solar PV power plants

A complete analysis & assessment have been done which can be utilized as bankable DPR.
The whole process of setting up a solar PV Module Production Unit and the required
business model have discussed in detail. Also The Market Analysis, Financial aspects,
Marketing strategies can be found in this article.

The societal challenges of the 21st century are profound and wide ranging. Basic needs such
as food, housing, mobility, health, and energy will become even more acute as the world
population exceeds nine billion. The demand for sustainable development will require
redefined engineering cutting-edge skills and ever reaching hands-on experience to navigate
these needs to a standard level. The power sector is on the cusp of a technology breakthrough
with a number of promising developments coming on string. A concerted drive to solve
challenges of the energy trilenma: energy access, affordability and sustainability coupled with
rapid technological change that spored tech firms. Constant power supply is the hallmark and
the bedrock of any developed economy. Today, 60% to 70% of the Nigerian population have
no access to electricity. One hundred million Nigerians representing 60% of its population,
have no access to grid electricity and those who do, experience extremely unreliable supply.
This present power crisis will persist unless the government diversifies the energy resources
in domestic, commercial and industrial sectors and adopts new available technologies to
reduce energy wastage and to save cost. The need for diversified sources of power supply has
naturally become a germane issue with the nation now planning to opt out of monocultural
profiles. Recent innovations are already booming the power sector, enabling the emergence
of “the prosumer,” energy consumer who produces their own electricity taken for example
the tech such as solar photovoltaic (PV) , energy storage and smart metres. The use of
biomass as an innovation in clean energy and power has proven itself efficient.
Simultaneously, providing a way to produce electricity and reduce health hazards. The
establishment of mini-hydro stations is a pathway to enhance access to electricity for
Nigeria’s increasing population. In all, aiding the society and improving engineering
education.

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The present work deals with a renewable energy based microgrid (MG) with ANFIS controller for standalone operation. The places where renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro etc. are in abundance, use them to generate electricity by developing wind-hydro based MG. The main control unit of MG is VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) in which an indirect current control is applied. This VSI is used for power quality improvements through harmonics suppression of nonlinear loads; voltage regulation during contingencies such as load unbalance; reactive power compensation at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) according to the system requirement. It is capable of providing power balance under various changes among the generation, storage and demand units. For appropriate functioning of VSI, a reweighted zero attractor least mean square (RZALMS) control algorithm is applied to generate PWM switching pulses for VSI. A model of MG with ANFIS controller is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to simulate its performance in normal and dynamic conditions at linear and nonlinear loads. A renewable wind-hydro based microgrid has been developed. The performance of MG has been demonstrated using RZALMS control approach to provide power quality solutions i.e. harmonics suppression, reactive power compensation, load balancing and voltage control. It has also managed the power balance in the microgrid during various states such as high wind power generation, load unbalancing and peak load demand. Such MG provides energy independence in rural areas and contributes in reducing the fossil consumption and its bad impact on the environment. A single voltage source inverter has performed power quality improvement and power balancing. The PMBLDCG does not require speed sensor, position sensor and wind speed sensor for MPPT control. Individual inverters and converters are not being used on various units viz. wind, hydro, battery bank etc. Therefore, the overall system cost and maintenance is reduced. The performance of the proposed controller with ANFIS and PI controller results were evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

Agrivoltaic systems, which deliberately maximize the utility of a single parcel of land for both solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and agriculture, have been demonstrated as a viable technology that can ameliorate competing land uses and meet growing energy and food demands efficiently. The goal of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of a novel pasture-based agrivoltaic concept: co-farming rabbits and solar PV. A life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified the impacts of 1) the integrated agrivoltaic concept in comparison to conventional practices including 2) separate rabbit farming and PV production and 3) separate rabbit farming and conventional electricity production. The impact assessment methods employed to determine the environmental impacts were IPCC 2013 global warming potential 100a V1.03 and fossil energy demand V1.11. The results indicate that the pasture-based agrivoltaic system produces the least amount of greenhouse gas emissions (3.8 million kg ...

The purpose of this document is to provide tools and guidelines for the installer to help ensure that residential photovoltaic power systems are properly specified and installed, resulting in a system that operates to its design potential. This document sets out key criteria that describe a quality system, and key design and installation considerations that should be met to achieve this goal. This document deals with systems located on residences that are connected to utility power​ and does not address the special issues of homes that are remote from utility power.

