Synthesis and Characterization of nanomaterials

A detailed discussion is presented highlighting the most common characteristic of the reptilians and their hybrid cohorts. It is elucidated that the negative aliens are highly, violent, warring, separatist, disconnected, narcissistic, selfish, egotistical, psychopathic and sociopathic form of beings with strong proclivity to anger and apathy for others who are utterly void of compassion, empathy, or love or emotions for that matter except anger. They also highly venerate physical strength above anything else and use it effectively to wage wars against others, conquer them and putting them in bondage for free labor. Being energetically parasitic-vampiric, not being able to sustain themselves against inevitable self-consumption, they use the same motivation and disposition with utter cunningness and deceptiveness in search of the conquest of solar organic sentient consciousness beings in order to siphon, harvest, and prey upon their energies as a food source in which they feel they need to keep them in a state of unconsciousness enslavement so they do not know what is happening to them. Being void of solar organic consciousness and unable to consciously vibrate, they are often very afraid of solar light or sunshine. They are soulless and void of any organic consciousness embodiment and are non-sentient beings unable to 'sense' the progression of time whatsoever. Thus, evolution is not a factor in their question of artificial existence nor is multidimensionality living multiple lives at the same time, being robots, cyborgs, automatons, and a form of dead energy. They exist as automatons surviving within a hive organization or society and they strictly adhere to a pyramidal hierarchical structure in which those deemed as stronger and superiors reside on progressively the higher pyramidal scale. They are also a highly envious, greedy, avaricious group of beings who perceive themselves as superior to others and entitled to pillage and plunder others' belongings and energetic resources including their consciousness energies upon which they are dependent to survive. This has made them essentially a glutinous lustful group of beings also prone to sloth, reaping the benefit of hard labor of the others. Also being such narcissists, self-supremacists, and elitists, they have digressed to believe in racial and other forms of prejudices including the repugnant dogma of eugenics. Finally, a most distasteful trait that they are associated with is that of delusional sense of male-supremacy giving rise to a patriarchal domination dogma of existence as well as misogyny, viewing the female as weak and "worthless" unlike their males as the epitome of physical strength, forever in search of hunting-gathering, war and conquest, as a means for distinction and veneration.

Nanocomposite Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) doped Copper (Cu), Cu-TiO2 is synthesized by the impregnation method. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Cu to the TiO2 structure. The 1, 3, and 5 Cu with% TiO2 dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water, and 3 grams of TiO2 added. The compound is then stirred for 2 hours at 90 o C and dried in an oven at 110 o C for 30 minutes. Drying samples were calcined at 500 o C for 3 hours. Cu-TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX Mapping, and FTIR. The XRD analysis results show that Cu-TiO2 nanocomposite has a high level of crystallinity and has an anatase phase structure. The size of TiO2 crystals decreased with Cu doping and increased from 49.66 nm to 49.68 nm, with an increase in the composition of the doping mass of Cu. The SEM-EDX Mapping results show that all samples tend to clot, and Cu dopants evenly distributed on the surface of TiO2. FTIR analysis explained the presence of hydroxyl ions in the sample marked with the appearance of the absorption peak at 1658.78 cm-1 associated with OH bending of Ti-OH.

A controllable composition and morphology AuAg/ZnO catalyst, prepared by an easily scalable method, was, for the first time, explored for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2. It was found that the composition of the bimetallic alloy contributes to the overall CO 2 reduction performance. In particular, as also demonstrated by density functional theory calculations, CO production increases, decreasing the Au content in the catalyst alloy. The experimental investigation reveals that the products are H 2 and CO, which production rate increases in the presence of ZnO, up to a Faradic efficiency of 94.7 % at 0.4 V. On the other hand, controlling the oleic acid covering it is possible to modulate the surface properties allowing to obtain, at 0.6 V, H 2 /CO ratios equal to 1.1 and 1.9 for nanocatalysts thermally treated for 2 and 5 h, respectively.

The effects of calcination temperature varying from 700 to 1100 o C on the phase evolution and crystallite size of Ni 0.25 Zn 0.75 Fe 2 O 4 synthesized using Sol-Gel technique have been investigated. XRD results showed that the Fe 2 O 3 phase was formed in Ni 0.25 Zn 0.75 Fe 2 O 4 in the lower calcination temperature. The crystallization increased as the calcination temperature increased and the crystallite sizes of the Ni 0.25 Zn 0.75 Fe 2 O 4 calculated from Scherrer equation were found to be ranged from 16 to 62 nm which increased when calcination temperature increase. Raman results further confirmed the presence of spinel structure in the samples.

