Advancing Renewable Energy &

Optimum Management System for

Sustainable Development
 Contents

• Overview
• Conventional Energy
• Renewable Energy and Initiatives
• Energy Internet and Management
• Recent Advances
• Future Directives
 Overview

• Conventional fuels, such as used in coal, oil, or

gas-fired boilers or transportation will increase in
price as supplies diminish.
(Law of supply and demand)
• Where could we get energy if conventional
energy price becomes too expensive for us?
 Energy Source Categories

Non Renewable
renewable

Conventional Coal Wood

Oil Hydro
Gas Human/Animal
Nuclear Fission Wind Water Pumping
Alternative Geothermal Wind Solar
Oil Shale Biomass
Tar Sands Wave/Tide
Methane Ocean Current
Hydrates
 Energy Sources

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/highlight1.html
In the last 100 years, the Earth
warmed up by ~1° C
 Consumption of Energy is Increasing

Quadrillion Btu
700
History Projections
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2005 2010 2015 2020
Why do we need
renewable energy
resources?

Why can’t we just

continue to use non-
renewable resources?
 • CO2 was increased in
the last 70 years
• Global warming ~1°C in
the past 100 years
• Ocean acidification
• Rising sea level ~3.2mm
each year
• Decreasing ice sheet
mass
• Retreating glaciers
• Decreasing Arctic ice

Renewable energy is crucial for mitigating

climate change
Global Warming
 Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuels that will be eventually depleted while
renewable energy is sustainable
• Costs rises in getting the difficult resources; drill oil at
thousands of feet
• Fuels are transported increasing total price
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
 World production of oil and gas is
predicted to peak within 10 - 40 years
 Energy Dependence
• Dependency on cheap oil sometimes lead to a slavish
relationship to the oil dealers
• Is it best to use all our oil firstly, so we can be at the
mercy on other countries?
• Should we use imported oil first to save our oil for hard
times later?
Potential Source of Energy when
Fossil Fuels Run Out
 Why Renewables?

• Do not deplete natural resources

• Global warming has hit the public (and political?)
conscience
• Effective method to reduce CO2 emissions
• Guarantee Energy security for countries
deploying it
• Legislation being passed making renewables
more attractive
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Power
• Photovoltaic
• Solar-thermal

Wind Power
• Onshore
• Offshore

Biofuels
• Agricultural crops (1st Gen)
• Cellulosic feedstock (2nd Gen)
• New feedstock such as Algae (3rd Gen)

Hydro Power
 Wind Energy
• Converts kinetic energy for wind to electrical energy
• Increased size and higher productivity have enabled
wind generation to become an increasingly competitive
alternative to more traditional methods of power
generation
• Uncertainty is the main problem with wind production
owing to the inherent unpredictability of weather
conditions
• Utilization for wind generation is generally rather low,
with most in the 25 - 35% utilization rate
 Wind Energy
• Advantages
– High net energy yield
– Renewable and free
– Very clean source of energy
• No pollution (air or water) during operation
– Long operating life
– Low operating/maintenance costs
– Can be quickly built; not too expensive
– Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
– Land can be used for other purposes
• Can combine wind and agricultural farms
 Wind Energy
• Disadvantages
– Energy storage issues
• An intermittent source of energy; need backup
(e.g. stored energy) for low-wind days
• Or must be connected to the electrical grid
– Only practical in areas that are windy enough
– Visual pollution
– Danger to birds
• New (slow turning) designs largely eliminate this
problem
– Low energy density of wind
• Must use large areas of land
 Wildlife & Wind Energy
•When siting a wind farm, developers must consider any possible wildlife
impacts.

