 Locations 1 time / year x 3 Soil Pollution Standard in India
Contaminati Oil & Grease baseline survey years 108,000 (MOEF)
And
Category
Impacted Standard
Guidelines
& Forest (MoEF)
8 on/ (5-10 items shall (Zone II, III and Cd: 0.01mg/l
sedimentatio be selected from III) Lead: 0.01mg/l
n Soil pollution Chromium (VI): 0.05mg/l
standards) Arsenic: 0.01mg/l
T-Mercury: 0.0005mg/l
Copper: 125mg/kg
(some items shall be selected from
totally 25 standards items)
5 Noise and Ambient and road Same method as 2 Locations 2 times / year x 3 Ambient Noise Standards in India
vibration side noise baseline survey years (dB (A) Leq)
(dB(A)LAeq ) Sewri and Shivaji 1.Industrial Area
Nagar where Day Time: 75 (6-22hr)
baseline Night Time: 70 (22-6hr)
monitoring was 2.Commercial Area:
carried out. 48,000 Day Time: 65 (6-22hr)
3.Residential Area:
4.Silence Zone
Vibration Same method as 2 times / year x 3 Night Time: 40 (22-
(dB L10 or baseline survey years 6hr)
Vibration Standards (refer to
mm/sec)
Japanese standards along the road)
24,000 1. Commercial /Industrial Area
Day Time: 65 (7-
20hr)
9 Protected 1.Monitoring of
and Area / mudflat Significant impacts are not caused by
Ecosystem conditions the project
10
including
fauna-flora Note) Detailed monitoring plan will
2. Monitoring of be setup during basic design stage
Cutting Tree and Ocular inspection Standard for Soil; main text Table
replantation/ and quantitative 6.1.15 Standards for Ecological
transplanting area survey Parameter:
3.Monitoring of Netprimary Productivity
Mangrove 1-1. Fauna-Flora <1,500 mgC/m3/day at
Plantation area Line-Point census
surface Chlorophyll-a
appointed by and record
<4mg/m3
MoEF number and
4. Monitoring of appeared species Along MTHL
2 times / year x 3 Nitrate: 1.0-500μg/l
sedimentation soil 1-2: Mangrove alignment and 2,160,000
years Nitrite: <125μg/l
and ecological density and mangrove replant
parameter community survey Particulate Organic Carbon:
area
(18items on main 1-3: Benthos 10-100mg/m3
text Table 6.1.15 Survey SiO2: 10-5,000μg/l
for soil and 7 2-1: Cutting trees
items such as confirmation
1)Netprimary 3-1: Mangrove
productivitye, survey in the
2)Chlorophyll-a, replanted area
3)Phosphate,
4)Nitrate,
5)Nitrite,
6)Particulate
Organic Carbon,
7) SiO2)
Category
Impacted Standard
Guidelines
& Forest (MoEF)
11 Hydrology Flood level

