The sky, the earth, the stars, the sun, the Nile, were so many breathing and thinking beings whose lives were daily manifest in the life of the universe. They were worshipped from one end of the valley to the other, and the whole nation agreed in proclaiming their sovereign power. Professor Maspero paints for us this age of intercourse, describes its rise and character, its decline and fall. For the unity of Eastern civilization was again shattered. The Hittites descended from the ranges of the Taurus upon the Egyptian province of Northern Syria, and cut off the Semites of the west from those of the east. The Israelites poured over the Jordan out of Edom and Moab, and took possession of Canaan, while Babylonia itself, for so many centuries the ruling power of the Oriental world, had to make way for its upstart rival Assyria. The old imperial powers were exhausted and played out, and it needed time before the new forces which were to take their place could acquire sufficient strength for their work. * CONTENTS * THE NILE AND EGYPT. The River and its Influence upon the Formation of the Country—The Oldest Inhabitants of the Valley and its First Political Organization ... 3 CHAPTER II. THE GODS OF EGYPT. Their Number and their Nature—The Feudal Gods, Living and Dead- The Triads—Temples and Priests—The Cosmogonies of the Delta- The Enneads of Heliopolis and of IIermopolis ... 81 CHAPTER III. THE LEGENDARY HISTORY OF EGYPT. The Divine Dynasties: Ea, Shu, Osiris, Sit, Horus—Thot, and the Invention OF Sciences and Wriiing—Menes, and the Three First Human Dynasties ... 155 CHAPTER IV. THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF EGYPT. Tuz King, the Queen, and the Eoyal Princes—Administration under the Pharaohs—Feudalism and the Egyptian Priesthood, the Military— The Citizens and Country People ... 247 CHAPTER V THE MEMPHITE EMPIRE. PAGB The Royal Pyramid Builders: Kheops, Kiiephren, Mykerinos—Memphite Literature and Art—Extension of Egypt towards the South, and the Conquest of Nubia by the Pharaohs ... 347 CHAPTER VI. THE FIRST THEBAN EMPIRE. The Two ITeracleopolitan Dynasties and the Twelfth Dynasty—The Conquest of Ethiopia, and the making of Greater Egypt by the Thepan Kings ... 445 CHAPTER YII. Ancient Chaldea. The Creation, the Deluge, the History of the Gods—The Country, its Cities, its Inhabitants, its Early Dynasties ... 537 CHAPTER VIII. THE TEMPLES AND THE GODS OF CHALDEA. The Construction and Eevenues of the Temples—Popular Gods and Theological TwAUs The Dead and Hades ... 623 CHAPTER IX. CHALDEAN CIVILIZATION. Loyalty The Constitution of the Family and its Property— Chaldean Commerce and Industry ... 703 APPENDIX. The Pharaohs of the Ancient and Middle Empires ... 785 Chapter 1 info - The Delta: its gradual formation, its structure, its canals—The valley of Egypt—The two arms of the river—The Eastern Nile—The appearance of its hanks—The hills—The gorge of Gehel Silsileh—The cataracts: the falls of Aswan—Nubia—The rapids of Wady Halfah—The Takazze—The Blue Nile and the White Nile. The sources of the Nile—The Egyptian cosmography—The four pillars and the four upholding mountains—The celestial Nile the source of the terrestial Nile—the Southern Sea and the islands of Spirits—The tears of Isis—The rise of the Nile—The Green Nile and the Bed Nile—The opening of the dykes—-The fall of the Nile—The river at its lowest ebb. The alluvial deposits and the effects of the inundation upon the soil of Egypt—Paucity of the flora: aquatic plants, the papyrus and the lotus; the sycamore and the date-palm, the acacias, the dôm-palms—The fauna: the domestic and wild animals; serpents, the urstus; the hippopotamus and the crocodile; birds; fish, the fahaka. The Nile god: his form and its varieties—The goddess Mirit—The supposed sources of the Nile at Elephantine—The festivals of Gebel Silsileh-Hymn to the Nile from papyri m the British Museum. The names of the Nile and Egypt: Bomitu and Qimit—Antiquity of the Egyptianpeople—Their first horizon—The hypothesis of their Asiatic origin—The probability of their African origin—The language and its Semitic affinities—The race and its principal types. The primitive civilization of Egypt—Its survival into historic times—The women of Amon—Marriage—Rights of women and children—Houses—Furniture—Dress—Jewels—Wooden and metal arms—Primitive life-Fishing and hunting—The lasso and "bolas"—The domestication of animals—Plants used for food—The lotus—Cereals—The hoe and the plough. The