•Though this was not the case in early wind farm development, today all
proposed wind farms must undergo a strict environmental impact
assessment.
Impacts of Wind Energy
(Noise)

• Modern turbines are relatively

quiet
• Noise can be mitigated with
setback distance
– Utility scale wind turbines
should be at least ¼ to ½
mile away from residences
Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy
Source

US installed capacity grew 45% in 2007 and 50% in 2008

Global Electricity Consumption:
5,000 GW
 Propeller Wind Farm
Blade • Strong winds
• Clear hilltop
• Turbines in prevailing
wind direction
Nacelle
containing
generator

Tower

Wind turbine
Wind Power
 Wind Power

The amount of power (electricity), a wind turbine can

produce is largely based on wind velocity using this
equation:
Higher wind speed
= lots more power

Power = ½ ρAV3
Larger wind
turbine = more
power

ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
V = velocity (m s-1)
 Wind Power

How much power can be generated in this

situation?
Power = ½ ρAV3
ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
V = velocity (m s-1)
 80

59.6

How big is a
2.0 MW wind
turbine?
The picture shows a
Vestas V-80 2.0-MW
wind turbine
superimposed on a
Boeing 747 JUMBO JET
Bangui Wind Mills (iLocos)

20 units (1.65MW)
Bangui Bay, Ilocos Norte
 Burgos Wind Mills (iLocos)

50 units (3 MW)
Burgos, Ilocos Norte
 Caparispisan Wind Farm (iLocos)

27 units (3 MW)
Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte
Pilillia Wind Mills (Rizal)

27 units (2 MW)
Pilillia, Rizal
Nabas Wind Mills (Aklan)

18 units (2 MW)
Brgy. Pawa, Aklan
San Lorenzo Wind Mills (Guimaras)

27 units (2 MW)
San Lorenzo, Guimaras
Oriental Mindoro Wind Mills

24 units (2 MW)
Oriental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro Wind Mills
Taichung Wind Farm (Taiwan)

20 units (2.3 MW)

Taichung
XinJiang Wind Farm (China)
 San Gorgonio Wind Farm (US)

3,218 units ( -- MW)

San Gorgonio Pass,
California
Offshore Wind Farms
Donghai Offshore Wind (China)

34 units (3 MW)
Donghai Bridge
Shanghai, China
Offshore Wind (England)
 Key Players

Source: Global Wind Energy Council, Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014
 Solar Energy

• Solar energy is generally captured in two forms:

via photovoltaic cells for electricity generation or
via thermal panels for heating purposes
• Remains an expensive method of generating
electricity compared to conventional sources
and other renewable sources such as wind or
hydro power
• Recent advances in technology and support
from certain governments have continued to
drive solar penetration
Solar Power - Photovoltaic
Current is generated through
Photovoltaic effect -flow of
free electrons in Silicon Panel
due to solar irradiance

Direct current (DC) is

generated which can be
stored in a battery or
converted to Alternating
Current (AC)
Solar Power – Solar Thermal
Sun’s infrared rays are
concentrated through reflecting
mirrors on a heating fluid (normally
liquid salt) medium, which in turn
generates steam to propel turbines
Solar water heating Solar air heating
 Decentralized

Energy efficient house; wind

power on roof. Solar panels
for heat and electricity.
Solar electricity generation
 Merits
• Most widely available source of energy
• Not as limited in location siting as other renewable
sources such as Wind & Hydro
• Largest potential for decentralized power generation
• Solar thermal technology characteristics attractive owing
to ability to store energy
• Scaling up (& down) very easy for Solar PV
• Increased demand driving down costs (grid parity?)
 Demerits
• Expensive form of energy (though not so much if you
consider end-to-end costs of other energy sources)
• Large up-front Capital investment
• Cannot contribute to base-load power (until further
improvements in energy storage)
• Imposes great stress on the grid owing to fluctuating
nature
• Solar PV - difficult to store energy in electric form
 Key Trends & Players
Beyond 2009, Photovoltaic Markets Are Expected to See Healthy Growth

Source: BCG Analysis

SM North Edsa (Carpark)

(1.5 MW)
SM North Edsa
Calatagan Solar Farm (Batangas)