2 Locations
measurement
Project activities and structures does not
during high 4 times / year x
Flooding situation (CRZ at Sewri 360,000 cause flooding and impacts on tidal
precipitation 3 years
and Shivaji conditions
periods
Nagar)
12 2 Locations
(1. Embankment
Visual survey of Inter Change
Topography Conditions in 2 times / year x Refer item Embankment shall be stabilized without
about Stability of in Shibaji Nagar
and Geology embankment area and 2 Cutting
3 years No 17 any landslide and cracks
embankment
area at toll gate
in
Chirle)
13 Involuntary Payment and
Consultation Meeting
resettlement implementation of Compensation shall be completed prior
and/or Survey with Refer to SIA
social assistance in Affected area to actual construction activities and
the project affected Monitoring plan
accordance with secure livelihood standards
persons (PAPs)
SIA
14 The poor Refer to SIA
monitoring
16 Local plan
economy
such as
employment
and
livelihood
17 Land use 2 Locations
and Situation of (Sewri and Navi Designated land use shall be secured
Confirmation of 2 times / year x 3
utilization of establishment of Mumbai side in 60,000 without any unplanned development by
land use map years
local land use map the Affected local people and developers
resources area)
24 Landscape 1 Location 1 time / year x 3 Color of structure shall be adopted
Condition of year
Visual inspection (View from 15,000 monotone color harmonized with
landscape (Dry season)
Sewri Fort) surrounding landscape
29 Accidents Number of traffic Confirmation of On Mumbai 2 times / year x Any accidents are not caused by
accidents accidents list from Trans Harbour 3 years construction
local government Link 30,000
and State
Traffic
Police Department
30 Cross Monitoring of
impacts and transplanting trees Refer to No.9 and 10
climate and mangrove
change
Total Cost: 3,945,000 INR for 3 years
7.3. Cost, Financial Source and Frameworks
The objectives and design of the EMP and Environmental Monitoring Plan was described in
earlier sections of this chapter. There is a necessity to form a proper ‘Institutional
Framework’ for the effective implementation of the formulated environmental management
& monitoring plan. The elements of this ‘Institutional Framework’ will co-ordinate and work
with each other throughout the project, i.e. during pre-construction, construction & operation
stage. The implementation of formulated environmental mitigation measures comes with a
cost so the budgeting of EMP is necessary and also the financial source that will provide this
budget, are discussed in this section.
The suggested elements of ‘Institutional Framework’ for implementing EMP of MTHL
project will be as follows:
a) MMRDA - Project Implementing Agency (PIA) and Environmental Cell
b) Financial Source – JICA & MMRDA
c) Project Contractor – Construction Company (PC)
d) General Consultant
・ Project Management Consultant (PMC)
・ Environmental Consultant (EC)
e) Environmental Authorized Agency - Statutory Bodies (Authorities)
・ Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
・ Ministry of Environment and Forests
The Environmental Authorized Agency will not be a direct part of ‘Institutional framework’
but it will hold controlling authorities on it. It will review and approve the reports submitted
by the PIA and can take necessary further actions, if any.
The above stated elements are part of the ‘Institutional Framework’ who will work together
to effectively implement the formulated ‘Environmental Management Plan’. The roles &
responsibilities of these elements are given in Table 7.3.1 Roles & Responsibilities of
Institutional Framework.
Table 7.3.1 Environmental Management and Monitoring Organization
Stage Name of Roles & Responsibilities
Organization
Project Implementing Agency and Environmental cell – PIA
Pre- MMRDA Initiate the co-ordinate process among the concerned organizations (Elements of
Construction & Institutional Framework) for EMP implementation.
Construction Overseeing the implementation of the EMP by the PMC
Approval of ‘6 monthly - Environmental Compliance Report’ submitted by the EC and
respond necessary action. After Approval sending the report to the MPCB.
Finalization of the SIA during detailed design.
Facilitate relocation of people & monitoring actual payments of compensation to affected
stakeholders such as landowners, Structure owners etc.
General Consultant
Project Management PIA will get the EMP implanted through PMC.
Consultant (PMC) PMC will work in association with Project Contractor (Construction Company) & the
Environmental Consultant (EC) on a full time basis at the project site office.
PMC will mainly look after managing engineering & construction related activities.
Environmental EC will look after implementation of approved environment measures on site. EC will be
Consultant (EC) in constant touch with PMC & Project Contractor
EC will facilitate PIA to obtain mandatory ‘Consent to Establish’ certificate from
Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB) before start of the Construction on
site.
EC will get the 6 monthly environmental monitoring done from the MoEF approved
laboratory.
EC will prepare an ‘Environmental Compliance Report (ECR)’ describing Status of
approved Environmental Mitigation measures on site (submitted by PC) and Monitoring
of Environmental Attributes (submitted by MoEF Approved Laboratory) on a six
monthly basis and will submit it to the PIA for their approval. PIA will then submit the
approved ECR to the MPCB.
Project Contractor - PC
Construction PC will implement approved EMP (mitigation measures) as directed by PMC &
Company Environmental Consultant.
The PC will submit the report for all conducted mitigation measures on site to the EC on
a six monthly basis.
Operation Project Implementing Agency – PIA
(Twice in a year MMRDA PIA will oversee the compliance status of all environmental measures through their
x 3 years) appointed consultants
Appointed Consultant Periodical inspection & maintenance of the MTHL
by MMRDA EC will facilitate PIA to obtain mandatory ‘Consent to Operate’ certificate from
Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (MPCB) before start of operation of the
project.
EC will prepare annual ‘Environmental Statement (Form V)’ as mandated in CRZ
clearance and submit to PIA for their approval. PIA after reviewing the same will submit
to the MPCB.
Reporting
Reporting
Funding Agency
Audi (JICA)MMRDA (E
t
Monitoring
Project Mana
Source: JICA Study Te

Proposed Envir
Figure 7.3.1
All cost for environmental management plan such as mitigation measures are including in the physical contingency o
CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS
8.1. Objectives of the Meeting
It is mandatory to conduct local level stakeholder meeting twice for this EIA based on draft
EIA process as per JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Consideration (2010).
Main objectives for holding local stakeholder meeting are shown below;
To make aware stakeholders about the proposed MTHL project and project
related proposed actions both before and after development decisions are
made
To understand the concerns of local project affected people and others who
have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project.
To inform stakeholders about the environmental and social adverse and
positive impacts of the project.
To exchange opinions regarding project and environmental issues
To minimize probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy
implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the
stakeholders about the benefits of the project
8.2. Meeting Notification and Language
(1) Scoping Stage
In case of “First Public Consultation”, the publicity of meeting was carried out by sending
separate “Invitation Letters” to the experts in various fields (as per JICA categorization
requirement) while the stakeholders were invited through telephonic as well as personal
invitation. The presentation was given in local “Marathi” language upon request of the
participants.
(2) Draft Supplemental EIA Stage
In case of “Second Public Consultation”, the publication was carried out by putting an
advertisement in two local newspapers about three weeks prior to the date of the public
consultation meeting. The Marathi advertisement was put up in “SAKAAL” and English
advertisement was put up in “HINDUSTAN TIMES” newspapers. This presentation was also
given in “Marathi” language.
8.3. Schedule of the meetings