Sodium cobaltite (NaCo2O4) nano crystalline thermoelectric materials were obtained using electrospinning technique. Electrospunnanofibers was calcined at 800 o C and sintered at 850 o C in open air atmopshere. We have investigated the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of the sintered and unsintered samples for analysis sintering effect. The calcined sodium cobaltite crystal structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Products molded by cold pressing method, and one of the pellets were sintered at 850 o C by conventional sintering, the other not subjected to the sintering process. Thermoelectric properties of the both materials were measured by PPMS system in the temperature range 10-300 K. The dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) values at 300 K is 4 × 10 −5 and 9 × 10 −5 for sintered and unsintered samples respectively. Although conventional sintered technique increase thermoelectric power and thermal conductivity approximately % 50 but it 4-fold decreased electrical conductivity.

The development of nanotechnology is making the interest of researchers towards the synthesis of nanoparticles for bioapplication. In recent years, metal oxides such as ZnO have received increasing attention as antibacterial materials because of their stability under harsh processing conditions. They are generally regarded as safe materials for human beings and animals. Zinc activates  300 enzymes, and it plays a role in many other phenomena like growth,  membrane stability, bone mineralization, tissue growth and repair, wound healing and cell signalling. Many studies have shown that ZnO nanoparticles have enhanced antibacterial activity. The use of plant and plant materials to synthesise Zinc nanoparticles is a relatively new and exciting research field.  Various plants were used for the synthesis of nanoparticles using the green synthesis method.  Nanoparticles were synthesized from all the plant parts separately like stem,  flower,  leaf, latex, root,  peel, stem bark and fruits.  The prepared Zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by using  XRD,  FTIR,  UV-VIS Spectroscopy,  EDAX,  Particle size analyzer, TGA, and  SEM. The objective of this review was to report on the synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles by using different plant extracts and their significance in different fields.

An overview of how viruses-retroviruses could be utilized as to instigate viral bio-weaponization and bio-warfare (much like other pathogens as bacteria, fungi, etc.), as well as a highlight of the history of how this has occurred in the past, has been presented. In particular, two issues need to be clarified here. First of all, almost all of our history of evolution prior to 5,500 years ago has been purged from the records, as well any memory of such happenings have been blank-slated from our consciousness memories. Secondly, that humanity has been lurking in the low dimensional level of consciousness, without having a clue about some of the advanced technologies with regard to the true nature of its genetics, and the possibility of its manipulation leading to genetic mutations and alien hybridization. However, as of more recently, with the advent of knowledge of radiation technological development, together with more novel approaches as nanotechnology in materials science, as well as the fact that we are beginning to better understand the nature of our bioenergetics and the role it plays in our genetics and physiognomy and holographic reality, we are beginning to get a better grasp of how a formidable nefarious alien artificial intelligence machinery can play a devastating role in our genetic modification, hybridization, as well as the using viral bio-weaponization for our demise or total annihilation. Thus, in the present paper, the author

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technology especially for environmental remediation. Despite more than a decade of worldwide research in developing photocatalytic efficiency improving techniques, many questions regarding the large scale application of photocatalytic reactors still remain unanswered. Recently, improving the photocatalytic efficiency has gained scientific attention because it might lead to more economical and robust photocatalytic operation for environmental remediation. In this review, fundamental and comprehensive assessments of the photocatalytic concepts and their applications for environmental remediation are reviewed. The existing challenges and strategies to improve the photocatalytic efficiency are discussed. Further, recent developments and future research prospects on photocatalytic systems for environmental applications are also addressed.

Metal oxide powder technology represents a growing asset in numerous areas of physics materials science and chemistry especially with their heightened mechanical, electronic, and surface properties compared with their bulk counterparts. These nanomaterials are being multifaceted and can be utilized in various applications, for example, ecological remediation, therapeutic innovation, cosmetics, and to meet
energy and water deficiencies with their applications projected to increase. Metal oxide powder have unique properties to form a large diversify of oxide compounds that allow for numerous applications and uses in industry and consumer products. These inaugurate vast structural geometries with an electronic structure to perform different characters (conductive, semiconductive, or insulative). In internet of things and other innovative technological applications, these nanomaterials find their utilization microelectronic circuits’ fabrication, piezoelectric devices, fuel cells, anticorrosive coatings, and as catalysts. Increasing energy demands and forecasted water scarcity threats have also stimulated the research of these nanostructured metal oxides. Past two decades are the witnessed to renewed importance of nanostructured metal oxides (such as ZnO) because they depict best
photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, nanostructured titanium metal oxides are used to optimize method of photodegradation efficiency in ultraviolet and visible regions of light. In nut shell, time has proved nanostructured metal oxides very crucial for every field of study due to its versatile applications, spanning over all industries.