(63.3 MW)
Calatagan, Batangas
 Calatagan Solar Farm (Batangas)
(63.3 MW)
Calatagan, Batangas
 Raslag Solar Farm (Pampanga)
(13 MW) Raslag II
(10 MW) Raslag I
Mexico, Pampanga
 Raslag Solar Farm (Pampanga)

(13 MW) Raslag II

(10 MW) Raslag I
Mexico, Pampanga
San Carlos Solar Farm (Negros Occ.)
(45 MW)
San Carlos, Negros Occ.
 Negros Occidental (Under Const.)
• La Carlotta, Negros Occidental (32 MW)
• Manapla, Negros Occidental (48 MW)
 Silay Solar Farm (Negros Occ.)
(25 MW)
Silay City, Negros Occ.
 Silay Solar Farm (Negros Occ.)

(25 MW)
Silay City, Negros Occ.
Bais Solar Farm (Negros Orient.)

(18 MW)
Bais, Negros Orient.
Bataan Solar Farm
(18 MW)
Mariveles, Bataan
 Tarlac Solar Farm

(150 MW)
Mariveles, Bataan
Toledo Solar Farm
(60 MW)
Toledo City, Cebu
Panda Solar Farm (China)

(150 MW)
Datong, China
Panda Solar Farm (China)

(150 MW)
Datong, China
Largest Solar Farm in SEA (Vietnam)

(600 MW)
Dau Ting Lake, Vietnam
 Largest Solar Park in World (China)

(1.5 GW)
Tengger Desert, China
Largest Solar Park in World (China)

(1.5 GW)
Tengger Desert, China
 Largest Thermo-Solar Farm in World

(582 MW)
Ouarzazate, Morrocco
 Geothermal Energy
• How it works
– Geothermal power plants
• Use earth’s heat to power steam turbines
– Geothermal direct use
• Use hot springs (etc) as heat source
– Geothermal heat pumps
• Advantages
– Renewable
– Easy to exploit in some cases
– CO2 production less than with fossil fuels
– High net energy yield
• Disadvantages
– Not available everywhere
– (H2S) Hydrogen Sulfide pollution
– Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)
 Geothermal Energy

Use heat to make steam to turn

turbine for electrical generation
Note: deep hot waters are
corrosive to best to inject clean
water in a closed system and bring
it back to the surface as steam.
 Geothermal Energy

Heat near surface of

the earth = geysers,
volcanoes, hot
springs
 Geothermal Energy
Electricity
Generator
Cooling pylon
tower Turbine
Homes
and
buildings
Injection Steam
well

Hot
Cold water
water

Water is heated
Geothermal Energy
Makiling Banahaw Geothermal Plant

(443 MW)
Calauan, Laguna
 Maibarara Geothermal Plant

(20 MW + 12 MW ‘23)
Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Maibarara Geothermal Plant

(20 MW + 12 MW ‘23)
Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Maibarara Geothermal Plant

(20 MW + 12 MW ‘23)
Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Tiwi Geothermal Plant
(330 MW)
Mt. Malinao, Albay
Tiwi Geothermal Plant
(330 MW)
Mt. Malinao, Albay
Tiwi Geothermal Plant
(330 MW)
Mt. Malinao, Albay
 Mindanao Geothermal Plant

(106 MW)
Kindapawan, N. Cotabato
 Mindanao Geothermal Plant
(106 MW)
Kindapawan, N. Cotabato
 Mindanao Geothermal Plant
(106 MW)
Kindapawan, N. Cotabato
 Malitbog Geothermal Plant
(232.5 MW)
Malitbog, Leyte
 Malitbog Geothermal Plant

(232.5 MW)
Malitbog, Leyte
Bac-Man Geothermal Plant
(150 MW)
Bacon, Sorsogon City
 Bac-Man Geothermal Plant
(150 MW)
Bacon, Sorsogon City
 Bac-Man Geothermal Plant
(150 MW)
Bacon, Sorsogon City
Hydroelectric Energy
 Characteristics