Following local stakeholder meetings were held in July & August-September 2015. The
schedule and agenda for stakeholder meetings are shown below;
Table 8.3.1 Schedule Stakeholder Meetings on EIA and SIA

7th July, 2015 To discuss the social impacts Project outline, necessity of social survey MMRDA
of the project with the key and survey items, basic compensation policy JICA Team
Shakha office, Near Stakeholders (Project affected and declaration of cut off data Project Affected Persons
Shri Krishna Hindu people)
Hotel, Sewri Gadi
Adda,
Haji-bundar road, Sewri
(E), Mumbai - 400 015
29th July, 2015 To inform stakeholders about Project outline, Benefits of the project, Predicted MMRDA
the proposed MTHL project environmental impacts, practical mitigation JICA Team
Committee Room, 6th & measures, monitoring plan and project schedule Relevant local government
Explanation of draft modified
Floor, MMRDA Rapid EIA and formulation (CIDCO, MPT &
Office, B.K.C, Mumbai of basic consensus JNPT, ASI, NEERI)
Experts from various fields
as per JICA requirement
25th August (SIA 2nd To intimate to the stakeholders Background, 1st SIA Stakeholder meeting (SSM), MMRDA
PC) about the result of BSES and Result of BSES, Resettlement & Rehabilitation JICA Team
Sewri Koli Samaj Hall, Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy of MTHL, Resettlement Site, Requesting Project Affected Persons
22/1 Koli Samaj Policy of MTHL. opinions from PAPs.
Co.Op.Society, Sewri,
Koliwada (E), Mumbai -
400015
15th September, 2015 To inform/communicate to the Opening Remarks, Project in Brief, Objectives & MMRDA Team
stakeholders and public at large schedule of public consultation meetings, details of JICA Team
Sewri Koli Samaj Hall, about the findings of the draft first public consultation of EIA, result of reformed Relevant local government
22/1 Koli Samaj supplemental EIA. To discuss studies, Environmental Management Plan, (CIDCO, MPT & JNPT)
Co.Op.Society, Sewri, about the mitigation measures Environment Monitoring Plan, Project Experts from various fields
Koliwada (E), Mumbai - as suggested in the draft EIA. Implementation Schedule, Exchange Opinions, as per JICA requirement
400015 Remarks NGOs
8.4. Summary of Stakeholder Meeting
(1) Scoping Stage
1) Participants of the meeting

Table 8.4.1 Major Participants of Public Consultation on Scoping Stage
Date & States Major Participants
MMRDA
)
Other Government .
Mumbai, Maharashtra State

29th July 2015 2.00-4.00pm NGO and/or Community specific group
(at Committee Room, 6th Floor, MMRDA office, B.K.C, Mumbai)
PAPs
r
)
JICA Team
j
Number of Total Government: 12, PAPs: 13, NGOs and Community Specific Group: 3, JICA Team: 6
Participants Total: 34 (Male: 26, Female: 8)
2) Agenda
Explanation of the objective of the meeting by JICA Team
Explanation of project background & project features by JICA Study Team
Explanation of MTHL alignment by JICA Study Team
Explanation on need of Environmental & Social consideration in this project
Explanation on supplemental EIA and RAP outline (process, extent of impact and study
schedule) by JICA Study Team
Explanation on Study Schedule (Timeline)
Exchange of opinions
(Note): Contents above was explained in “Marathi” language based on the materials prepared for SHM and RAP Socialization at scoping
stage
3) Major opinion and summary of discussion

