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Engineering Proceedings
Volume 71
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Eng. Proc., 2024, ASWEC 2024

The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power

Edinburgh, UK | 4–6 June 2024.

Volume Editors:
Nazmi Sellami, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Pablo Sola, Edinburgh Napier University, UK

Number of Papers: 9
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 4th Annual Solar And Wind Power Conference ‘Next Generation of Energy Solution’ was held on the 5th of June 2024 and was dedicated to exploring the dynamic intersection of solar and [...] Read more.
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2 pages, 148 KiB  
Editorial
Preface: The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power
by Nazmi Sellami, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki and Pablo Sola
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071001 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 556
Abstract
The 4th Annual Conference on Solar and Wind Power, organised by the School of Computing, Engineering, and the Built Environment at Edinburgh Napier University, took place on the 5th of June, 2024 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
1 pages, 147 KiB  
Editorial
Statement of Peer Review
by Nazmi Sellami, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki and Pablo Sola
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071002 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 179
Abstract
In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)

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4 pages, 576 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Sustainable Preservation: Design of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panels for Listed Buildings in Scotland with Consideration of Cleaning Methods
by Rasheed Shobande and Nazmi Sellami
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071003 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 421
Abstract
Improving energy efficiency in listed buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by using a monocrystalline solar PV system with the Dar-Al-Arqam mosque in Edinburgh as a case study. Leveraging PVsyst simulation software, various solar PV design scenarios are evaluated. The results suggest [...] Read more.
Improving energy efficiency in listed buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by using a monocrystalline solar PV system with the Dar-Al-Arqam mosque in Edinburgh as a case study. Leveraging PVsyst simulation software, various solar PV design scenarios are evaluated. The results suggest the west wing of the roof is optimal for solar PV installation, demonstrating that PV panels can economically reduce emissions while preserving the building’s integrity. Different cleaning methods were investigated and the one best suited for the location is the natural cleaning method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>All design scenarios.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The three design scenarios’ payback period and installation cost.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Battery system vs. no-battery system.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1516 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Generative Design and Additive Manufacturing Techniques on the Optimization of Multi-MW Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Electrical Generators
by Daniel Gonzalez-Delgado, Pablo Jaen-Sola and Erkan Oterkus
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071004 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 597
Abstract
New advances in structural optimization techniques and manufacturing methods, such as generative design (GD) and additive manufacturing (AM), are revolutionizing the capabilities to generate high-efficiency and lightweight models in comparison with conventional processes. This study addresses a structural optimization strategy for offshore wind [...] Read more.
New advances in structural optimization techniques and manufacturing methods, such as generative design (GD) and additive manufacturing (AM), are revolutionizing the capabilities to generate high-efficiency and lightweight models in comparison with conventional processes. This study addresses a structural optimization strategy for offshore wind turbine direct-drive generator structures using generative design (GD) and additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The use of multi-objectives structural optimization processes using GD techniques allows for the exploration of a wide number of unconventional topologies on a tailored, fit-for-purpose strategy, and the implementation of AM methods makes possible the fabrication of complex designs with metallic and composite materials. GD and AM represent a revolution in the field of design optimization, offering flexibility and adaptability while collecting a vast amount of structural analysis data, crucial for a cost-effective approach in the early stages of design projects. The implementation of these techniques demonstrated over 7% weight reduction, a 40% increase in operational range, and a decrease in the cost of manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>Wind turbine direct-drive system representation [<a href="#B2-engproc-71-00004" class="html-bibr">2</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Representation of different optimization volume ranges for a structural optimization process [<a href="#B4-engproc-71-00004" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Structural optimization process using generative design techniques [<a href="#B3-engproc-71-00004" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Selective laser melting process (SLM) of additive manufacturing simulation in Fusion 360: (<b>a</b>) Layer 101 (5.05 mm); (<b>b</b>) Layer 801 (40.05 mm); (<b>c</b>) Layer 1501 (75.05 mm); (<b>d</b>) Layer 2001 (100.05 mm).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Energy Sankey diagram for an additive manufacturing SLM process of a single part of AlSi10Mg [<a href="#B6-engproc-71-00004" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 1014 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Startup Dynamics of Drag-Based Multibladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
by Taimoor Asim and Peter Osame
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071005 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 395
Abstract
A multibladed drag-based Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) was developed and its startup dynamics evaluated using wind tunnel tests. The experimental data obtained for the time-based angular position of the rotor shaft at Aberdeen’s average wind speed of 6 m/s show an initial [...] Read more.
A multibladed drag-based Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) was developed and its startup dynamics evaluated using wind tunnel tests. The experimental data obtained for the time-based angular position of the rotor shaft at Aberdeen’s average wind speed of 6 m/s show an initial rapid acceleration of the VAWT due to the drag force being exerted on the rotor blades. This acceleration becomes more gradual until the VAWT reaches its peak rotational speed of 85 rpm in 30 s, which corresponds to an operating tip speed ratio (TSR) of 0.42. The operating TSR of the VAWT was found to be 27% higher than previously reported in numerical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>Experimental setup: (<b>a</b>) multibladed VAWT; (<b>b</b>) blade design; (<b>c</b>) VAWT mounted on its support structure; (<b>d</b>) VAWT wind tunnel setup.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Experimentally recorded data: (<b>a</b>) angular position; (<b>b</b>) rotational speed of the multibladed VAWT.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Startup characteristics of the multibladed VAWT.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 753 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Resilience Assessment of Offshore Wind-to-Hydrogen Systems
