Modern Germany

Die Spätblüte der preußisch-deutschen Monarchie unter Wilhelm II. und der Durchbruch der Massenmedien fielen in Deutschland zeitlich zusammen. Erstmals untersucht das Buch von Martin Kohlrausch, was diese Konstellation für die Ausbildung der politischen Medienberichterstattung, mehr aber noch für die wilhelminische Monarchie bedeutete.
Indem diese Studie die Zäsur von 1918 überschreitet, vermag sie vielschichtige, bisher kaum beachtete Verbindungen zwischen der gescheiterten wilhelminischen "Medienmonarchie" und den ubiquitären Führerkonzepten, die lange vor 1918 aufkamen, herauszuarbeiten. Dies geschieht auf Grundlage eines breiten, bisher nicht erschlossenen Quellenspektrums, insbesondere von über 1000 systematisch erschlossenen Zeitungsartikeln und einem umfangreichen Sample politischer Pamphlete.

WE ATTACH  -FOR THE SCHOLARS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC- THIS FULL EDITION (85,000 WORDS, 212 PAGES), WITH THE  SCOPE AND PURPOSE THAT THE PUBLIC CAN HAVE A VIEW TO THE COLOSAL  CONTINETAL REACH, SIZE & LOGISTICS OF THE JEWISH HOLOCAUST [1933-1945], PERPETRATED BY THE NAZI GERMANY AND SO MANY EUROPEAN COLLABORATORS: INDIVIDUALS, COMPANIES, INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERMENTS ALIKE.

THIS CONTENT IS SUPLYIED AS A COURTESY TO STUDENTS AND RESERCHERS. IF ADDITIONAL MATERIAL IS NEEDED, PLEASE CONTACT THE AUTHOR HEDI@ENGHELBERG.COM. WE OFFER FREEE CONFERENCES ON THE JEWSIH HOLOCUAST.

THE TRAINS OF THE HOLOCAUST: An In-Depth Look at How Railway Transports Companies in Europe cooperated and assisted in the Second and Final Phase of the Holocaust, the "Final Solution".

    THIS GENERAL STUDY, deal with the concrete fact about how a modern railway system -the largest capitalist enterprise at the time, the Deutsche Reichsbahn [DRB]- with its associated railways companies (in collusion) in each European country, contributed to the colossal scale of evacuation and displacement, for the purpose of interment and slavery, especially after the Wannsee Conference in January 1942.

    The Nazi criminal regime (1933-1945), it’s military, civilian organizations, middle-level bureaucracy and associated dictatorial regimes all over Europe, succeeded in murdering millions of people and destroying a flourishing 900-years-old Jewish Culture in Europe.  In the process, they murdered of millions of humans across the continent: 6 millions Jews and 20 million other innocent civilians.
     
An efficient railways system across the continent with more than 100,000 km of rail, (only 42,000 km of which were in Germany proper) operated by the largest private railroad at the time, the Deutsche Reichsbahn, with more than 250,000 workers and a formidable 12,500 operational locomotives (kriegslokomotiven), totally sustained and assisted Germany’s formidable war machine and as aided the Nazi organizations in charge of the “Final Solution”.
     
The European railway companies totally and willingly assisted the Nazis in the transportation segment by carrying out this infamous crime: The Holocaust. Without the collaboration of European railways, the Holocaust could not have happened on the scale on which it did.
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Book review. Overall, this book makes significant contributions to the project of understanding the history of the socio-political movements to improve women’s condition in Europe as well as making a persuasive argument for the centrality of this history in the portrait of the Continent in the nineteenth century

What happens to foreign politics when actors, things or processes are presented as threats? This book explains state’s international behavior based on a reflexive framework of insecurity politics. It argues that governments act on knowledge of international danger available in their societies, and that such knowledge is organized by varying ideas of who threatens whom and how. The book develops this argument and illustrates it by means of various European case studies. Moving across European history and space, these show how securitization projected abroad evolving – and often contested – local ideas of the organization of international insecurity, and how such knowledges of world politics conditioned foreign policymaking on their own terms. With its focus on insecurity politics, the book provides new perspectives for the study of international security. Moving the discipline from systemic theorizing to a theory of international systematization, it shows how world politics is, in practice, often conceived in a different way than that assumed by IR theory. Depicting national insecurity as a matter of political construction, the book also raises the challenging question of whether certain projections of insecurity may be considered more warranted than others.