JICA study team initiated the proceedings and welcomed the gathering and explained about
the project in brief and EIA studies carried out. The study team presented the project and
EIA findings in Marathi language to the participants. The meeting then opened for Questions
& Answers session. The major opinions and discussions held in the meeting are given below:
Table 8.4.2 Major Opinions and Discussions of the Stakeholder Meeting
Major opinion and Answer
No Question/Comment Answer
Name/Position Question Name/Position Answer
Scientist- Who will do the funding to the project? JICA Study It is expected that the funding to the project is from
1
NEERI Team “Japan International Cooperation Agency’’ (JICA).
Scientist- In which season the environmental monitoring JICA Study Post monsoon season monitoring was carried out in the
NEERI is carried out? Whether Marine water & Air Team year 2012.
2
quality monitoring is covered in this Reformed JICA study Team will use the secondary data from
Rapid EIA? Pollution Control Board, if any.
Scientist- What activities are planned in the JICA Study JICA study Team has checked the old Rapid EIA
NEERI supplementary EIA? Team Report 2012 based on the JICA guidelines, and will
3 fill
out the gaps.
Vibration Study and Social Impact Assessment will be
covered in the Supplemental EIA.
Manager EC- Whether Mangrove Management Plan & JICA Study All these will be covered in the EIA finalized in the
JNPT and Ecology Impacts are considered? Team September 2015.
4
Scientist-
NEERI
Superintending How much is the distance between alignment JICA Study Around 3 km from the alignment to Elephanta cave.
Archaeologist – and Elephanta caves? Elephanta Caves has no Team With regard to provision of power, this cannot be
5 Archaeological electric connection. considered under this project.
Survey of India If project is passing at 1 km from Elephanta
Caves then electricity should be converted.
PAP Long back, Mangrove Park was declared in JICA Study JICA study Team will check on this.
Sewri. Is this taken into account? Team (After the meeting, It was confirmed that there is no
6
such park declared by a competent authority like
MOEF or Forest Dept.)
PAP Give details of Slum Rehabilitation Plan. JICA Study MMRDA carried out 100 household surveys earlier
Team and now 380 households survey is been carried out
7 on
SIA survey. MMRDA will study these survey results
and follow MMRDA’s Compensation Policy for
Rehabilitation.
PAP The PAP said this is a good project and we Social MMRDA will take into account these points. But they
want such project. But the rehabilitation should Development cannot commit that they can shift the PAPs in the
8 be in the near area or in the same area. As per Cell, same area at the moment. But they will see the
new law, should get new and good homes and MMRDA situation and try to shift the PAPs in the nearby area.
commercial units.
PAP What about the houses which are not in impact Social Those who are interested to shift, MMRDA will think
zones? Development positively regarding the same. MMRDA will follow
Cell, the policy in view of JICA R & R policy. House in
9 MMRDA lieu of house will be as per new policy. As per rule,
225 Sq.ft space will get per house. If more than 225
Sq.m
then MUTP policy will be followed.
PAP What about commercial area? Because these Social As per Government of India Act, commercial in lieu
are not taken into account. Development of commercial area policy is not there. Business may
10 Cell, get lost, but MMRDA will take into account the
MMRDA number of business affected persons and will think on
compensation.
PAP Are worship/religious places taken into Social MMRDA will think on shifting of these places out of
account? Development
11 project ROW (Right of Way). OR MMRDA will
Cell,
MMRDA think on land compensation with discussion with the
locals.
PAP What if commercial area is above 3000 Sq.ft & Social The entitlement as per Policy is 225 sq. ft. If there
has more than two or three properties? Development titled property, the maximum area compensated will
Cell, be 750 sq ft. For Non Titled properties irrespective of
12 MMRDA their sizes, 225 sq ft shall be given. For additional area
up to 750 sq ft, they have to purchase it as per ready
reconer
rate.
PAP If some people are not willing to shift then Social Government rules will be strictly followed during
what will be the solution? Development development.
Cell, In many of the projects of MMRDA, it was observed
13 MMRDA that people want their homes in the same building.
Temporary shifting will be given concerning
Source: JICA Study Team with
Mumbai Port Trust. It will be till building construction.

Figure 8.4.1 Photos of the 1st Public Consultation on EIA
(2) Draft EIA Stage
1) Participants of the meeting

Table 8.4.3 Participants of Public Consultation on Draft EIA Stage
Date & States Major Participants
t
.
MMRDA
.
)
),
Other Government
Experts (as per JICA

)
categorization)
15th September 2015
.
JICA Team
e
Key PAPs )
o
NGO and/or ( a
Community specific t
group & others ( o
)
Government: 13, Experts as per JICA Categorization: 1, PAPs: 66, NGOs and Community Specific Group: 17, JICA
Number of Total
Team: 8
Percipients
Total: 105 (Male: 91, Female: 14)
2) Agenda (common in both states)