This book contains crystal  structure of ZnO, Synthesis of Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu doped ZnO, CHARATERIZATION of  Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu doped ZnO, , synthesis and characterization of, yttrium doped ZnO, and silver nano particles,,, Neodymium doped Nickel oxide and BFO doped  Nickel oxide

The effects of milling energy induced during intermediate mechanical activation of precursors on the synthesis of nano-structured BiFeO3 powders have been systematically investigated. X-ray diffractometer, laser particles size analyzer, field emission scanning electron microscope, vibrating sample magnetometer and electrical evaluation techniques were used to study phase composition, particles size distribution, morphology, magnetic properties and ferroelectric properties of the products, respectively. Applying a total energy of 171.18kJ/g during milling led to formation of an amorphous structure which resulted in decreasing the formation temperature of bismuth ferrite phase by about 100˚C, although small amounts of secondary phases were detected. This sample shows the mean particles size of 170nm and the mean crystallite size of 40nm, when calcined at 750˚C. Saturation magnetization (MS) increased from 0.054 to 0.071A.m2/kg and coercive field (HC) decreased from 32.63 to 6.37kA/m by increasing the milling energy from 13.48 to 171.18kJ/g. In addition, electrical hysteresis loops demonstrated a decrease in the current leakage by increasing the milling energy and lowering the calcination temperature.

The emerging strategies for the use of highly modified and sophisticated nano systems or devices are rapidly changing and demanding. New goals for providing better solutions with the help of nanotechnology have emerged from the electronics industry. Nano-electronics has focused on the structural, optical, magnetic, and photoluminescence properties of nanostructures for developing nano-electronic and optoelectronic devices. These properties play a vital role at the nano-scale level in comparison of bulk compounds. The use of semiconductor materials has always been in demand. Here, we are focusing on the unique and distinct semiconducting properties of rare earth-doped ZnO nanostructures and their applications in various emerging fields of applied sciences or in the industrial applications. This review provides an overall study of the synthesis of rare earth-doped ZnO nanostructures, and their properties and applications in different fields of industry.

Organic/inorganic nanohybrid materials are a new type of functional materials that have attracted great interest in the last decades, due to their exceptional optical, electrical, mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties. The present study reports a modified sol gel method, so-called "in-surface oxidation of Ti 3+ ions", for the synthesis of carbon nanotube/titania (CNT/TiO 2) nanohybrids. The CNT/TiO 2 nanohybrid material was synthesized with different volumes of TiCl 3 as the titanium source. To analyze their morphology, textural, surface crystallographic and optical properties the materials were characterized by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, BET and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The morphological, physico-chemical and textural aspects to account for the results are exhibited. Interestingly, the TiO 2 nanoparticles are well dispersed on CNT surface of the nanohybrid. More interestingly, doping of nitrogen atoms in CNT during the Ti 3+ oxidation step increases the nucleation sites on CNT surface. The quality of the TiO 2 coating depends on various reaction conditions such as temperature and TiCl 3 concentration. The photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts was tested by degradation of methyl orange. The experimental results indicate that the CO -Ti, N-Ti-O and TiC bonding between CNT and TiO 2 in the nanohybrid material promoted a good photogenerated charge separation, thus greatly improving the photo-catalytic activity of the nanohybrid photocatalyst, when compared to pure TiO 2 .

We present a brief overview on recent developments in the field of strong and ductile non-equiatomic high-entropy alloys (HEAs). The materials reviewed are mainly based on massive transition-metal solute solutions and exhibit a broad spectrum of microstructures and mechanical properties. Three relevant aspects of such non-equiatomic HEAs with excellent strength–ductility combination are addressed in detail, namely phase stability-guided design, controlled and inexpensive bulk metallurgical processing routes for appropriate microstructure and compositional homogeneity, and the resultant microstructure–property relations. In addition to the multiple principal sub-stitutional elements used in these alloys, minor interstitial alloying elements are also considered. We show that various groups of strong and ductile HEAs can be obtained by shifting the alloy design strategy from single-phase equiatomic to dual-or multiphase non-equiatomic compositional configurations with carefully designed phase instability. This design direction provides ample possibilities for joint activation of a number of strengthening and toughening mechanisms. Some potential research efforts which can be conducted in the future are also proposed.