conquest of the valley—Dykes—Basins—Irrigation—The princes—The nomes—The first local principalities—Late organization of the Delta—Character of its inhabitants—Gradual division of the principalities and changes of then areas—The god of the city Chapter 2 info - Multiplicity of the Egyptian gods: the commonalty of the gods, its varieties, human, animal, and intermediate between man and beast; gods of foreign origin, indigenous gods, and the contradictory forms with which they were invested in accordance with various conceptions of their nature. The Star-gods—The Sun-god as the Eye of the Shy; as a bird, as a calf, and as a man; its barks, voyages round the world, and encounters with the serpent Apopi—The Moon-god and its enemies—The Star-gods: the Haunch of the Ox, the Hippopotamus, the Lion, the five Horus-planets; Sothis Sirius, and Sahû Orion. The feudal gods and their classes: the Nile-gods, the earth-gods, the sky-gods and the sun-god, the Horus-gods—The equality of feudal gods and goddesses; their persons, alliances, and marriages: their children—The triads and their various developments. The nature of the gods: the double, the soul, the body, death of men and gods, and their fate after death—The necessity for preserving the body, mummification—Dead gods the gods of the dead—The living gods, their temples and images—The gods of the people, trees, serpents, family fetiches—The theory of prayer and sacrifice: the servants of the temples, the property of the gods, the sacerdotal colleges. The cosmogonies of the Delta: Sibu and Naît, Osiris and Isis, SU and Nephthys—Heliopolis and its theological schools: Ra, his identification with Horus, his dual nature, and the conception of Atûmû—The Heliopolitan Enneads: formation of the Great Ennead—Thot and the Hermopolitan Ennead: creation by articulate words and by voice alone—Diffusion of the Enneads: their connection with the local triads, the god One and the god Eight—The one and only gods Chapter 3 info - The Egyptians claim to Be the most ancient of peoples: traditions concerning the creation of man and of animals—The Heliopolitan Enneads the framework of the divine dynasties—Râ, the first King of Egypt, and his fabulous history: he allows himself to be duped and robbed by Isis, destroys rebellious men, and ascends into heaven. The legend of Shu and Sibil—The reign of Osiris Onnophris and of Isis: they civilize Egypt and the world—Osiris, slain by Sit, is entombed by Isis and avenged by Horus—The wars of Typhon and of Horus: peace, and the division of Egypt between the two gods. The Osirian embalmment; the kingdom of Osiris opened to the followers of Horus—The Book of the Dead—The journeying of the soul in search of the fields of Ialû—The judgment of the soul, the negative confession—The privileges and duties of Osirian souls—Confusion between Osirian and Solar ideas as to the state of the dead: the dead in the hark of the Sun—The going forth by day—The campaigns of Harmakhis against Sit. Thot, the inventor: he reveals all sciences to men—Astronomy, stellar tables; the year, its subdivisions, its defects, influence of the heavenly bodies and the days upon human destiny—Magic arts; incantations, amulets—-Medicine: the vitalizing spirits, diagnosis, treatment—Writing: ideographic, syllabic, alphabetic. The history of Egypt as handed down by tradition: Manetho, the royal lists, main divisions of Egyptian history—The beginnings of its early history vague and uncertain: Menés, and the legend of Memphis—The first three human dynasties, the two Thimie and the Memphite—Character and, origin of the legends concerning them—The famine stela—The earliest monuments: the step pyramid of Saqgdrah. For further information on this exhaustive writing refer to the table of contents inside Upload/PDF . Onr goal is to find and upload rare works and edit only the table of contents and other information so Lay people and Scholars alike can find these works in A simple Google search without getting lost in soo much spam or worse Paid membership sites for certain amounts of money just to access what should be free. If you have read this far into these contents thank you and I will be uploading rare works about our Ancient near east cultures daily to weekly. God bless!

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INTRODUCTION TO ANCIENT EGYPT

Shlomo Guil

2022

Compilation of Terms Relating to History and Culture of Ancient Egypt

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