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Engineering Proceedings

Engineering Proceedings is an open access journal dedicated to publishing findings resulting from conferences, workshops, and similar events, in all areas of engineering. The conference organizers and proceedings editors are responsible for managing the peer-review process and selecting papers for conference proceedings.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2673-4591

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Vol. 76

ICIMP 2024

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Vol. 75

ICAME 2024

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Vol. 73

IECB 2024

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Vol. 72

IECMA 2024

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Vol. 71

ASWEC 2024

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Vol. 70

EEPES 2024

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Latest Articles

6 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Pre-Study of the Relationship Between Machining Technology Parameters and Surface Roughness in the Scope of the Optimal Cost Efficiency of Machining

by László Pálfi, József Beke and Szabolcs Szalai

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079090 - 15 Nov 2024

This research investigates the relationship between machining technology parameters and surface roughness to optimize the cost efficiency of machining processes. In modern manufacturing, particularly in the automotive sector, achieving the desired surface quality while minimizing costs is critical. By evaluating tools from various [...] Read more.

This research investigates the relationship between machining technology parameters and surface roughness to optimize the cost efficiency of machining processes. In modern manufacturing, particularly in the automotive sector, achieving the desired surface quality while minimizing costs is critical. By evaluating tools from various manufacturers under different combinations of cutting parameters—such as cutting speed, feed, and depth—this study focuses on determining the most effective settings for producing an optimal surface roughness. The experiments highlight that selecting appropriate technological parameters impacts the machining process’s surface finish and economic efficiency. This study provides insights into balancing surface quality requirements with cost constraints, contributing to more efficient and sustainable manufacturing practices. Full article

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7 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Capacity Shortages for Grid Disconnected Irrigation in Saskatchewan Using HOMER

by David Ross-Hopley, Lord Ugwu and Hussameldin Ibrahim

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076082 - 15 Nov 2024

Irrigation agriculture can contribute to international food security by improving agricultural yields. For irrigation projects with large pumping requirements, considerable energy input is required. With cost decreases, renewable energy is increasingly techno-economically viable but remains problematic due to intermittency. Using HOMER Pro Version [...] Read more.

Irrigation agriculture can contribute to international food security by improving agricultural yields. For irrigation projects with large pumping requirements, considerable energy input is required. With cost decreases, renewable energy is increasingly techno-economically viable but remains problematic due to intermittency. Using HOMER Pro Version 3.16.0 software, this study aims to quantify the viability of 100% renewable energy (RE) to support irrigation projects that permit capacity shortages. Evaluation includes the modelling of a hypothetical irrigation project, analysis of the efficacy of wind and solar, and the effect of capacity shortages. The study finds 100% RE systems with capacity shortages are more costly (CA$ 0.33/kWh) than current utility rates (CA$ 0.08–0.12/kWh). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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8 pages, 6735 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Silicon Nanowire-Supported Catalysts for the Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

by Feysal M. Ali, Doug Perovic, Geoffrey A. Ozin and Hussameldin Ibrahim

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076081 - 15 Nov 2024

The conversion of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into valuable chemicals using sunlight is highly significant technologically and holds the promise of providing a more sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. To effectively utilize the abundant solar irradiation, it is essential to develop catalysts [...] Read more.