Some new trifluoromethyl coumarin thiosemicarbazones 3a-3m were synthesized by condensation
reaction of thiosemicarbazides and 3-trifluoroacetyl coumarins which was from recyclization
of ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates under microwave assisted
and solvent-free conditions. The structure of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1
H
NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and X-ray, and their antifungal activity was evaluated. Most of them exhibited
potent antifungal activity by comparison with the standard drugs.

Despite the remarkable nanofluids potential in energy storage applications, the long-term dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in a base fluid along with improved thermal conductivity is a significant challenge towards their commercialization. Therefore, a novel surfactant MWCNTs and eco-friendly Jatropha seed oil based nanofluid are synthesized via one-step synthesis method and subjected to characterization via visual analysis, FTIR, Zeta potential, pore size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV analysis to investigate MWCNTs dispersion stability along with thermal conductivity measurement. The results showed the excellent MWCNTs dispersion stability in Jatropha seed oil and thermal conductivity improvement from 2.29% to 6.76% over the temperature within the range of 25-65 °C and nanoparticle weight fraction in the range of 0.2-0.8 wt %. Furthermore, two new correlations are proposed based on multiple non-linear regression analysis and dimen-sionless group analysis in the replacement of classical models which are failed to accurate prediction of thermal conductivity. The developed models showed remarkable thermal conductivity prediction accuracy with the value of R 2 N 0.991.

This paper presents the synthesis of Barium Oxide Nanoparticles (BaO-NPs) on a large-scale by a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method. The as-synthesized BaO-NPs were characterized in aspects of their structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties. X-ray diffraction was done to assess the crystalline property of the nanomaterial and the crystallite size of the BaO-NPs was found to be 15-16 nm. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of as-synthesized nanoparticles which confirmed that the prepared materials are flower-shaped nanoparticles. The compositional characteristics of nanoparticles were given by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy which confirmed that the as-synthesized nanoparticles are pure BaO. A useful optical properties of nanoparticles were also reported via the room temperature UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy and calculated bandgap of the nanoparticles was found 4.65 eV.

Growing interest in the potential applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials has fueled advancement in the identification of 2D systems with exotic properties. Increasingly, the bottleneck in this field is the synthesis of these materials. Although theoretical calculations have predicted a myriad of promising 2D materials, only a few dozen have been experimentally realized since the initial discovery of graphene. Here, we adapt the state-of-the-art positive and unlabeled (PU) machine learning framework to predict which theoretically proposed 2D materials have the highest likelihood of being successfully synthesized. Using elemental information and data from high-throughput density functional theory calculations, we apply the PU learning method to the MXene family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, and their layered precursor MAX phases, and identify 18 MXene compounds that are highly promising candidates for synthesis. By considering both the MXenes and their precursors, we further propose 20 synthesizable MAX phases that can be chemically exfoliated to produce MXenes. T he explosion of progress in high-throughput computational screening of materials has led to accelerated identification of many promising candidates for energy storage, 1 electrocatalysis, 2 photovoltaic absorbers, 3 and a staggering variety of other applications. 4 There is a growing availability of experimental and theoretical data on 3D crystals in popular databases, 5,6 and recent efforts have dramatically increased the collection of proposed 2D materials and their predicted properties. 7−10 While high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) studies are a powerful method for targeted materials design and characterization without requiring costly and time-consuming synthesis, 4,11−13 an imposing challenge remains: using computation to accelerate the synthesis of materials. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a promising way forward in this respect, as shown in studies on predicting thermodynamic stability of arbitrary compositions 14 and reaction successes in inorganic−organic hybrid material synthesis, 15 identifying trends in synthesis conditions for metal oxides, 16 and searching for high-temperature ferroelectric perovskites. 17 However, ML has not yet been exploited to provide insights into the synthesis of 2D materials. To make actionable predictions about the synthesis of possible 2D materials, we first identify a family of 2D materials that is well-suited for analysis via ML, namely, a family comprising a large chemical search space, with examples of successful synthesis. The 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes) 18,19 with the general formula M n+1 X n T x (n = 1−3) and their parent MAX phases (layers of MXenes interleaved with A-element atoms) 20,21 are an ideal choice to satisfy these constraints. The large variety of chemical compositions, number of layers, pure (single

The Theranostics approach has full potential to completely transform the contemporary medicine system to a patient-centric approach, as it is emerging in quite efficient manner, over the past few years. The primary impetus of this review is to analyse the patent growth in the domain of breast cancer theranostics. This wholesome analysis provides an insight into the current technological and R & D advancement over the years, in breast cancer theranostics. Thus, guide the end-users in getting the conclusion for policymaking and other public recommendations. This patent assessment also foretells about the future trends to carry out further achievements. Due to their easy availability, information richness, & versatility, patent's role in R&D policy has been emphasized by stake holders of innovation including scientists time to time.