Explanation of the objective of the meeting
Explanation of project outline by JICA Study Team
Intimation of result/findings of the supplemental draft EIA
Intimation of proposed mitigation measures
Exchange of opinions
3) Major opinion and summary of discussion
JICA study team initiated the proceedings and welcomed the gathering and explained about
the project in brief and EIA studies carried out. JICA study team presented the project and
EIA findings in Marathi language to the participants. The meeting then opened for Questions
& Answers session. The opinions and discussions held in the meeting are given below:
Table 8.4.4 Opinions and Discussions of the 2nd public consultation Meeting
Major opinion and Answer
No Question/Comment Answer
Name/Position Question Name/Position Answer
1 NGO We want this bridge to come up as it is a MMRDA Ok, we have noted these good suggestions.
good public facility, but the bridge should
be realigned. Flamingos are coming here
and they stay for 6 months. We should
look at how we can save them. We
should use latest technology monitoring
programme. Restoration program for the
mudflats so that flamingo habitation area
can be kept secured and citizens can
enjoy the nature.
2 NGO Bridge should start from MPT. JICA Study Team The plan is to minimize the construction
What are the impacts of the project on: through construction of pillars with larger spans.
Marine life Rain water & storm water will be discharged
Migratory Birds through the piles and not directly, in sea to
Fisherman and fishing activities and avoid turbidity.
its period Noise & vibration impacts will be minimized by
Remedial Measures for the PAPs installation of noise barriers with edge treatment
Earth strata impact for such 5 years so that this will also mitigate the impact of street
long period lights on the aquatic biota specially flamingos.
In the event of accidental release of Piling/boring will be there for pillars and the
gases outcomes will be disposed as per CRZ
Aquatic life notification. Shorter spans will only be at
interchanges in area at 50 mts.
3 Fishermen Society Do all documents are open to public and JICA Study Team Draft EIA will be submitted on 25th September
are they in Marathi? What are the and then it will be available on JICA website.
impacts on fishing activities and Committee will be formed in one week to
fisherman? What are mitigation decide the impacts and mitigation measures for
measures? Fisherman and Fishing activities.
4 NGO What about draft EIA reports and current JICA Study Team Draft EIA will be submitted on 25th September
status and updates. Whether detailed and then it will be available on JICA website.
studies on migratory birds and fauna are Here only piers will be coming. There is no
been carried out? 150 species are noted erosion because of piers. Flamingoes came in
in this area. 15000 flamingoes for 6 to 7 1994. They are well noted still under Vashi &
months visit this place. Not only noise Airoli bridge without any mitigation measures.
barriers but also trees should be planted. But in this proposed project except construction
Project will lead to environment period no such impacts are anticipated. No
degradation due to upcoming traffic on erosion is expected. Mangroves generally
proposed link bridge. Impacts on increased due to siltation. Mangrove
mangroves and its cutting. Modelling replantation will be carried out as per CRZ
should be just like Bandra Worli Sea clearance.
Link.
5 PAP What happens to public transport like MMRDA No railway is part of the project. Navi Mumbai
trains? Traffic studies are done? What has already plan of development of an airport.
will be the toll cost? Will it cause Toll cost will be for all. Toll cost will be fixed
financial burden? in
such a way that people will use the bridge.
6 PAP Are trains included in this project? MMRDA No, Trains are not included in this project.
7 NGO In proposed project area sanctuary is MMRDA The distance between Thane creek and
declared. Dumping is going /operational sanctuary is far. We have carried out traffic
at Kanjur & JNPT. What will be the studies and reported in EIA. Flamingo study is
impact if such delineation will happen? carried out by the experts and only after this
design is fixed.
8 PAP Being a member of IIE, this project is MMRDA The benefits and cost cannot be thought at this
very important and is proposed from stage. But yes, balanced approached will be
long time. How this project will help to maintained in this project.
cope with increasing traffic and speed
level? The balance should be done for
positive
impacts for both humans and flamingoes.
9 NGO Thane creek is far from sanctuary. But JICA Study Team Like no other projects, in this projects
are necessary approvals obtained for the environmental impacts are considered. It is
project and are these factors been already explained that all necessary approvals
considered? are obtained. Now international and local
experts are looking and studying about
flamingoes. Hence all the points will be
covered and reported in the supplemental EIA.
New technology is proposed, but still we are
open for good suggestions which will be
discussed with JICA to ensure that this project
will not create environmental disaster but for
further projects it
will be an example.
10 NGO Does this project impact tidal pattern? MMRDA The Central Water and Power Research Station
And do the pillars cause impact on (CWPRS) carried out studies on these issues.
environment? What are the mitigation And it is noticed that no such impacts are
measures? anticipated.
Figure 8.4.2 Photos of the 2nd Public Consultation