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has set a goal to produce 6000 MW of electricity solely from solar Photovoltaic (PV) to ensure energy usage and sustainable development for every region by the year 2041. To meet this target, we have proposed a recently innovated floating PV (FPV) fed 1.4 MW capacity mini-grid system for the remote western coastal region of the country. Considering various practical load profiles, the paper contains an elaborate simulation of electrical characteristics for the modeled supply system. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with different levels of desired voltage, current, and power. Then, in-depth techno-economic and environmental analyses are presented to address the feasibility and benefit of the mini-grid. The optimum Cost of Energy (COE) from the generation facility is evaluated as 18.29 US cents which is consistent with the current tariff. We have estimated that 2500 households and 120 Electric-Vehicle (EV) scooters can save an emission of 228 and 466.56 metric tons, respectively, of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) per year. Finally, an experimental PV generation-based case study is demonstrated to emphasize the techno-economic impacts of the proposed mini-grid. For the electrical characteristics and techno-economic simulation, we have adopted MATLAB/Simulink and HOMER Pro software, respectively.

During 12 years in service, a set of screw jack driven solar trackers has experienced numerous failures. The original controllers were custom board type and had 100% failure rate. Motors were replaced as needed and had approximately 75% failure rate during the time in service. Due to lack of achievable reliability, the owner was considering abandoning the trackers and accepting the economic losses. We replaced the unreliable screw-jacks and controllers with the proven Solpower M1-D PLC-based controller system coupled to the equally proven and reliable Powerdrive that has exhibited high reliability in the field for nearly 10 years. The owner estimated the payback for the retrofit at only 2-3 years, despite the relatively high cost. Work was completed in 2017 and the owner reports high satisfaction with the operation, simple operator interface, and design aesthetic.

This paper is aimed at harvesting the photovoltaic systems extracting power under difficult irradiance and load conditions, by proposing a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This proposed MPPT tactic has been examined under various climatic and load conditions using two powerful and accurate simulation environments for PV systems, MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus. The first implementation using the MATLAB/Simulink software was carried out to examine the performance of the novel MPPT tactic under sudden insolation and load change, where the second implementation using the Proteus software was carried out in order to prove that the novel MPPT tactic can be easily implemented using low-cost components, Arduino board, and LCD display. The simulation results prove that the novel MPPT tactic has a high convergence speed to locate the MPP, especially at fast solar irradiation and load variation with zero oscillation under steady-state operation, which takes less than 9.6 milliseconds (m...

Determining the optimum tilt angle for PV system based power plants is crucial to be considered when fixing the PV systems. Although the optimum tilt angle is normally close to the latitude value of the location, lots of other factors affect this. So when designing a power plant, it is necessary to take these factors into consideration to maximize the output of those plants. The present paper reviews the main scientific concepts related to solar radiation, the models used to describe the solar radiation properties, and the methods of calculating the optimum tilt angle. The optimum tilt angle for northern Jordan and, as a case study, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) Campus is then calculated by applying the appropriate methods and models. In addition to that, simulation software is used to calculate the optimum tilt angle and the yield of the power station. Other factors affecting the tilt angle of a PV array are reported and relevant recommendations are given. © 20...

The world’s wind resource is abundant, and has great development potential. In the traditional low rated wind generator, the mechanical friction
resistance between the bearings is too large, due to low wind speed in the city, usually it can’t start up when the wind speed is not big enough, whereas the
high rated ones produce lot of noise. In both cases the AMBs can be used to overcome their problems. Magnetic bearing is a mechanical and electrical
integration bearing which suspends and stabilizes the rotor with the electromagnetic force, compared with the general bearings, for no mechanical friction,
the damping of small wind generator with AMB can be minimized; power consumption is about 1/10 of ordinary bearings, which makes the wind generator
start up with low-speed wind. Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB) have many advantages such as no friction loss, no abrasion, lubrication free quality, and
used for high rotational speed applications. A complete AMB system consists of an actuator, power amplifier, a rotor position sensor and a control system. In
this paper, a closed loop decentralized Fuzzy Logic controller for Active magnetic Bearings is designed. For the numerical evaluation of control algorithm a
MIMO (multiple input multiple output) mathematical model of the controlled plant is determined. The AMB system which is open-loop unstable and highly
coupled due to nonlinearities inherited in the system such as gyroscopic effect and mass imbalance requires dynamic controller that can stabilize the system.
The majority of industrial applications of active magnetic bearings were still based on conventional PID control system. The proposed control design is based
on rule based procedure. It has been shown, that the presented FL control guarantees satisfactory high damping, low parameter variations and measurement
noise of the overall system. The designed FL controller is able to maintain the rotor in centre position in the final steady state. Simulations are provided to
illustrate the performance of the controller. This Paper deals with developing a model of an Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB), and its 1-DOF, 2-DOF, 4-DOF
model using a Fuzzy controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared with the conventional PID controller.