The conversion of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into valuable chemicals using sunlight is highly significant technologically and holds the promise of providing a more sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. To effectively utilize the abundant solar irradiation, it is essential to develop catalysts that can absorb a significant portion of the solar spectrum, particularly in the UV, visible, and infrared regions. Silicon nanowire arrays grown on silicon substrates meet this criterion, as they can absorb over 85% of solar irradiation and show minimal reflective losses across the UV, visible, and infrared portions of the solar spectrum. Herein, we report the deposition of various catalysts, including iron oxyhydroxides, copper, nickel, and ruthenium, on silicon nanowires using different catalyst deposition techniques. The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide was evaluated using these catalysts. The results show that silicon nanowires coated with nickel and ruthenium oxide had the highest activity towards the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, with photomethanation rates reaching 546 μmolg_cat⁻¹h⁻¹ for RuO₂@SiNWs and 278 μmolg_cat⁻¹h⁻¹ for Ni/NiO@SiNWs. Continued improvement of photocatalysts using nanostructured silicon supports could enable the development of solar refineries for converting gas-phase CO₂ into value-added chemicals and fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SEM images of the α-FeOOH@SiNWs catalyst and those of the (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) β-FeOOH@SiNWs catalyst.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SEM images of the Cu@SiNWs catalyst.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SEM images of the Ni@SiNWs catalyst and that of (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Ni/NiO@SiNWs catalyst.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Band structure of silicon nanowires with respect to fermi energy level of the nickel catalyst; (<b>b</b>) band structure of silicon nanowires with respect to that of nickel oxide; (<b>c</b>) valence and conduction band positions of silicon and nickel oxide with respect to the fermi position of metallic nickel.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image of the RuO<sub>2</sub>@SiNWs catalyst; (<b>b</b>) TEM image of the RuO<sub>2</sub>@SiNWs catalyst. XPS showing (<b>c</b>) the 3d and (<b>d</b>) the O1s spectrum of the RuO<sub>2</sub>@SiNWs catalyst.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>The photocatalytic performance comparisons of α-FeOOH@SiNWs, β-FeOOH@SiNWs, Cu@SiNWs, Ni/NiO@SiNWs, and RuO<sub>2</sub>@SiNWs catalysts towards CO<sub>2</sub> reduction.</p> Full article ">

8 pages, 10338 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Innovations in Clean Energy Technologies: A Comprehensive Exploration of Research at the Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute, University of Regina

by Feysal M. Ali and Hussameldin Ibrahim

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076080 - 14 Nov 2024

The Clean Energy Technology Research Institute (CETRI) at the University of Regina, Canada, serves as a collaborative hub where a dynamic team of researchers, industry leaders, innovators, and educators come together to tackle the urgent challenges of climate change and the advancement of [...] Read more.

The Clean Energy Technology Research Institute (CETRI) at the University of Regina, Canada, serves as a collaborative hub where a dynamic team of researchers, industry leaders, innovators, and educators come together to tackle the urgent challenges of climate change and the advancement of clean energy technologies. Specializing in low-carbon and carbon-free clean energy research, CETRI adopts a unique approach that encompasses feasibility studies, bench-scale and pilot-plant testing, and pre-commercial demonstrations, all consolidated under one roof. This holistic model distinguishes CETRI, fostering a diverse and inclusive environment for technical, scientific, and hands-on learning experiences. With a CAD 3.3 million pre-commercial carbon capture demonstration plant capable of capturing 1 tonne of CO₂ per day, and a feed-flexible hydrogen demonstration pilot plant producing 6 kg of hydrogen daily, CETRI emerges as a pivotal force in advancing innovative, reliable, and cost-competitive clean energy solutions, essential for a safe, prolific, and sustainable world. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse and impactful research carried out in the center, spanning various areas including decarbonization, zero-emission hydrogen technologies, carbon (CO₂) capture utilization and storage, the conversion of waste into renewable fuels and chemicals, and emerging technologies such as small modular nuclear reactors and microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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6 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Aluminum and Copper Alloys for Electric Automotive Engines—From the Research Work at the University of Dunaújváros

by Judit Pázmán

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079089 - 13 Nov 2024

In the project work, CES EDUPACK material selection software and Arc melter 500 arc remelting equipment were used to select good-performance materials and produce a sample. First, aluminum alloys were considered due to their low weight; alloys Al7075, Al6082, and EN AW 6022 [...] Read more.