CHAPTER 9 SCHEDULE AND OTHER RELEVANT ACTIVITIES
9.1. Construction Schedule (as of September 2015)
It is expected that “the design-build system” is adopted from the view of saving cost and time
for this project after feasibility study and basic study.
Almost 1 year is required for bidding and selection of contractor, and 4.5 years are necessary
for detailed design and construction period.
The tentative construction schedule is shown as of March 2015 is given in Table 9.1.1.
Table 9.1.1 Construction Schedule (as of September 2015)
9.2.
is
Necessity and
Name ofJICA
Source: Permission to be obtained
Study Team Status as of Status / Reasons
Sep.
2015
1 Environmental
Other CertificatePermission
Necessary (EC) for to be obtained
EC for EIA is not necessary on EIA notification in 2006 as of 2015.
EIA by Ministry of Environment MSRDC had obtained EC for old EIA law in 2005 with 5 years validity. Although the EIA is
Not Required
and Forests (MOEF) not necessary after 2006, MMRDA has updated this EIA as Rapid EIA for mainly
Other necessary permission to be obtained by MMRDA
obtaining before and
of CRZ-Environmental during construction shown below;
Certificate.
2 EC for Coastal Regulation
Table 9.2.1 Other Necessary Zone The EC of CRZ had been obtained from MOEF based on law of 2011 CRZ in 2013 with
NotEnvironmental
Required Permissions
by MOEF 5 years validity. (Until 18th July 2018). The EC is including mangrove cutting permission
from MOEF.
(Already
Law: Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011
obtained in
Issued date of CRZ for MTHL: 18th July 2013 (valid until 17th July 2018)
2013)
3 Mangrove Cutting Tree According to interview with the person in charge environment in MMRDA, in general, a
Permission by MOEF mangrove cutting permission shall be acquired by the proponent from the Forest
Not Required
Department of MOEF. However CRZ-EC was approved by MOEF and mangrove cutting
(Already
permission was given on same CRZ-EC. As mentioned on CRZ-EF, MMRDA shall
obtained in
replant 5times of cutting mangrove trees (0.0176 x 5times = 0.888 ha) in appointed area of
2013)
30 ha in Nhava by
MOEF before construction phase.
4 Maharashtra High Court The proponent shall have Maharashtra high-court permission for cutting mangrove after
Permission for Mangrove Cutting obtaining CRZ-EC from MOEF. MMRDA has not obtained this permission yet as of Sep.
in 2015.
Before
This permission shall be obtained before actual cutting activities in construction stage based
Construction
on CRZ-EC and Mangrove cutting permission. According to the person in charge
environment in MMRDA, the process may take around 3 months after submission
of application.
5 Tree Cutting Permission by Local All permissions shall be obtained after identification of final affected area and number of trees
Before
Government based on detailed design and investigation of affected trees.
Construction
The legal framework and process is show below (Table 9.2.2)
6 Non Objection Certificate from The contractor shall submit construction plan including activities and plant before actual
Maharashtra Pollution Control construction activities, and then MPCB reviews and issue Non Objection Certificate in
Board (MPCB) Before accordance with following laws and regulations;
Construction The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
7 Environmental Certificate under The contractor shall have necessary an Environmental Certificate in accordance with EIA
EIA Notification Law 2006 Notification 2006 from Maharashtra State and/or Central MOEF when the contractor
As required develops new quarry, borrow pits and camp site, if required
Additionally the contractor shall follow JICA Guideline for Environmental and Social
Considerations 2010
Source: JICA Study Team based on interviews with MMRDA
Table 9.2.2 Cutting Tree Permission Process

Permission to be obtained
Mumbai Side Navi Mumbai Side
Item
1. Name of Permission Permission for Logging of Project Affected Trees Ditto
2. Applicable law and regulation Maharashtra Felling of Trees (Regulations Acts, 1964) Ditto
Amended in 2006
3. Approval Authority MCGM (Municipal Corporation for Greater Mumbai) MCNM (Municipal Corporation for
Navi Mumbai)
Note)The permission is given from
affected authority
4. Due date to be approved 67 days before cutting trees Ditto
5. Process for obtaining permission
(1) Marking on affected area after detailed design Ditto
(2) Fix the affected area based on detailed design
(3) Site survey affected species, location and numbers
(4) Submission of application form and result of survey
(5) Inspection and review (xx days)
(6) Issue of permission
6. Process period (4)-(6): 3-6 months (depend on case) Ditto
Source: JICA Study Team based on interviews with MMRDA
9.3. Other Necessary Development Plan
(1) Quarry Site and Borrow Pit
The designated registered quarry sites and borrow pits are shown in Figure 9.3.1.
The contractor should use these registered quarry sites as possible as they can. However the
contractor can use other designated and registered quarry sites or develop new sites under
obtaining permission from relevant authority prior to actual construction activities.
Additionally the contractor shall follow JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social
Considerations 2010, if required.
(2) Construction Yard and Labor Camp
The planned construction yard and labor camp is located in Sewri side and Navi Mumbai side
respectively as shown in Figure 9.3.2.
The Construction and Camp Site in Sewri is located in Mumbai Port Trust compound app. 18
ha, on the other hand, the site in Navi Mumbai side is located on Right of Way of MTHL. A
Part of the camp site in Shivaji Nagar has been secured by MMRDA.
The expected number of construction workers, scale and major construction facilities are
shown below;
It is estimated that approximately totally 3,000/day workers at construction peak day time,
and 1,000 workers are staying temporary accommodation on sites.
Table 9.3.1 Outline of Construction Yard
Item
Estimated Number of Workers
Function and Installed Plant
Name of Site (accommodated)
1. Sewri Construction Yard 1,540 (510) Casting yard, material storage, workshop for
2. Shivaji Nagar Construction Yard 290 (1,000) construction machines and accommodation for
3. Chirle Construction Yard 200 (600) workers
Although all construction yard is secured by contractor, the contractor shall refer following
scoping and mitigation measures and obtain necessary permissions in accordance with
relevant Indian laws.
Quarry Location -
Figure 9.3.1 Designated Quarry Site near Project Area

Candidate
Yard-1 Yard-2 Shivaji
Nagar
Candidate
Yard-3
Chirle
Yard-2 Shibvaji Nagar

(app. 10 ha)
Yard-1 Sewri
(app. 18 ha in Mumbai
Port Trust Compound)
Figure 9.3.2 Tentative Construction and Camp Site on MTHL