• Most mature of renewable energies

• Largest global contributor amongst all renewable
energies
• Largely utilizes established technology from
other sectors
• Can be “switched on-off” at almost immediately
 Hydroelectric Energy

• Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of

running water. Hydroelectric
• Water flows downwards with dam
gravity to spin a turbine.
• More reliable than solar and Reservoir
of water
wind power.
• Hydroelectric dams are very
expensive and can harm Generator
wildlife.
Turbine
Hydroelectric Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
 Merits
• Advantages
– Cheap to operate
• Long life and lower operating costs than all other
power plants
– Renewable
– High yield
• Lower energy cost than any other method
– Pretty plentiful
• Some countries depend almost entirely on it
– Not intermittent (if reservoir is large enough)
– Reservoirs have multiple uses
• Flood control, drinking water, aquaculture,
recreation
– Less air pollution than fossil fuel combustion
 Demerits
• Disadvantages:
– Human population displacement
– More significant breeding ground for disease
– Reduces availability of water downstream
– Ecosystem impacts
• Barriers to migrating fish
• Loss of biodiversity both upstream and downstream
• Coastal erosion
• Reduces nutrient flow (dissolved and particulate)
– Water pollution problems
• Low Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Increased H2S toxicity
• Siltation (dirty water) a big problem (also shortens dam life)
– Decommissioning is a big problem
• The Size Issue
– Many (most) of the above problems are significantly worse for larger dams
– However, small dams have shorter lifetimes, less capacity, and are more
intermittent
 Magat Hydroelectric
(360 MW)
Magat River (Nueva Viscaya)
 Magat Hydroelectric

(360 MW)
Magat River (Nueva Viscaya)
 Ambuklao Hydroelectric
(105 MW)
Bokod, Benguet
 Ambuklao Hydroelectric
(105 MW)
Bokod, Benguet
 San Roque Hydroelectric
(345 MW)
Pangasinan, Benguet
San Roque Hydroelectric
(345 MW)
Pangasinan, Benguet
San Roque Hydroelectric
(345 MW)
Pangasinan, Benguet
Sabangan Hydroelectric
(14 MW)
Mt. Kalawitan, Sabangan, Mt. Province
Agus Pulangi Hydroelectric

(255 MW)
Maramag, Bukidnon
Agus Pulangi Hydroelectric
(255 MW)
Maramag, Bukidnon
 Evolution of Grid

Source: http://www.edsoforsmartgrids.eu/home/why-smart-grids/
Integrated Energy Systems

Electricity Grid Turbines Electrolysis

Hydrogen

Storage
Combined Heat & Power
Variable
mixing

Biogas
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Gasoline
Diesel
Biofuel

Heatling Grid Nat. Gas Pipelines and Storage Transportation Fuel

 Modern Power System Challenges

• Reliability for contingency and uncertainty

• Quick dynamic response in the event of a failure
• Cyber security
• Seamless integration of renewable energy sources
• Efficiency
• Capacity enhancement
Industry 4.0 UN
Universities Organizations
- Current trend of
automation and
data exchange in
manufacturing
technologies Corporations Governments
-It includes cyber-
physical systems,
the Internet of NGOs
things, cloud
computing, etc.
- Referred to as
4TH industrial
revolution
 Technology Pushes

• Internet connects over half of humanity which is

growing stable for billions of people
• Technological convergence accelerates
• Artificial intelligence reaches human intelligence levels
• Artificial ‘Super Intelligence’ (Technology controls
Technology). Also known as ‘Singularity’
• Cyborgs and clones are accepted in societies and
their numbers increase faster than those of the
“naturals”
• Humans will never be the same.’Transhumans,
Posthumans, etc.)
• Advanced robotics and space exploration
Can we predict the future?

Climate change due

to natural causes
(solar variations,
volcanoes, etc.)