Die Debatte um Natur und Gesellschaft stellt eine zentrale Signatur der Moderne dar. Erstmals wird in diesem Band beschrieben, wie nach dem Ende des Nationalsozialismus über Biologie und Gesellschaft gedacht und gestritten wurde.
Aus dem Inhalt:
Constantin Goschler / Till Kössler: Die Debatte um»Vererbung oder Umwelt« als Thema der Geschichtswissenschaft
Jürgen Kaube: Arbeitsloses Einkommen, unverdientes Vermögen und das Ideal der Meritokratie
Constantin Goschler: Zwillingsforschung in Wissenschaft und Populärkultur
Peter Becker: Gewalt, Aggression und die Rückkehr der Biologie
Christian Geulen: Erziehung als Schicksal
Christian Grabau: Pädagogik, Neurowissenschaften und Humangenetik
Meike Sophia Baader: »Sozialisation« und Natürlichkeit in der Kinderladenbewegung
Hannah Ahlheim: Biologische Rhythmen, soziale »Zeitgeber« und Leistungsfähigkeit in der Schlafforschung
Jakob Tanner: Doping und Chancengleichheit im Spitzensport
Till Kössler: »Begabungsreserven« und Begabtenauslese in den bundesdeutschen Bildungsdebatten
Igor J. Polianski: Lysenko und die politische Semantik der Vererbung in der DDR
Michael Wala: Affirmative Action, Rasse und Geschlecht an amerikanischen Hochschulen

Sport annually mobilizes millions of people across Europe: as practitioners in a wide variety of competitive, educational, or recreational contexts, and as spectators, who are physically present or following events through the mass media. This book presents original research into modern sport funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Its aim is to examine the distinctive contribution made by this complex phenomenon to the construction of European identities. Attention is focused on sport's social significance, as a set of mass-mediated practices and spectacles giving rise to a network of images, symbols, and discourses. The book seeks to explore, and ultimately to explain, the processes of representation and mediation involved in the sporting construction, and subsequent renegotiation, of local, national, and, increasingly, global identities. It offers a survey of key developments in sporting Europe - from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, and from the Atlantic to the Urals - presenting findings by acknowledged international experts and emerging scholars at the level of individuals, communities, regions, nation-states, and Europe as a whole, in both its geographical and political incarnations. Its focus on representation offers a broadly conceived, and consciously inclusive, approach to issues of 'Europeanness' in modern and contemporary sport.

As the Second World War in Europe came to an end the Russians advanced from the east towards Berlin. German occupation of Poland and Czechoslovakia had been particularly brutal. Both of these countries, products of German defeat at the end of World War I contained millions of ethnic Germans, who had previously co-existed with their Slav neighbours, often for many centuries, but were now perceived by these neighbours as having encouraged and collaborated with Nazi Germany. Russians, Poles and Czechs now sought revenge triggering the largest forced expulsion in recorded history. Somewhere between 8 and 16.5 million ethnic Germans fled to the west, and between 2 and 3 million perished during flight. Expellee property was subsequently seized by the Poles and Czechs. In broad terms, until the 1990s these events were seen within Germany as part of a submerged collective memory, suppressed in part by their having lost the war. In the last 20 years with an increasingly powerful expellee org...

Основой для анализа является теория гражданских войн, в рамках которой были проанализированы текущие военные конфликты в Афганистане, Ираке, Ливии, Сирии и на Украине с самого начала боевых действий в этих странах. Выявлено, что бои в Афганистане, Ираке, Ливии и Сирии в разные периоды времени представляли собой разные по сущности войны, а сущность войны на Украине не менялась от ее начала и до настоящего времени.

Die Einführung von Einheitsverpackungen (Plain Packaging) für Zigaretten ist derzeit in aller Munde. Von Australien über die EU bis hin zu mehreren südamerikanischen Staaten erwägt man die Einführung einer neutralen Verpackung für Tabakprodukte, die keinerlei Marke trägt und lediglich Warnhinweise enthält. Der nachfolgende Beitrag widmet sich der damit verbundenen verfassungsrechtlichen Problematik und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Einführung von Einheitsverpackungen, vor allem vor dem Hintergrund des Schutzes der Jugend und der Gesundheit der Bevölkerung, mit dem Grundgesetz vereinbar ist.