The nexus between energy and climate is inevitably one of humanity’s largest challenges, which will, in the future, require a radical turnabout in the ways we produce and consume energy. Even today, over one billion people lack any form of modern energy services. The 2.6 billion expected population increases by the year 2050 will add an even further strain on energy and ecological system efficiency [1].

Emerging economies and developing countries are set to potentially face the greatest challenges in the energy transition ahead due to their growing energy demand, with much of their energy production still being based on fossil fuels. Urbanization is a key component which drives dense population concentration toward cities, thus emphasizing the urban dimension in this context. In Europe, cities are home to nearly 80% of the population, resulting the mass production of 75% of all CO2 emissions [2] .The urban scale has often been majorly neglected in the debate of energy consumption and climate change [3], A large number of renewable energy technologies, in particular, solar energy would be well suited to the built environment. Nevertheless, due to a lack of power infrastructures such as grids and latter, concerns regarding the position of practical restrictions and how far options can be pursued are raised. [4]

Cities are currently home to more than 53% of the human population and are growing; their existence depends on energy development, and their demands are concentrated in buildings, transport, industrial processes or other means of infrastructure. The residents of cities import a large amount of materials that are transformed through process that cause relative or critical impacts at the global or regional scale. In urban areas, between 71% and 86% of greenhouse has emissions are the results of energy demand,
surpassing world energy needs by three quarters.

It is widely accepted that energy generation within city boundaries can bring about an abundance of advantages, including the increase in efficiency due to the reduction of energy transmission losses. Nevertheless, future expectations of global energy demands are such that by the mid-twenty-first century, more than 80% of the population will reside in urban areas, and energy and material requirements will increase.

Cities comprise of less than 3% of the Earth’s surface, leading to the implication of a high population concentration and entailing of an enormous amount of economic activity and material accumulation, requiring large amount of energy and materials.This demand has a great impact on the environment. The high concentration of housing generally leads to poor quality of life due to side effects such as noise, reduction of privacy, pollution or traffic congestion. In addition, the discovery of new oil fields and the improvement in energy efficiency has postponed a reform at the global level that would limit the use of non-renewable resources, despite the fact that the currently available technology can lead to an energy revolution. Without this ‘energy revolution’, the Global urbanization rends demand revisions of urban energy policies.

The UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in September 2015. Member countries committed to fulfill targets related to energy use, the creation of infrastructure and city maintenance under a sustainable development
approach. This commitment seeks to make cities more resilient with climate change, simultaneously promoting the economy and decreasing poverty. At the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), which occurred
in October 2016 in the city of Quito, Ecuador, the need to promote energy efficiency and the use of non-polluting energy efficiency at the urban level was proposed.

When the integration of active solar technologies is taken into account early in the design process, it is more likely to lead to more attractive solutions. Amongst all possible sources of renewable energy available in the urban context, such as wind, geothermal
and solar energy, the latter is potentially the most popular and has been studied extensively at great lengths. [5]

In order to further aid urban planners and architects in their design process, a broad set of guidelines must be developed. This paper serves to address both dimensions through a parametric study: solar resource assessment and the system integration of solar
energy in developing a methodology of urban modeling for evaluation of solar renewable potential of cities, based upon on their urban morphology. By this, the study will attempt to quantify the role of solar energy as a renewable energy source in various urban
settings.