As shown in Table 5.3.1 and Table 5.3.2, the degree of impacts for construction of base camp
are evaluated in scoping matrix. Detailed degree of impacts and tentative recommended
mitigation measure are shown in the next table.
Table 9.3.2 Reasons for Draft Scoping Matrix for Development of Construction Yard
Rating
Area No. Impacted Item Pre/During Reasons of the Rating Pre/During Construction
Const
1 Air Pollution D- It is expected no activities to cause serious air pollution
Pollution
2 Water Pollution B- Organic polluted water may be discharged from base camp.
3 Waste B- Domestic waste and night soil may be generated from construction base camp.
4 Soil Contamination B- Oil and grease may leak from the storage and construction machines
5 Noise and Vibration D- It is expected no activities to cause significant noise and vibration
6 Ground subsidence D- No impacts are expected because any activities which cause ground subsidence not expected.
7 Odor D- No impacts are expected because any activities which cause odor are not expected.
8 Sediment quality D- No impacts are expected because any activities which generate polluted soil are not expected.
9 Candidate 3 sites are not located any protected area. However Shivaji Nagar Casting yard and
Natural Environment
Protected Area C- Sewri yard are located near CRZ, thus construction activities may give adverse impacts
with fauna and flora in CRZ.
10 Shivaji Nagar Casting yard and Sewri yard are located near CRZ, thus construction activities
Ecosystem C-
may give adverse impacts with fauna and flora in CRZ
11 Hydrology D- No impacts are expected because all casting yard are located on the land.
12 Considerable topography and geological sites are not located in the candidate area, thus no
Topography and geology D- impact is expected. Additionally cutting and construction of embankment is not planned in the
yard.
13 All candidate yards are located in right of way, and land acquisition, compensation, livelihood
Social Environment
Involuntary resettlement D- restoration program and clearance is done prior to construction period. Thus any
adverse impacts are not expected on this item.
14 The Poor D- ↑ditto
15 Indigenous and ethnic people D- ↑ditto
16 Local economy such as
D- ↑ditto
employment and livelihood
17 Land use and utilization of local
D- ↑ditto
resources
18 Water Usage D- ↑ditto
19 Existing social infrastructures
D- ↑ditto
and services
20 ↑ditto
Social institutions such as local
D- Impacts are not expected, since local decision making institute will continue after the road
decision making institutions construction.
21 Misdistribution of benefit and Misdistribution of benefit and damage caused by the road & bridge construction is not
D-
damage expected.
22 Local conflict of interests D- No impacts are expected because any activities which cause local conflicts
23 All candidate yards are located in right of way, and land acquisition, compensation, livelihood
Cultural Heritage D- restoration program and clearance is done prior to construction period. Thus any
adverse impacts are not expected on this item.
24 Building accommodation and casting yard does not give few impacts on changing land scape
Landscape D-
and duration is limited only during construction.
25 All candidate yards are located in right of way, and land acquisition, compensation,
Gender D- livelihood restoration program and clearance is done prior to construction period. Thus any
adverse
impacts are not expected on this item.
26 Right of children D- Few impact is expected (child labor is prohibited under relevant laws)
27 Infectious diseases such as STD are possible to be spread due to inflow of construction
Infectious diseases such as
B- workers. Furthermore, alteration to ground by cut land and filling may provoke to
HIV/AIDS
provide
habitats of mosquito that possibly transmits dengue fever.
28 Construction work environment needs to be considered in accordance with relevant laws and
Labor environment B-
regulations.
29 Accidents B- Construction vehicles may use existing local road near residential areas, thus number of traffic
het
Rating
Area No. Impacted Item Pre/During Reasons of the Rating Pre/During Construction
Const
accident may increase.
30 Cross boundary impacts and Deforestation and operation of construction machines may increase greenhouse gases such as
B-
climate change CO2.
Note) Rating:
.3.3. Since Shivaji Nagar and Sewri construction yard are located adjacent to CRZ and mangrove area, the contractor shall comply with
uction Yard During Construction
Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Area No. Item
During Construction Implementation Agency Responsible Agency
2 Water pollution There shall be no water drawl in CRZ area from Shivaji Nagar and Sewri Contractor MMRDA &
Construction yard (Construction General
Provision of sanitation facilities at the labor camps, also the location of Company) Consultant
camps will be at least 200 m away from any water sources. (PMC & EC)
Connection sewerage pipe from the construction yard
Septic tanks will be provided in accordance with Coastal Regulation Zone
Notification, 2011. The disposal of treated water shall conform to the
regulations of MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board).
Uncontrolled digging of borrow pits will be avoided to prevent water
accumulation, which results in breeding of vector disease.
3 Proper sanitation facilities will be provided at construction workers camp. Contractor MMRDA &
Garbage/muck materials generated will be analyzed prior to dumping / (Construction General
disposal in the identified locations with the approval of competent authority Company) Consultant
Waste to ensure that it do not cause any impact to the environment (PMC & EC)
There will be no disposal of solid or liquid wastes on coastal area
especially
Shivaji Nagar and Sewri construction yard. Solid waste Management will
be as per Municipal Solid (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
4 Soil Contamination Oil and grease shall be stored and managed without leaking from machines Contractor MMRDA &
and storage (Construction General
Company) Consultant
(PMC & EC)
5 Noise and All the construction equipment’s shall be provided with exhaust silencers as Contractor MMRDA &
Vibration committed. (Construction General
Install noise barrier on the boundary of compound Company) Consultant
(PMC & EC)
9 Protected Area and Location of construction yard shall avoid near habitat of migratory birds MMRDA & MMRDA &
Natural Environment
and Ecosystem Install sheet pile on boundary to cover workers activities near CRZ (Shivaji Contractor General
Nagar and Sewri Construction Yard) (Construction Consultant
10
As per CRZ Notification 2011, discharge water and waste from the yard to Company) (PMC & EC)
CRZ is prohibited, thus the contractor shall treat and dispose liquid and
solid in accordance relevant laws and regulations
The Contractor shall carry out environmental education for workers not to
poach surrounding wild animals and fishes
The contractor shall necessary permissions for cutting street trees and/or
mangrove
13 Basically mitigation measures are not required because land acquisition and MMRDA MMRDA
Social Environment
Involuntary clearance will be done prior to construction phase, however, appropriate