Germany likely employs Europe’s largest national lobby labor force. This article presents a comprehensive study of German lobbyists’ workplaces and employer expectations of competencies. It provides insights into emerging requirements for a qualified workforce in a diversified job market.
Drawing on multiple sources of statistics, surveys and cases, a first section examines staffing and entry routes for the main employer types – associations, corporations and consultancies. The job market offers a broad range of career options. This includes an emerging set of junior training programs. German employers have devised fully-paid apprenticeship models as structured practical learning schemes where rotating workplace assignments alternate with seminar learning. Some employers partner in training alliances. Traineeships are tailor-made and unregulated, but their existence points to a growing employer interest in formally developing a talent base and professionalism.
A second section offers a job market snapshot based on 189 advertisements from 2012 to 2014. Job ads can be assumed to be an objective measure of employers’ articulated intentions and expectations for a quality pool of applicants. The survey tabulates preferences for experience, academic degrees, knowledge areas, personal, social and method competencies, and specific political expert skills. Results demonstrate a complex interplay of qualifications and requirements. Ads also show great variety and ambiguity, suggesting that lobbying lacks standardized job classifications and a stable common vocabulary.
Findings show that organizational settings influence task and competency combinations expressed in job ads. While all employers appear to follow similar recruiting patterns in regard to some qualifications, they also differ. For example, associations and businesses place more emphasis on policy concepts, organizational participation, coordination, administration, and direct representation than do consultancies, while the latter stress advisory roles and strategizing. Corporations get less involved in campaign advocacy. Associations focus on members. Consulting firms tend to recruit younger, less experienced staff, and to less often request domain knowledge. Highlighting commonalities and differences, this paper may help stimulate discussion on explicating employers’ competency-based human capital management and recruiting practices.
The results may help develop guidelines for apprenticeship schemes, continuing education, organized efforts of professional bodies and university curricula.

This essay explores the triangular relations between de Gaulle's France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the US during the 1960s, in three policy areas: military (nuclear) policy; European policy; and East-West relations. It explores de Gaulle's vision for a 'grande nation' within an independent Europe, and finds that while Bonn largely rejected this vision in favour of coordination with Washington, this was not the result of socio-cultural ties between the US and Germany, but in each instance for specific realpolitical reasons.

Anhand der politischen Bildung fragt der Aufsatz danach, welche Gefahren für die Demokratie im Westdeutschland der 1970er- und 80er-Jahre diagnostiziert und welche Projekte zur Stimulierung individueller Handlungsmuster aufgelegt wurden, um diese Krisen abzuwenden. Er argumentiert, dass die politische Bildung Demokratie als moralisches Problem betrachtete und bearbeitete. Während liberalkonservative Bildungskonzepte ethische Grenzen aufrichten wollten, versuchten Linksliberale mit einer spezifischen Didaktik demokratisch-moralische Denkmuster einzuüben. Mit der Analyse dieser Positionen zielt der Beitrag darauf, oftmals unterbelichtete Widersprüche in der westdeutschen Demokratiegeschichte in ein neues Licht zu rücken.

The task of building more energy-efficient, climate-friendly and sustainable societies is a defining challenge of the 21st century. Striving to become the world's first major renewable energy economy by 2050, Germany's ambitious 'energy revolution' has made the country a global front runner in environmental policy and practice. How and why did Europe's largest economy embrace a challenge that has been compared to the first landing on the moon? Is the German experience transferable to other industrialized nations such as the United States? This book brings together German and North American experts from business, academia, governmental agencies and non-profit think tanks to open up new viewpoints and avenues for shared insight on environmental governance, energy security, technological innovation, green landscape and urban design, as well as on the possibilities for multi-disciplinary and transatlantic partnership and cooperation.

What impact does a falling birth rate have on the strength and vitality of a nation? Are citizens duty-bound to think about this question when they make reproductive and sexual choices? Few countries have grappled with these questions as intensely and with such dramatic consequences as Germany. The Politics of Fertility in TwentiethCentury Berlin tracks how fears of a declining population influenced reproductive and sexual health policy in four German regimes, from the end of World War I through the period of German division in the Cold War. A case study set in Berlin, the book examines local measures to control fertility-threatening venereal diseases and influence reproductive choices in marriage counseling clinics. It investigates how policies meant to encourage higher birth rates created feelings of belonging even as they infringed on personal autonomy. The idea that sexual duty should be central to conceptions of citizenship only died with the changing technological and politica...