by Natalia-Maria Zografou-Barredo, Sara Louise Walker and James Withers
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071006 - 30 Jul 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
Low-cost green hydrogen production will be key in reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Green hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis using renewable energy, including wind energy. However, the configuration of offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems is not yet standardised. For example, electrolysis can [...] Read more.
Low-cost green hydrogen production will be key in reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050. Green hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis using renewable energy, including wind energy. However, the configuration of offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems is not yet standardised. For example, electrolysis can take place onshore or offshore. This work presents a framework to assess and quantify which configuration is more resilient, so that security of hydrogen supply is incorporated in strategic decisions with the following key findings. First, resilience should be assessed according to hydrogen supply, rather than hydrogen production. This allows the framework to be applicable for all identified system configurations. Second, resilience can be quantified according to the quantity, ratio, and lost revenue of the unsupplied hydrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>Decentralised offshore electrolysis topology.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The boundary of the system for the resilience assessment framework, regardless of the offshore wind-to-hydrogen system configuration.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>The resilience assessment framework for offshore wind-to-hydrogen systems. Inputs represent the required information and quantification metrics of the outputs of the framework. At the heart of the framework is the methodology that links the inputs to the quantification metrics.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 476 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Power Generation Strategies for Converting Energy-Intensive Campuses of UK Higher Education Institutions to Low-Emission Facilities: A Case-Study-Based Analysis
by Ezekiel Okaga, Anusha Wijewardane and Wattala Fernando
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071007 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 613
Abstract
Two-thirds of UK higher education institutions operate as energy-intensive buildings and have failed to achieve the 2020 goal of reducing emissions by 43% from 2005 levels, as pledged in 2005. Converting existing buildings into low-emission ones is challenging, and setting achievable targets with [...] Read more.
Two-thirds of UK higher education institutions operate as energy-intensive buildings and have failed to achieve the 2020 goal of reducing emissions by 43% from 2005 levels, as pledged in 2005. Converting existing buildings into low-emission ones is challenging, and setting achievable targets with sustainable design strategies is crucial. A case study was conducted on the University of Dundee’s dental clinic, analysing the economic viability of a hybrid microgrid with an on-site solar photovoltaic, natural-gas-fuelled combined heat and power generator, and the national grid. Three design configurations were analysed: Grid + CHP, Grid + PV, and Grid + PV + CHP. The results showed that the Grid + PV + CHP system has the lowest levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) and is over 75% more cost-effective and shows a minimum of 7.5% reduction in emissions. This configuration has a simple payback period of 2.9 years, a discounted payback period of 2.6 years, a return on investment of 30.1%, and an internal rate of return of 34.4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>(<b>a</b>) Grid + CHP, (<b>b</b>) Grid + PV, and (<b>c</b>) Grid + PV + CHP.</p> Full article ">
5 pages, 647 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Aero-Servo-Elastic Simulation of the International Energy Agency’s 15MW Reference Wind Turbine for Direct-Drive Generator Integrity Modelling
by Magnus Bichan, Pablo Jaen-Sola, Nazmi Sellami and Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071008 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 429
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a full turbine model and subsequent aero-servo-elastic simulation of the IEA 15MW Reference Wind Turbine, such that aerodynamic loads can be obtained and then applied to a simplified drivetrain in Finite-Element Analysis. This approach facilitates the quantification, [...] Read more.
This paper presents the development of a full turbine model and subsequent aero-servo-elastic simulation of the IEA 15MW Reference Wind Turbine, such that aerodynamic loads can be obtained and then applied to a simplified drivetrain in Finite-Element Analysis. This approach facilitates the quantification, through a computationally efficient method, of airgap deflections within the direct-drive generator caused by the shaft eccentricity that arises from aerodynamic loads. Shaft deflections were found to be higher under rated wind speeds than higher operating speeds, and the aero-servo-elastic model presented here performs favourably compared to later-published models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>Normal force exerted on blades at ‘Rated’ (<b>left</b>) and ‘High’ (<b>right</b>) wind speeds.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Simplified drivetrain: (<b>a</b>) front view; (<b>b</b>) close view; (<b>c</b>) total deflection; (<b>d</b>) deflection at the shaft–generator joint.</p> Full article ">
1737 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Nexus between Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) and Cultural Heritage: Optical Characterisation of Screen-Printed Traditional Symbols on Solar Cells
by Samuel A. Awuku, Amar Bennadji, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Radhakrishna Prabhu and Nazmi Sellami
Eng. Proc. 2024, 71(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024071009 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 268
Abstract
This preliminary study adopts a screen-printing technique to transfer traditional Adinkra symbols onto monocrystalline solar cells. The study reveals that custom patterns for the top contact design of solar cells are achievable through direct screen-printing. The printed cells were cured at 200 °C [...] Read more.
This preliminary study adopts a screen-printing technique to transfer traditional Adinkra symbols onto monocrystalline solar cells. The study reveals that custom patterns for the top contact design of solar cells are achievable through direct screen-printing. The printed cells were cured at 200 °C for 30 min and optically assessed through the Leica wild M3Z Microscopic scanner under 50 μm, 100 μm and 200 μm. It was noticed that the outlines of the printed symbols were not as smooth and bonded as compared to the original cells which could potentially have a negative impact on the overall efficiency of the cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th Annual Conference Solar and Wind Power)
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<p>Diagrammatic illustration of the screen-printing process.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Microscopic image of printed lines on solar cells—50 μm, 100 μm and 200 μm.</p> Full article ">
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