In the project work, CES EDUPACK material selection software and Arc melter 500 arc remelting equipment were used to select good-performance materials and produce a sample. First, aluminum alloys were considered due to their low weight; alloys Al7075, Al6082, and EN AW 6022 in different states were examined for maximum hardness and electrical conductivity, and then the Cu–Cr–Zr alloy was analyzed. The test results showed that for the EN AW 6082 alloy, the specimens heat-treated at 480 °C for 2 h + 175 °C for 2 h following the ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) A route or C route technique gave the best hardness–electrical conductivity pair. In the case of the EN AW 7075 alloy, the artificially aged sample after 4× ECAP forming showed the maximum values. In the case of EN AW 6022, which according to the Ashby chart may be the best alloy for the value pair sought, this alloy was fabricated, resulting in only as-cast samples being analyzed. Of the Cu alloys, the Cu–0.49–0.21Zr alloy after heat treatment at 450 °C for 1 h gives the most favorable hardness–conductivity. Full article

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8 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Exhaustive Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Natural Language Processing Applications

by Kanwar Mansoor Ali, Talha Ahmed Khan, Syed Mubashir Ali, Asif Aziz, Sharfuddin Ahmed Khan and Sadique Ahmad

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076079 - 13 Nov 2024

The past few decades have witnessed an enormous research growth in the field of natural language processing. In this regard, numerous machine learning (ML) algorithms have been applied in different sub-domains of NLP such as speech recognition, text classification, sentiment analysis, etc. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

The past few decades have witnessed an enormous research growth in the field of natural language processing. In this regard, numerous machine learning (ML) algorithms have been applied in different sub-domains of NLP such as speech recognition, text classification, sentiment analysis, etc. Furthermore, their performances have been evaluated using diverse performance metrics. However, a comparative analysis of various ML algorithms in the aforementioned field is a feasible research area to explore. This may efficiently guide future research to precisely focus on the improvement of those particular algorithms that have been found to be more effective based on previous research. Thus, this article provides a comparative analysis regarding the application and effectiveness of different ML algorithms in the field of NLP. Additionally, it highlights the future research direction to be adopted for enhancing the ability of the natural language processing domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

6 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Localization Challenges in Autonomous Motorsport

by Balázs Kail, Zsombor Papp and Máté Fazekas

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079088 - 12 Nov 2024

Precise position tracking is crucial for autonomous vehicle development. Technological innovations offer more accurate sensors, but the ideal combination is still debated. This study, inspired by a motorsport project, analyzes errors in simpler positioning solutions, examining environmental interference and dynamic movement impacts. It [...] Read more.

Precise position tracking is crucial for autonomous vehicle development. Technological innovations offer more accurate sensors, but the ideal combination is still debated. This study, inspired by a motorsport project, analyzes errors in simpler positioning solutions, examining environmental interference and dynamic movement impacts. It discusses real-world testing challenges and explores improving precision through sensor combinations. Using high-accuracy GPS and accelerometers with LIDAR, radar, or cameras enhances navigation, especially in complex environments. The study emphasizes that the future of autonomous vehicle localization depends on technological advancements, sensor integration, and intelligent algorithms. Full article

6 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Lubrication Capability of Zinc Oxide-Reinforced Nanolubricants in Automotive Applications

by Álmos Dávid Tóth and Ádám István Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079087 - 12 Nov 2024

This article aims to introduce the tribological investigation of nanoscale zinc oxide particles as friction and wear reduction additives in the automotive industry and to present the results of the measurements. The surface-activated nanoparticles were homogenized into a neat Group-III-type base oil at [...] Read more.