Enerji tüketiminin zirvede olduğu günümüz dünyasında yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelim oldukça artmıştır. Hem hava kirliliğine neden olmayan doğa olaylarından elde edilmesi hem de daimi olarak doğada bulunması açısından yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları önemlidir. Bu kaynaklar güneş, rüzgar, yeraltı suları, nehir ve akarsular, biyolojik atıklar, okyanus ve denizler, su ve hidroksitler olarak sıralanabilir. Güneş bu kaynaklar arasında, öngörülebilir olması açısından ve
yeryüzüne ulaştığı bölgedeki yıllık ortalama miktarının hemen hemen aynı seyretmesi açısından verimi oldukça yüksek bir kaynaktır.
Dünya üzerinde, güneş enerjisini kaynak olarak kullanan ve güneş enerjisi sistemleri alanında büyük yatırımlar yapan ülkeler genel olarak gelişmiş ve zengin ülkelerdir. Bu yatırımları yapan “Ülkelere Göre Dünyada Güneş Enerji Santrali Kurulu Gücü” sıralamasında ilk üç ülke sırasıyla Çin, Japonya ve Almanya iken, Türkiye bu sıralamada 5. sırada yer almaktadır. “Kişi Başına Düşen Güneş Enerjisi Santrali Kurulu Gücü” sıralamasında ise birinci sırada yer alan ülke, Almanya, ikinci ülke Japonya ve üçüncü ülke ise Belçika’dır.[1].
Yaklaşık 80 milyon kişilik nüfusa sahip olan Türkiye'nin, Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığının açıkladığı 2017 yılı verisine göre yıllık enerji tüketimi 294,9 milyar kWh‘tır. Bu enerji talebinin karşılığında yıllık enerji üretimi de yine aynı verilere göre 2017 yılında 295,5 milyar kWh olmuştur. Türkiye'nin en kalabalık şehri olan İstanbul’un 2018 yılındaki enerji tüketimi 3 milyon 405 bin MWh ile Türkiye’deki
yıllık enerji tüketiminin %18,98’ini oluşturmaktadır. Bu enerji tüketiminin en büyük nedeni İstanbul’un nüfusunun bir çok ülkenin nüfusundan daha çok nüfusa sahip olmasıdır. Bu nedenledir ki İstanbul gibi kalabalık bir şehirde su, enerji, ısınma, ulaşım gibi insanlığın temel ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması büyük kaynaklara sahip olmayı gerektirir. Bu ihtiyaçlardan en önemlisi olan su ihtiyacının karşılanması için Kağıthane – Melen İshale Hattı Projesi yapılmıştır. Melen projesi ile elde edilen su kaynağı iki katına çıkmaktadır.
Bu tez ile Melen Barajı çevresine fotovoltaik güneş panelleri kullanılarak, güneş tarlası tasarımı yapılmıştır. Güneş tarlasına en uygun alan seçimi için Melen barajının güneş ışınımı ölçüm verileri kullanılmış, arazinin topoğrafyası detaylı olarak incelenmiş, güneş tarlasının konumu belirlenmiş ve öneride bulunulmuştur. Aynı zamanda Photovoltaic Software’in PVsyst ve Valentin Software’in dinamik Pv*SOL yazılımı ile enerji analizi yapılmış, bütçe planlaması ve maliyet ve kazanç tablosu
çıkartılmıştır. İki program ile elde edilen sonuçlar ve iki farklı marka kullanılarak hazırlanmış raporlar karşılaştırılmıştır.

Modeling and predicting snow-related power loss is important to economic calculations, load management and system optimization for all scales of photovoltaic (PV) power plants. This paper describes a new method for measuring snow shedding from fielded modules and also describes the application of this method to a commercial scale PV power plant in Vermont with two subsystems , one with modules in portrait orientation and the other in landscape. The method relies on time-series images taken at 5 minute intervals to capture the dynamics of module-level snow accumulation and shedding. Module-level images extracted from the full-field view are binarized into snow and clear areas, allowing for the quantification of percentage snow coverage, estimation of resulting module power output, and temporal changes in snow coverage. Preliminary data from the Vermont case study suggests that framed modules in portrait orientation outperform their framed counterparts in landscape orientation by as much as 24% energy yield during a single shedding event. While these data reflect a single event, and do not capture snow shedding behavior across diverse temperature and other climatic conditions, the study nonetheless demonstrates that 1) module orientation and position in the array influence shedding patterns; 2) the start of power production and bypass diode activation differ for portrait and landscape module orientations at similar percentages and orientations of snow coverage; and 3) system design is an important factor in snow mitigation and increased system efficiency in snowy climates.

Solar panel plays a major role in the renewable energy sector. Unfortunately substandard and unspecified solar panels are seen now a days in the market of many countries. Furthermore, solar panel testing equipment is not available everywhere and is a costly device. So, to fulfill customer rights and to know the efficiency of the solar panels, a simple portable solar panel efficiency measurement system has been designed and developed. The system includes a single Ardunio Uno, a voltage sensor, a current sensor (ACS712), a multi meter and a lux meter. The measurement has been taken under real sun conditions. The system determines maximum voltage (V max), maximum current (I max), maximum power (P m), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (η) of the solar panel. The system reveals that the efficiency of a 10 W, 8 W and 0.65 W silicon solar panel are 9.65%, 8.59% and 8.4% respectively.