Climate change due

to natural causes
and human
generated
greenhouse gases
 Smart Systems

Features:

• Distributed generation
• Economic dispatching
• Reliability
• Disaster mitigation
• Power quality
improvement
• Communication
• Cyber security
protocols
Smart Systems
Power Management System
(Intelligent Hybrid Microgrid)
 Research in Renewables
• Systems analysis of massive-scale renewable electricity and
hydrogen generation, emphasis on load matching. Long distance
transmission versus distributed generation, Systems integration,
physical limits & environmental impacts

• Smart, low-loss grids: Computer modeling and high-tech hardware for

rapid switching, grid interconnects, voltage changes, DC, low-
resistance power lines, resilience to overload, intermittent sources
and blackouts

• Advanced Storage: Hydrogen, composite flywheels, superconductive

inductive storage, compressed air, advanced pumped storage,
integration of transportation and power generation sectors

• Advanced Generating and Transmission Systems: Space solar

power, superconducting grids, genetically engineered bio-fuels
 Areas of Research (Energy)

Energy Storage,
Transportation Distributed Power Power electronics,
Management and
Electrification Generation Motors & Drives
Harvesting
• Electric and hybrid vehicle • Solar energy systems • Remote charging of • Electric machine design
propulsion portable electronics and • Permanent Magnet
• Wind energy systems biomedical devices • Switched Reluctance
• Fault tolerant drives • Induction
• Energy management • Energy scavenging from
• Mobile wireless charging vibration and solar sources • Electric drive optimization
• Smart micro-grids • Sensor elimination
• Maglev and linear drives • On-chip power supplies • Noise, vibration reduction
• Reliability analysis and life • Efficiency maximization
• Electric aircraft propulsion time monitoring • Prognostics, health • Cost minimization
management, and control • Fault tolerance
• Electric marine propulsion • Grid integration
• Resonant and multi-level
• Battery and ultracapacitor
converters
• Electric auxiliary drives • Fuel cell based hybrid management
power systems • PWM strategies
• Hydrogen harvesting and
storage • High freq. dc-dc converters
• High and low temperature
power converters
• GaN, SiC utilization
• Low power electronics
 The Main Focus
• Need to balance the Energy crisis
• Focus towards Renewable energy
• Reducing the usage of Non-
Renewable Energy reserves
• Law of Conservation and Energy
Transformation Principles
 Energy Considerations for 2050

 Fossil-fuel energy will deplete in the future; it

took millions of years to create that much fuel
 World energy estimated to peak about 2006-10
or so
 Renewable energy will eventually become
mandatory, and our lifestyles will have to
change to adapt
 The transition to increased renewable energy
must occur well before a crisis occurs
 Future of Energy
• The transition of energy from conventional, fossil fuels to
cleaner renewables will take decades -- natural gas will
survive for years
• Al Gore, global warming advocate pushes for no fossil
fuels in the next years, but renewables, conservation,
and efficiency are still developing and must change from
~4% to over 90% in a short time
• Electrical grid must change to carry renewable energy
from resource to load centers (cities)
• Rechargeable vehicles are as clean as the utility source,
which will shift from coal to renewables due to politics,
ideology, and good practices
 Capturing Solar Energy in
space (P. Glaser et al.,
1970s)

Global Superconducting
Transmission Grid
(B. Fuller, 1970s)

Visionary Technology Systems that could Enable

a Global Economy Powered by Renewable
Energy
 Global Future
• We live in the world of Gadgets
• Machines and technology rules everyone.
• Consumption level increases by 8% every
year
• Power generated from renewable sources
increasing by 2 % every year when
compared to efficiency and cost
• Developed country consume 5 % more
• Developing countries consume 10 % more
 Global Future
 With millions of scientist working, billions of
consumers, trillions of gadgets; In an never
ending field of science, for the sake of
humanity lets unite ourselves and explore
the best methods of power generation and
make the efficient resource management