This article aims to introduce the tribological investigation of nanoscale zinc oxide particles as friction and wear reduction additives in the automotive industry and to present the results of the measurements. The surface-activated nanoparticles were homogenized into a neat Group-III-type base oil at five different concentrations, and their tribological properties were tested using a simplified ball-on-disc tribosystem. The arising wear scar images were investigated, and the occurred wear volume values were also calculated using a confocal microscope. The evaluation presented excellent friction and wear reduction properties, especially at higher concentrations (0.4 and 0.5 wt%). The authors would like to highlight the tribological decreasing potentials provided by such nanoparticles. Nanoparticle-reinforced lubricants can be one of the future solutions to developing operating machines with an achievable maximum energy efficiency. Full article

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7 pages, 2049 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Optimization of a Formula Student Racing Car Using the IPG CarMaker, Part 1: Lap Time Convergence and Sensitivity Analysis

by Dominik Takács and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079086 - 12 Nov 2024

It is increasingly common for simulation and AI tools to aid in the vehicle design process. The IPG CarMaker uses a multibody vehicle model and a learning algorithm for the virtual driver. The goal is to discover the behavior of the learning algorithm [...] Read more.

It is increasingly common for simulation and AI tools to aid in the vehicle design process. The IPG CarMaker uses a multibody vehicle model and a learning algorithm for the virtual driver. The goal is to discover the behavior of the learning algorithm from the point of view of reliability and convergence. Simulations demonstrate that the lap time converges reliably. We also report that small changes in the vehicle parameters induce small changes in the simulated lap time, i.e., the lap time is a differentiable function of the vehicle parameters. Part 2 of this paper explains the aerodynamics and Drag Reduction System optimization. Full article

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6 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Tooth Friction Conditions of Electric Vehicle Gearbox with Plastic Gears

by József Polák

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079085 - 12 Nov 2024

Earlier, I created a mathematical model of the gear unit, in which the value of the tooth friction was determined during precalculation and then entered into the model as a constant parameter. In this paper, I investigate how much viscosity oil is required [...] Read more.

Earlier, I created a mathematical model of the gear unit, in which the value of the tooth friction was determined during precalculation and then entered into the model as a constant parameter. In this paper, I investigate how much viscosity oil is required at different operating points for a single-stage gear unit with plastic gears to function properly and how this affects the tooth friction and, hence, the loss of energy in the gear unit. Once the investigations are complete, the tooth friction is determined using an automated MATLAB function, which allows the tooth friction to be re-determined at each operating point. This allows for a more accurate strength dimensioning of the plastic gears in the gear unit and a more accurate model describing the gear unit’s behaviour. Full article

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7 pages, 4891 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensitivity to Geometric Detail in Fatigue Simulation of Electronic Components of Vehicles

by Zoltán Z. Kovács and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079084 - 12 Nov 2024

Solder joints strongly determine the lifetime of electronic components subjected to temperature fluctuations. The lifetime predictions obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) are uncertain due to the significant variation in solder geometry. It is unclear how realistic a geometric model is needed for [...] Read more.

Solder joints strongly determine the lifetime of electronic components subjected to temperature fluctuations. The lifetime predictions obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) are uncertain due to the significant variation in solder geometry. It is unclear how realistic a geometric model is needed for problems of impartial complexity. A balance must be found between modeling effort and simulation accuracy. Six geometric models of the solder joint of a gullwing lead were built with different complexity, from the simplest to the most realistic, including a realistic reference model obtained by the Surface Evolver simulation software. The FEA results considering linear elastic and plastic material models were compared for the different solder geometries. We conclude that manually created solder geometry is a sufficient alternative to physics-based realistic geometries. Full article

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<p>CAD model of the investigated electronic package: (<b>a</b>) data required to create the part; (<b>b</b>) subpart created in a 3-dimensional environment.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The different soldering geometries: (<b>a</b>) geometry type i; (<b>b</b>) geometry type ii; (<b>c</b>) geometry type iii; (<b>d</b>) geometry type iv; (<b>e</b>) geometry type v; and (<b>f</b>) geometry type vi.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>FEA model: (<b>a</b>) meshing of the model; (<b>b</b>) specifying loads.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Definition of the sections: horizontal and vertical sections.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Von Mises stresses developed in the vertical sections in case of the different geometry types: (<b>a</b>) geometry type i; (<b>b</b>) geometry type ii; (<b>c</b>) geometry type iii; (<b>d</b>) geometry type iv; (<b>e</b>) geometry type v; and (<b>f</b>) geometry type vi.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Von Mises stresses developed in the horizontal sections in case of the different geometry types: (<b>a</b>) geometry type i; (<b>b</b>) geometry type ii; (<b>c</b>) geometry type iii; (<b>d</b>) geometry type iv; (<b>e</b>) geometry type v; and (<b>f</b>) geometry type vi.</p> Full article ">