Title: Light-Responsive Organosilica Composite Nanocarriers
for Biomedical Applications

Abstract: Organosilica composite nanocarriers obtained from organoalkoxysilanes have attracted much interest in the material science community for their potential in biomedical applications. The key interest of such nanomaterials is to benefit from the processability and stability of silica matrices via sol-gel processes, while incorporating additional organic functions in high content. Here we present three kinds of light-responsive organosilica nanocomposites, namely periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO),1 bridged silsesquioxane (BSQ),2 and organically-modified silica (ORMOSIL)3 nanomaterials for various applications such as cargo release, drug delivery, and biomedical imaging. PMO nanoparticles were applied as two-photon drug-delivery and photodynamic therapy platform, while BSQ nanocapsules and ORMOSIL colloidosome nanosystems were designed as proof of principle for light-triggered release.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with multiple principal elements open up a practically infinite space for designing novel materials. Probing this huge material universe requires the use of combinatorial and high-throughput synthesis and processing methods. Here, we present and discuss four different combinatorial experimental methods that have been used to accelerate the development of novel HEAs, namely, rapid alloy prototyping, diffusion-multiples, laser additive manufacturing, and combinatorial co-deposition of thin-film materials libraries. While the first three approaches are bulk methods which allow for downstream processing and microstructure adaptation, the latter technique is a thin-film method capable of efficiently synthesizing wider ranges of composition and using high-throughput measurement techniques to characterize their structure and properties. Additional coupling of these high-throughput experimental methodologies with theoretical guidance regarding specific target features such as phase (meta)stability allows for effective screening of novel HEAs with beneficial property profiles.

The adsorption behavior of rice husk ash with respect to manganese and iron has been studied by batch methods to consider its application for water and waste water treatment. The optimum conditions of adsorption were determined by investigating the effect of initial metal ion concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, pH value of aqueous solution and temperature. Adsorption equilibrium time was observed at 120 min. The adsorption effi-ciencies were found to be pH dependent. The equilibrium adsorption experimental data were found to fit the Lang-muir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms for iron, but fitted only Langmuir isotherm for manganese. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to describe the manganese and iron kinetics more effectively. The ther-modynamic experiment revealed that the adsorption processes involving both metals were exothermic. The adsorbent was finally applied to typical raw water with initial manganese and iron concentrations of 3.38 mg/l for Fe and 6.28 mg/l, respectively, and the removal efficiency was 100 % for Mn and 70 % for Fe. The metal ions were desorbed from the adsorbent using 0.01 M HCl, it was found to quantitatively remove 67 and 86 % of Mn and Fe, respectively, within 2 h. The results revealed that manganese and iron are considerably adsorbed on the adsorbent and could be an economic method for the removal of these metals from aqueous solutions.

There is evidence that several systematic researches recognized the importance of using polymers in drugs manufacturing. Natural polymers are usually biocompatible, biodegradable and non-expensive like chitosan. Chitosan is one of the natural biodegradable groups of polymers that have been extensively used for microencapsulation of drugs like isoniazid, propranolol and aspirin. This natural polysaccharide has many pharmaceuticals applications, such as oral and parenteral delivery of drugs. It is important for a wide range of scientific and industrial processes to know the applications of chitosan microparticles loaded drugs in pharmaceuticals fields. Recently, this issue was the objective of many research papers in the literature. Chitosan can also be combined with other polymer to encapsulate many drugs in order to achieve targets with performance delivery. Recent advances in microencapsulation methods have facilitated investigation of chitosan usage to load drugs. This review about the preparation of chitosan-based-micro and particles by many fabrications methods of pharmaceutical applications including coacervation, drying techniques, ionic cross-linking, ionotropic gelation and emulsion solvent diffusion method.