In this paper, thermal modeling of a typical rural house in Pakistan has been done using BEopt, to determine the hourly load profile.
Using the load data, the design of a stand-alone PV system has been completed using HOMER Pro. The designed system consists of
a 5.8 kW PV with eight batteries of 12 V, 255 Ah, and a 1.4 kW inverter. The system analyses show that such system can support
mainly lighting and appliance load in a rural house. The dynamic model of the designed system has been simulated in
MATLAB-Simulink. Perturbation and observation-based algorithm has been used for maximum power extraction from PV.
Simulation results indicate that the system can provide a stable voltage and frequency for the domestic load. The method and
analysis presented here can be used for the PV system design for other parts of the world.

The control and operation of electronic systems
relies and depends on the availability of  the  power supply.
Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as
the energy storage and power source for various electrical and electronic systems and devices, such as communication
systems, electronic devices, renewable power systems, electric vehicles, etc. However, the rechargeable batteries are
subjected to the availability of the external power source when it is drained out. Because of the concern of battery life,
environmental pollution and a possible energy crisis, the
renewable solar energy has received an increasing attention
in recent years. A fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy can be used for electrical and electronic systems to
produce power generation. This paper presents the design and implementation of fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating the renewable  solar power energy system. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is characterized by the rechargeable battery that is connected  with  the Photovoltaic Panel through the DC/DC converter,  the  utility AC through the AC/DC  converter  and the load is connected through the DC/AC converter. The whole operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic algorithm. A complete hardware prototype system model of the fuzzy logic control based  on the  grid tied uninterruptible power supply integrating with the  renewable solar energy is designed and implemented. The operation and effectiveness of the proposed system is  then  demonstrated by  the  actual and  real-time implementation of  the  fuzzy logic control grid tied operation 
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable  solar
energy connected to the rechargeable battery bank and a PIC
microcontroller platform for fuzzy logic control and operation.

In the last few years, the world has been turning to the exploitation of renewable energy sources due to increased awareness of environmental protection and increased consumption of fossil fuels. In this research, by applying geographic information systems and integrating them with multi-criteria decision making methods, an area suitable for the construction and exploitation of renewable energy sources is determined. The research uses not only climate, spatial, environmental, and geomorphological parameters but also socioeconomic parameters, population, unemployment, and number of tourist nights as well as electricity consumption. By applying spatial analysis, rasters of all parameters were created using GRASS GIS software. Using the analytic hierarchy process, the calculated rasters are assigned with weight coefficients, and the sum of all those rasters gives the final raster of optimal locations for the construction of solar power plants in Croatia. To test the accuracy of the obtained results, sensitivity analysis was performed using different weight coefficients of the parameters. From the sensitivity analysis results, as well as a histogram and statistical indicators of the three rasters, it is apparent that raster F1 gives the best results. The most decisive parameters in determining the optimal solar plant locations that result from this research are GHI, land cover, and distance to the electricity network.

Abstract
The paper present a new type of the single-phase switched reluctance motor SPSRM, it has three
air gap steps arranged on the rotor poles, two wounded poles and parking magnet poles are
arranged on the stator.
The paper focuses on Air gap Pemeance Modeling, first one the Air gap Normalizing Permeance
Tubes ANP, this method is based to simplify the calculation of the magnetic circuit of SPSRM.
Second method is Novel Slice Tube Method TSM. Both methods used to calculate the motor
inductance, then the obtained results compared with two dimensions Finite Element Analysis FEA
package developed for SPSRM.
The obtained results show that both methods are acceptable for engineering design.

This study presents a review in the challenges and obstacles for implementation of solar photovoltaic power generation in Iraq. These problems that confront Iraq are represented by a technical, financial, political barriers and other. Based on solar GIS map for Iraq, the average daily solar radiation is about (5-5.5) kW/m²/day, and this received, considerable amount of energy should properly and technically be utilized. Not only, The Iraqi government must take serious steps, plans and policies to overcome these challenges, but also, put developed strategies, make scenarios with programs from specialized and expert persons.

Jolywood is a young Chinese solar energy system manufacturing company of integrated Photovoltaic Products covering the areas of photovoltaic materials, high efficiency solar cells and diverse PV applications. The company founded in 2008, has acquired a global presence in the Solar Energy Industry, and is also listed in Shenzhen Stock Exchange GEM. They have become the world's largest producers of PV backsheets, powered with over 100 million meters of annual production capacity. Moreover, with a manufacturing capacity of 2.1 GW of n-type bifacial solar cells, Jollywood is counted among top global industries focused on Solar Energy Development. The company have carved newer horizons for the high-efficiency Solar Power Generation, together with the excellence of installation and intelligent operation of high efficiency distributed PV system. Their product catalogue includes a wide-ranging Solar Module Backsheet, High Efficiency N-type Monocrystalline Silicon Bifacial PV Modules from their popular JW series, and the P-type Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cells from ZL series. Jollywood Solar has a brilliant contribution in promoting energy efficient PV products, and optimise the possibilities of a clean and sustainable environment. Now you can buy their products online, for both B2B wholesale and retail purposes, and get delivery across the Middle East, Africa, India and other South Asian regions. You can order directly from our e-commerce portal, or call us for further queries at +971 4 3686393 or mail us at pns@powernsun.com.