6 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Theoretical Study of the Effect of Weather Conditions on Vehicle Aerodynamic Properties

by Brúnó Péter and István Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079083 - 12 Nov 2024

One of the most widely researched fields within the automotive industry is the effect vehicles place on the environment. To achieve a sustainable transport system, reducing the pollution of vehicles is an essential issue. The aim of this paper is to examine how [...] Read more.

One of the most widely researched fields within the automotive industry is the effect vehicles place on the environment. To achieve a sustainable transport system, reducing the pollution of vehicles is an essential issue. The aim of this paper is to examine how weather conditions influence a vehicle’s operation. The study examines potential methods to evaluate the effect of different weather conditions on the aerodynamic parameters of a vehicle. Aerodynamic properties can be measured with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a wind tunnel and test-track measurements. On-board diagnostics are also examined to collect data on aerodynamics. These methods can monitor several parameters to measure and visualize the effects of weather conditions. The theoretical background to the related aerodynamic parameters is summarized. Full article

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7 pages, 1907 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of the Effects of CuO Nanoparticles on the Tribological Properties of Thermally Aged Group III Base Oil

by Ádám István Szabó and Péter Bence Pápai

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079082 - 12 Nov 2024

Protecting our environment is a primary focus in various industries, including the automotive sector, which aims to reduce friction and wear to minimize emissions. This study examines the effect of cupric oxide nanoparticles on artificially aged Group III base oil under lab conditions. [...] Read more.

Protecting our environment is a primary focus in various industries, including the automotive sector, which aims to reduce friction and wear to minimize emissions. This study examines the effect of cupric oxide nanoparticles on artificially aged Group III base oil under lab conditions. The oil, aged using a temperature-focused method, was homogenized with 0.5 wt% cupric oxide nanoparticles. A ball-on-disc tribological system registered static and hydrodynamic friction. Wear track sizes indicated the nanoadditive’s positive impact compared to the oil without additives. The experiments revealed the anti-aging effect of cupric oxide nanoceramics. Lubricant aged with cupric oxide performed similarly to new oil, and cupric oxide nanoparticles positively affected friction and wear. The oil supplemented before aging showed better tribological results than after aging. Full article

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7 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Construction Project Performance Through Integrated and Optimized Supply Chain Management

by Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman, Sharfuddin Ahmed Khan and Amin Chaabane

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076078 - 12 Nov 2024

The construction industry is shifting towards integration, digitization, and automation, necessitating an adaptive logistics system for enhanced performance. Despite this shift, poor supplier performance and lack of collaboration among stakeholders often cause delays and cost overruns. This research addresses these issues by proposing [...] Read more.

The construction industry is shifting towards integration, digitization, and automation, necessitating an adaptive logistics system for enhanced performance. Despite this shift, poor supplier performance and lack of collaboration among stakeholders often cause delays and cost overruns. This research addresses these issues by proposing an optimization model for the planning phase of construction projects. The generalized mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed that optimizes supplier and process selection of construction projects, demonstrated through a numerical study. Results indicate that optimizing these decisions in the planning phase can significantly improve supply chain performance, enabling better cost and time management for construction projects traditional or modular. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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11 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Industry 5.0 and Overall Supply Chain Performance: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

by Hamideh Nazarian and Sharfuddin Ahmed Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 76(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024076077 - 12 Nov 2024