resettlement compensation shall be done in accordance with policy established on SIA,
if additional land acquisition and compensation is required.
27 Infectious diseases In order to prevent spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Contractor MMRDA &
such as HIV/AIDS awareness of the labors and local inhabitants is promoted. (Construction General
Adequate sanitary facilities will be provided to workers to avoid health Company) Consultant
related problems (PMC & EC)
Mitigation Measures Responsibility
Area No. Item
During Construction Implementation Agency Responsible Agency
Periodic health check up of workers will be done.

28 Labour Implementation and follow relevant laws and regulations “Building And Contractor MMRDA &
Environment Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions (Construction General
of Service) Act,1996” and “The building and other construction worker’s Company) Consultant
welfare cess Act, 1996” and IFC Performance Standard 2 Labor and (PMC & EC)
Working Conditions
29 Accident Labors will be equipped with proper safety gears like helmets gloves and Contractor MMRDA
gumboot (Construction
Installing gate structure at the entrance of the construction site to set up Company) in
restricted area consultation with
Deploying flagman at the gate and crossing points of the construction Traffic Police
vehicles Department
Installing fence around the construction site to keep out local people such
as children
Safety training for the workers
30 Cross Boundary Replanting mangrove and street trees same amount of cutting MMRDA MMRDA
impacts and trees Implementation of appropriate periodical machine
climate change maintenance

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As of 24th November 2015 Final (reviewed by JICA on 9th October 2015)

Mumbai Trans Harbor Link Project

Supplemental Environmental Impact Assessment

Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Mumbai Trans Harbor Link Project

(Final, 24th November 2015)

Mumbai Metropolitan Region

1.1 Project Description

Item Description Remarks

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.1.2 Typical Structure of the Bridge and Road

1.2.1 Topography, Geography and Hydrology

Table 1.2.1 Topographic and Geographic Features

Section-1Section-2 Section-3 Section-4 Section-5

37m 30m 22m 15m 8m

ST0 2.5km 5km 7.5km 10km 12.5km 15km 17.5km 20km21.9km

Source: JICA Study Team

Sediment clay layer (N- value:0-50)

Weathering basalt layer

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.2.2 Geographic Feature

Land use at the west

Mangrove Forest in Sewri（Low Density）

Industrial area in Chirle

Mangrove Forest （1-3m height）

Figure 1.2.3 Current Land Use in the Project Area (2008)

Figure 1.2.4 Land Use in Mumbai 2014-2034

Source: Navi Mumbai Land Use Plan (CIDOCO 2008/Website）

Figure 1.2.5 Landuse in Navi Mumbai 2008.

Source: India Metrological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences (website)

Figure 1.2.6 Annual Rainfall in Mumbai (2008-2013 average)

1.2.4 Protected Area

(1) National Park

(2) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.2.7 Location of Sanjay National Park

Figure 1.2.8 CRZ Section in Mumbai Side (Sewri)

Source: IRS Map

Figure 1.2.9 CZMP entire length of the Project

1.2.5 Fauna and Flora

Source: JICA Study Team

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.2.12 Surveyed Flamingo Distribution (2008)

1.2.6 Cultural Heritage

Source: JICA Study Team

Table 1.2.2 Socio-Economic Situation in the Project Area

Table 1.2.4 GDP PER CAPITA in India (FY2013-2014)

Table 1.2.5 GDP PER CAPITA in the Project Area (FY2013-2014)

Table 1.2.6 GDP on Major Industry in Maharashtra State

Figure 1.2.15 GDP by Industry in Maharashtra State

Poverty Line (INR/month- Poverty Ratio (%) Number of Poor (million)

1.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Notification 2006)

The necessity of environmental impact assessment is stipulated on the Environmental

Table 1.3.1 Mandatory List for EIA

1.3.2 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ Notification 2011)

Table 1.3.2 Relevant Description on CRZ Notification 2011

CRZ Area affected by the Bridge

1.3.3 Other Relevant Environmental Laws and Regulations