This review attempts to bring together the published data and analysis related to the effect of low earth orbit (LEO) atomic oxygen (AO) interaction with spacecraft materials. The basic interaction mechanism of AO with spacecraft materials and quantification of its effect on materials performance are briefly discussed. After providing a list of materials susceptible to the LEO environment, the paper focuses on the degradation mechanism of various spacecraft materials. Particular emphasis is given to the protective mechanisms for AO-susceptible materials and development of AO-resistant materials for long-term LEO spacecraft applications. Ground-simulation testing requirements and their present status are reviewed briefly. The need for further research is emphasized.

Güneş enerji santrali kurulumu ve maliyeti, güneş santrali malzeme listesi, güneş paneli kurulumu, güneş tarlası maliyeti, solar farm. enerjibes.com ile tüm güneş enerjisi hesaplamaları ve maliyetleri ne ulaşabilirsiniz. Güneş enerjisi elektrik üretim çalışmaları ve haberleri. Türkiyenin yenilenebilir enerji portalı enerjibes.com

Rapid  population  growth  in  general  of  world,  technological developments,  increase  in  living  standards  etc.  changes  have  increased  rapidly global  energy  consumption  in  the  last  century.  This  rapid  increase  has  led  to  a great rapid depletion  of  fossil  energy sources.  The  greenhouse  effect  and global warming resulting from the use of fossil-based sources pose a major threat to the world. Solar energy is an important alternative in order to eliminate these negative effects  of  fossil  fuels.  Especially,  PV  panels formed  from  solar  cells,  which  can convert solar energy directly into electrical energy, are quite commonly used. One of the biggest problems in the use of PV panels is that they can be influenced by many factors, especially external factors. In this study, the effects of the problems encountered in the application on the operation of PV panels and the use of thermal camera applications in their control and detection are investigated. Basically, the thermal  imager  is  a  device  that  detects  temperature  patterns  in  the  infrared wavelength spectrum without direct contact with the equipment. It is an imaging system  based  on  the  invisible  IR  energy  (heat)  as  the  imaging  method  and determining the general structure of the image and the colors and shapes formed according to IR energy. Thermal camera application is a highly effective method used in solar energy systems, which cannot be detected with the naked eye but can provide  to  be  seen  clearly  with  small  problems  which  can  cause  serious consequences.

It is well known that the rapidly growth of business and population are putting more and more pressure on world energy resources. Photovoltaic Solar Power plant price will play a vital role in the larger development of solar power generation. Therefore, it is most important  to develope new methodology and techniques for reduced cost of solar power plant. This paper shows the result of designing of a solar power plant in SHAHRYAR area. A total production of about 3900 MWh yearly showed favourable  conditions for the development of photovoltaic solar power systems, due mainly to the high average daily radiation in this area. In this research, PVSYST software was used to calculate and design all part of this power plant.

Of all the planets of our Solar system, Mars is by far the most similar one to Earth, despite it being an inhabitable, radiation-rich land with a toxic atmosphere. Its position with respect to the Sun, its rocky environments and its mass - all of which may have, a long time ago, helped it host liquid water and some form of ancient life - make the Red Planet the perfect candidate for the future of manned missions.
As a matter of fact, having a permanent ground station on in-between planets and satellites, like our Moon and Mars, may be a giant leap towards space exploration. This may lead to a better understanding of our Universe. However, in order to reach that stage of human civilization, many small steps are yet to be taken. Firstly, we should prioritize the protection and well being of astronauts during months long travels in micro-gravity. Next, we should focus on the protection and well being of astronauts during their permanence on the celestial body. Finally, we should ensure astronauts have a safe return trip, via secure fuel provisioning.
Nevertheless, these goals are not easy to achieve, especially due to the fact that not every resource needed for survival can be brought on board, given the limited capacity of the spaceship and the extremely high cost to weight ratio of a single launch.
In fact, it would be much cheaper to manipulate some of the resources already present on Mars (or the Moon) so as to create all that is needed from scratch.