The present work deals with the hydrothermal synthesis of Na zeolites (Na-A, Na-X
and Na-P) and hydroxysodalite using kaolinite calcined at 650ºC as starting material. The focus was
on definition of the most favourable conditions for the synthesis of zeolite Na-A and Na-X from
metakaolin in order to economize on both energy (i.e. synthesis temperatures) and reaction time and
to enlarge the field of pure and isolated synthesized phases. Metakaolin was mixed with calculated
amounts of NaOH solution and sodium silicate and five sets of experiments were carried out at
ambient pressure and 6880.1ºC varying the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio from 2.2 to 7. Optimal conditions for
crystallization of Na-A zeolite from kaolinite were reached with a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.2 plus 4 M
NaOH without adding sodium silicate; transformation into hydroxysodalite develops after ~8 h. For
SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between 4 and 7, crystallization of the separate Na-X zeolite phase could be
achieved and transformation into Na-P and hydroxysodalite occurred after 382 h and 190 h,
respectively. For SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between 5 and 6, transformation of metakaolin into Na-X plus
Na-A, hydroxysodalite and Na-P occurred, and the field within which Na-A and Na-X zeolite exists
overlapped that of the other zeolites.
The products of synthesis were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), infrared
spectroscopy (IR) and thermal analyses (TG-DTG-DTA).
Obtaining pure Na-A and Na-X zeolite from kaolinite treated at low metakaolinitization
temperature (650ºC) and low hydrothermal synthesis temperature (68ºC) represents a considerable
economic advantage in terms of both energy and time.

A new homogeneous nanofluid of copper ferrite nanoparticles coated by silica dispersed in distilled water as the base fluid is prepared in a way to avoid settling and agglomeration. The values of dynamic viscosity and electrical conductivity at various temperatures and nanoparticles concentrations are experimentally measured. In addition, two empirical correlations are provided for them by the curve fitting approach. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis beside an enhanced artificial neural network is presented to accomplish the obtained results. The margin of deviations and experimental results versus those of correlations, imply the suitable accuracy of the proposed correlation. It is shown that more temperature corresponds to less dynamic viscosity; it also mildly increases the electrical conductivity. However, the effect of nanoparticle concentrations is more significant.

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

Amongst organo-metallic frameworks (OMFs), the metallic framework having Zirconium metal indicate fascinating structural properties and excellent stability. Such organo-metallic frameworks (OMFs) function as a potential material for practical application. Even though these particular organo-metallic frameworks are in the early developmental stage but considerable advancements have been carried out recently. We studied the characterization of zirconium-based organo-metallic frameworks. We built Zr-based OMFs by four different synthetic ways. Initially, upgraded preparation under green and commercially feasible conditions has been carried out by modifying Zr-OMFs. Zirconium based OMFs having different structures are then classified and explained based on various organic ligands and zirconium-based secondary building units. We have synthesized the zirconium metal complexes; they have been characterized on the bases of FT-IR and CHNS analyzer. FT-IR results show binding of metal with the Benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid [C6H4 (COOH) 2]. Zirconium metal can bind with the organic substances for the construction of a variety of complexes. From my research work, it is concluded that zirconium metal forms a polymeric complex with terephthalic acid. In which oxygen atoms of Terephthalic acid form bridging structure with the zirconium metal. Our study based on a particular type of OMF is likely expected to present guidance for in-depth exploration of OMFs towards practical applications. It is concluded that the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of zirconium metal have many applications in the field of chemistry, biology and other numerous fields of science.

Various Mn-doped ZnS controlled nanostructures were synthesized directly on the nickel foam to develop a binder-free, high-performance positive electrode for supercapacitors, where specific energy, specific power, and cycling stability are the crucial parameters. We achieved Mn-doped ZnS based different nanostructures, such as nanosheets, nanoflakes, and nanoneedles just by monitoring the reaction temperature. Among those three morphologies, the nanosheets showed the highest specific capacitance of 1905 F g −1 at a current density of 1 A g −1 and 93.1% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles in a three-electrode system. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was assembled using Mn-doped ZnS nanosheets and activated carbon as a positive and negative electrode, respectively. The ASC device showed a high capacitance of 140 F g −1 (210 C g −1), delivered a high specific energy of 43.3 Wh kg −1 , and a high specific power of 6.8 kW kg −1. The ASC device retained 93.3% with excellent coulombic efficiency of 95.7% after 8,000 cycles. Importantly, two serially connected ASC devices illuminated 52 red light-emitting diodes. This highlights the potential of the Mn-doped ZnS based ASC device for the next generation supercapacitors.