This study investigates the impact of Industry 5.0 (I5.0) on the overall supply chain performance (SCP). Three dimensions of SCP, including efficiency, responsiveness, and visibility, have been defined based on the existing literature to evaluate the overall SCP. Moreover, seven enabling technologies of [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of Industry 5.0 (I5.0) on the overall supply chain performance (SCP). Three dimensions of SCP, including efficiency, responsiveness, and visibility, have been defined based on the existing literature to evaluate the overall SCP. Moreover, seven enabling technologies of I5.0, which have the greatest impact on supply chain management (SCM), have been extracted from the existing literature. This study also demonstrates how I5.0 affects SCP dimensions and how each dimension contributes to overall SCP. The present work can provide managers and practitioners with a comprehensive perspective on the importance of I5.0 in improving their SCP by enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chain (SC) actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Industrial, Manufacturing, and Process Engineering (ICIMP-2024))

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6 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Potential Chalky Soil Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere of Acacia spp. Growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea

by Zekarias A. Asfha, Yulia Kocharovskaya, Nataliya E. Suzina, Tatiana N. Abashina, Valentina N. Polivtseva, Yanina Delegan and Inna P. Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067076 - 12 Nov 2024

The current study was carried out to characterize chalky soil bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Acacia species growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea. This study collected three chalky soil samples from the rhizosphere of Acacia ethibica, Acacia origena, and [...] Read more.

The current study was carried out to characterize chalky soil bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Acacia species growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea. This study collected three chalky soil samples from the rhizosphere of Acacia ethibica, Acacia origena, and non-rhizospheric soil. The samples contained 1.42 × 10¹⁰, 5.35 × 10⁹, and 5.68 × 10⁷ cfu/g of culturable bacteria, respectively. A total of 80 bacterial strains were isolated, with ten selected for further study based on their distinct morphology. The researchers examined the cell morphology and the antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting activity of the chosen bacterial isolates. The study’s findings identified that the aerial mycelium of the strain EAE-1 displayed a unique and previously unreported arrangement of hyphae-bearing spores. The antimicrobial test results also showed that bacterial strains EAE-1, EAE-3, EAE-14, EAE-15, EAE-40, and EAO-24 displayed a wide range of antimicrobial activity against the examined phytopathogens. Furthermore, the seed germination result showed that the majority of bacterial strains had a positive effect on wheat growth, with strains EAE-40 and EAO-17 particularly enhancing maize growth. To sum up, the substantial capabilities of these strains position them as promising candidates for biotechnological applications. This study also represents the preliminary analysis of the microbial composition of Eritrean soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis of 4,4′,4″-(((Benzene-1,2,3-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic Acid) and 4,4′,4″-(((Benzene-1,2,4-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic Acid)

by Ruzimurod Sattorovich Jurayev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067075 - 12 Nov 2024

The potential for triatomic phenols to significantly advance organic chemistry and other fields makes their chloroacetylation and the synthesis of compounds based on chloroacetyl products highly relevant. This diversity enables the creation of novel materials, medicines, and specialized compounds. Chloroacetylation yields functional groups [...] Read more.

The potential for triatomic phenols to significantly advance organic chemistry and other fields makes their chloroacetylation and the synthesis of compounds based on chloroacetyl products highly relevant. This diversity enables the creation of novel materials, medicines, and specialized compounds. Chloroacetylation yields functional groups known as chloroacetyls, which can serve as versatile building blocks for further modifications. This offers a systematic approach to the synthesis of complex compounds, expanding the toolkit available to synthetic chemists. Researching novel synthetic pathways often leads to unexpected discoveries and fresh ideas. By exploring new reaction mechanisms, reactivity patterns, and applications, the study of chloroacetylation in the context of triatomic phenols can inspire scientific innovation. In analytical chemistry, phenols and oxycarboxylic acids are used to identify and quantify metal ions. Therefore, we decided to combine these two classes of compounds. Through synthesis, a wide variety of substances with unique structures and properties can be produced. The syntheses based on the topic “Chloroacetylation of trihydroxybenzenes and Syntheses Based on Chloroacetyl Compounds” are described in this article. O-chloroacetylation reactions were carried out in the presence of trihydroxybenzenes: benzene-1,2,3-triol, benzene-1,2,4-triol and chloroacetyl chloride. 4,4′,4″-(((benzene-1,2,3-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) and 4,4′,4″-(((benzene-1,2,4-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) were produced as a consequence of the nucleophilic exchange of chlorine atoms. The sodium salt of tartaric acid (sodium (2S,2R)-3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate) was present during the procedure. The solvent that was employed was dimethylformamide. Using contemporary physicochemical techniques, the structure of the substance that was produced as a result of the reaction was examined. Both the reaction’s mechanism and methods were examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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10 pages, 2002 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Silver Nanostructures for Determination of FKBP12 Protein