This paper will discuss the methodologies that can be used to manipulate Mars’ natural resources, a practice known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). In the coming years, ISRU will be the main focus of many aerospace companies, as it constitutes the next step towards human colonization of Mars and the Moon.
The purpose of this paper is to suggest an indicative guideline for the exploitation of most martian resources. At the start, this will be carried out by using automated equipment. Then, it will continue via human-run hardware installed in-situ. This will be necessary in order to build a livable habitat and fabricate fuel for the return trip.
Given the low technology readiness level (TRL) of numerous technological applications that this paper will explore, some of the solutions to the challenges that ISRU puts before engineers will be discussed in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.
A strong emphasis will be put in the design of the power system of a hypothetical martian habitat using exclusively photovoltaic panels, as this is the most representative topic of my course of studies.

This paper proposes a new demand-side management (DSM) scheme for the autonomous DC microgrid for the future building. The DC distribution system is considered as a prospective system due to the increase of DC loads and DC power sources such as photovoltaic (PV), and battery bank (BB). The BB responds to the changes in a power imbalance between PV generation and demand within an autonomous DC microgrid. The power loss during charg-ing/discharging of the battery is the great challenge for the autonomous DC microgrid supplied by PV. It decreases the system efficiency. The control objective of the proposed DSM scheme is to use the PV energy more efficiently. The proposed control algorithm shifts the deferrable load from non-sunny hours to sunny hours and decreases the building demand during non-sunny hours. In this way it decreases the charging/discharging cycles of the batteries. This is reducing the power losses in the battery and improves system efficiency. The proposed scheme reduces the size of the PV plant, storage and capital cost of the system. The results showing a clear shifting of the load so that to get significant reduction in the system cost which is given numerically as percentatge saving.

In the present study, the performance of mono-crystalline silicon type PV modules has been investigated
theoretically at different tilt angles and orientations. The annual performance was predicted using a Fortran
computer subprogram constructed based on the analysis and connected to the TRNSYS simulation program.
The subprogram was experimentally verified at different meteorological conditions and design
parameters in a previous study by the authors based on the meteorological conditions of Cairo (Egypt). It
is found that the optimum value of yearly maximum output energy (i.e. the yearly output energy at the
maximum power point) can be obtained from PV modules oriented facing south with a tilt angle in the range
of 20–30
. Besides, the yearly maximum output energy of the PV modules mounted at different tilt angles and
orientations is obtained as a fraction of its optimum value at the optimum tilt angle and orientation.

Gastautor Naturwissenschaftler Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Döhler
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This paper provides a smart photovoltaic (PV) inverter control strategy. The proposed controllers are the PV-side controller to track the maximum power output of the PV array and the grid-side controller to control the active and reactive power delivered to the electric grid through the inverter. A Volt-VAR regulator is proposed for controlling the reactive power exchange with the grid according to the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). The gains of the proposed proportional-integral (PI) controllers are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) via adaptive online tuning. The control methodology is then tested to a 33-bus radial distribution network under MATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment to prove the validity of the proposed control methodology and to analyze the interactions between the PV-based distributed generation (DG) and the power network. The optimal control of PV inverters demonstrated that the optimized Volt-VAR control strategy is both efficient and effective. The optimization of the PI controller parameters resulted in a good dynamic response under varying climatic conditions. The proposed control method enables the most efficient utilization of PV-DG systems by extracting maximum power and contributing to grid voltage support.

Solar panels the vital element of this SBCS makes use of exhausted energy. Compared to all other energy solar energy is abundant and free that can be used to charge batteries used for any module or electrical kits which are obvious for daily usage. The Smart Charge Controller will be designed such, so that the solar battery does not get over charged thereby ensuring no reduction of durability of the battery. This kind of system requires sensors to sense whether the battery is fully charged or not. After fully charged, detection safety can be achieved by designing a logic system in the charger, which will automatically disconnect or cut power to the battery when it is fully charged. When the solar batteries come into account, they get charged in a very short time period considering of the sunlight hours per day. The variability and non dispatch ability of today's PV systems affect the stability of the utility grid and the economics of the PV and energy distribution systems. Integration issues need to be addressed from the distributed PV system side and from the utility side.

: The paper presents a comparative study of different performance prediction of solar photovoltaic systems that could be simply and efficiently used by artificial intelligence techniques. We have plenty of sunlight, but scarcity of water to carry out plantation farming activities. However, the availability of highly efficient and cost-effective pump controllers using solar technology is limited. This review article is based on bridging the gap between water and sunlight for smart irrigation in India. This article also focuses on the comprehensive and comparative study of the most-adopted Artificial Intelligence (AI), Fuzzy Logic (FL), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and, Genetic Algorithms (GA) based on MPPT techniques using solar-powered irrigation. Internet of Things (IoT) is used for monitoring plantation field for humidity, moisture, control pests, temperature, plant diseases, fertilizers, etc. with the purpose of making sure the quality of vegetables, fruits and so on. Smart farming has to be incorporated by employing solar-based pump sets for irrigation as electricity is not available in the farmland. For excellence in farming, AI-enabled cameras can be used to capture images of the entire farm and investigate the images in near-real-time to identify several problems and provide timely action to achieve higher yield which in turn improves the quality of farming. The proposed intelligent system is to achieve good performance with fewer fluctuations and no overshoot, if implemented.

In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler's performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.

This paper is aimed at harvesting the photovoltaic systems extracting power under difficult irradiance and load conditions, by proposing a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This proposed MPPT tactic has been examined under various climatic and load conditions using two powerful and accurate simulation environments for PV systems, MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus. The first implementation using the MATLAB/Simulink software was carried out to examine the performance of the novel MPPT tactic under sudden insolation and load change, where the second implementation using the Proteus software was carried out in order to prove that the novel MPPT tactic can be easily implemented using low-cost components, Arduino board, and LCD display. The simulation results prove that the novel MPPT tactic has a high convergence speed to locate the MPP, especially at fast solar irradiation and load variation with zero oscillation under steady-state operation, which takes less than 9.6 milliseconds (m...

All modern technology including "renewable" energy depends on the non-renewable resources that make it possible. For example, every step in the production of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems requires a perpetual input of fossil fuels - as carbon reductants for smelting metals from ore, for process heat and power, international transport, and deployment. Silicon smelters, polysilicon refineries, and crystal growers all require uninterrupted, 24/7 power that comes mostly from coal and uranium. Additional mineral resources and fossil energy are needed for constructing PV factories, process equipment, and manufacturing infrastructure. The only "renewable" materials consumed in PV production are obtained by deforestation - for wood chips, and by burning vast areas of tropical rainforest for charcoal used as a source of carbon for silicon smelters. Both media and journal claims that solar PV can somehow "replace fossil fuels" have not addressed the “non-renewable reality” of all the global manufacturing supply chains necessary for the mining, manufacturing, and distribution of PV power systems. Some often-cited accounts of solar PV production exclude raw materials and silicon smelters from the PV “supply chain” entirely, which obscures the profoundly non-sustainable basis of PV technology. A more complete overview of commercial PV production is presented, from the sources of raw materials to the deployed array. >38 references from published articles and industry sources are cited.

If we store the solar energy which is absorbed by the Earth's land, atmosphere, and oceans every year, we will
have approximately the same amount as 8000 times the total consumption in the entire world. Fossil fuels and solar
energy contribute to 95% and 1% of energy consumed in Egypt, respectively. So, we wondered about why Egypt
depends on fossil fuels not solar energy. Although, solar energy is huge, sustainable, renewable, and clean energy
source. We want to depend on solar power, but this can be only done by rising its devices efficiency and reducing their
cost to be a practical alternate.

The project feasibility study report represents the data required to assess a solar PV project’s techno-commercial viability at the very initial stage. The key features of the reports are – Climate data assessment, energy generation prediction throughout the plant’s lifecycle and the cash-flow of project including project initial & recurring investment, gross & net cash-flow, Project IRR, Payback, DSCR etc.

— A combined savonius and darrieus vertical axis wind turbine would have many advantages over an individual savonius or darrieus rotor. A savonius produces high torque which would be useful in self-starting and darrieus rotor having a high tip speed ratio useful for electrical generation. However research on combined savonius and darrieus rotors is very scarce. This developed a two bucket savonius rotor and placed it on the central shaft of a traditional darrieus. Though the tip speed ratio is a still a little low for use as an electrical generator, the research demonstrated a simple way to enable a darrieus VAWT to be self-starting and achieve higher efficiencies. Historically VAWTs cost more to operate and maintain than HAWTs Finally, traditional Darrieus rotors are not self-starting under most of wind conditions and manufacture of their blades is a challenge because of the complex shape which adds expense to the turbine. However, evidence shows that a Darrieus turbine using fixed geometry symmetrical airfoils can self-start in the field during atmospheric gusting it was suggested that using a Darrieus blade together with a Savonius blade has better performance than using them individually according to self-start ability and efficiency of the turbine. Using a counter rotating wind turbine with a freely rotating generator can produce higher amounts of power than common wind generators.