by Cosimo Bartolini, Martina Tozzetti, Stefano Menichetti and Gabriella Caminati

Eng. Proc. 2024, 73(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024073009 - 12 Nov 2024

FKBP12 is a peptidyl––prolyl cis–trans isomerase that was recently proposed as a candidate biomarker for cancer, for neurodegenerations and for anti–rejection therapy after organ transplant. We designed and fabricated a nanosensor platform for the rapid and efficient determination of FKBP12 concentration in biological [...] Read more.

FKBP12 is a peptidyl––prolyl cis–trans isomerase that was recently proposed as a candidate biomarker for cancer, for neurodegenerations and for anti–rejection therapy after organ transplant. We designed and fabricated a nanosensor platform for the rapid and efficient determination of FKBP12 concentration in biological fluids exploiting anisotropic silver nanoparticles (AgNps) to enhance the capabilities of Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) detection. To this end, the QCM sensor was coated with a compact array of AgNPs that were further functionalized with a Self–Assembled–Monolayer containing a synthetic receptor, GPS–SH1, designed and synthesized specifically to selectively bind FKBP12. Silver nanoflowers, AgNFs, and silver dendrites, AgNDs, were prepared by electrodeposition and characterized by means of UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), QCM and water contact angle (CA). The AgNPs@Au/GPS–SH1–functionalized QCM sensors were used to detect increasing concentrations of FKBP12 in solution; the results showed that the use of AgNDs significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the sensor with respect to flat Ag sensor chips, allowing the detection of FKBP12 at sub–picomolar concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Biosensors)

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5 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Data-Driven Analysis for Understanding and Risk Estimation of Discolouration in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

by Grigorios Kyritsakas, Stewart Husband, Killian Gleeson, Katrina Flavell and Joby Boxall

Eng. Proc. 2024, 69(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024069206 - 11 Nov 2024

This paper presents machine learning analysis to understand the factors impacting iron concentrations and discolouration customer contacts in drinking water distribution systems. Fourteen years of network sampling and additional data from a large UK utility were collated, analysed, and interpreted using self-organising maps [...] Read more.

This paper presents machine learning analysis to understand the factors impacting iron concentrations and discolouration customer contacts in drinking water distribution systems. Fourteen years of network sampling and additional data from a large UK utility were collated, analysed, and interpreted using self-organising maps (SOMs), which include complex network theory (CNT) centrality metrics for the first time, investigating how possible explanatory variables interact. The outputs are used to inform ensemble decision trees for risk estimation of iron exceedance and customer contacts for each of the utility’s DMAs, helping inform proactive maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Joint Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis & Computing and Control for the Water Industry (WDSA/CCWI 2024))

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5 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Psychological Characteristics of Young Motocross (MX) Riders Based on Hungarian Championship Races

by László Kerner, Ferenc Ihász, Zoltán Alföldi, Tamás Gyömörei and Zsolt B. Katona

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079081 - 11 Nov 2024

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were [...] Read more.

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were analyzed using the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model. Results: The pleasure component was lower, while tension and stressors were almost always greater after the race than before, regardless of the result achieved. Conclusion: Further research is needed to ensure the outstanding performance of riders combined with high-quality technical training and psychological preparation. Full article

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