Beeinflusst das Ergebnis der Direktwahl des Regierungschefs die Wahl zum repräsentativen Organ? Wir überprüfen, ob Erkenntnisse der Forschung über divided government, Amtsinhaber- und contamination-Effekte, die auf nationaler Ebene beobachtet werden, auf die lokale Ebene übertragen werden können. Hierzu werden quasi-präsidentielle kommunale Systeme mit direkt gewählten Bürgermeistern analysiert. Die Kernhypothese besagt, dass die Partei des Amtsinhabers in der nächsten Ratswahl systematisch Stimmen gewinnt. In unserer Anwendung auf Kommunalwahlen in Hessen, Saarland und Rheinland-Pfalz finden wir einen so genannten übertragbaren Amtsinhaber-Bonus zwischen 4,3 und 5,1 Prozentpunkten, den es erst seit der Einführung der Bürgermeister-Direktwahlen gibt. In einem verfeinerten Modell können wir einige Bedingungen bestimmen, die diesen Amtsinhaber-Bonus genauer spezifizieren. So fällt der Amtsinhaberbonus umso geringer aus, je weiter zurück die Bürgermeisterwahl von der Ratswahl stattfand. Does the outcome of the direct election of the head of government influence the election of the legislative body? We test whether findings from research on divided government, contamination and incumbency effects observed at the national level hold true for the local level. In our analysis, we focus on quasi-presidential local government systems with a directly elected mayor. Our main hypothesis is that the seats gained by the mayor’s party during subsequent council elections are systematically related to the incumbency status of the mayor. In the German states of Hesse, Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate we detected a transferable incumbency effect after the introduction of the direct mayoral elections ranging from 4.3 to 5.1 percentage points. A more sophisticated model which takes several additional effects into account specifies this incumbency bonus. The longer the time lag between the election of the mayor and the election of the council the smaller the incumbency effect.

Wilhelminismus ist eine Epochenbezeichnung, gleichzeitig aber auch ein Schlagwort. Als Epochenbezeichnung meint der Begriff zunächst schlicht die Regierungszeit Wilhelms II. von 1890 bis 1918. Das Schlagwort Wilhelminismus hingegen verweist auf starke Bilder: zuvorderst das Militär mit seinen Paraden mit ‚klingendem Spiel‘, die Flotte und Schiffstaufen, eine imperiale Großmachtpolitik die sich auch nach innen in pompösen Bauten manifestierte und nicht zuletzt einen Kaiser, der nicht nur als Oberster Kriegsherr den Ton angab. So archaisch diese Bilder heute wirken, ohne die äußerst dynamisch und tiefgreifende Modernisierung Deutschlands in den Jahren nach 1890 ist das Phänomen Wilhelminismus nicht zu verstehen.

Coinciding with the centennial of the U.S. entry into World War I, this exhibition catalog examines the lives of four individuals from Montana or closely tied to the western state who served their country proudly and whose lives were significantly shaped by the Great War. They are: Glasgow-born William Belzer, celebrated aviator and among America’s first flying aces; Great Falls widow Josephine Hale who served as a Red Cross nurse and became a notable painter in France; doughboy Sidney F. Smith, survivor and hero of the infamous “Lost Battalion;” and James Watson Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin until the U.S. declaration of war and husband to Mary Daly of the famous mining family. The catalog essay  by UM Professor of Art History and Criticism H. Rafael Chacón addresses the abstract concept of the enemy, both abroad and within.

Wahlen sind ein Brennglas für die kritische Aufgabe der Medien als Vermittler in der Demokratie. Wahlkämpfe sind eine Serie von Medienereignissen. Medien vermitteln, um was und wen es geht. Also wollen Wahlkampfmanager sie lenken und verführen, bedrängen und beeinflussen. Unabhängiger Journalismus dagegen will sich nicht von Wahlkämpfern managen lassen. Redaktionen gehen mit eigenen Strategien ins Wahljahr – erst recht in Zeiten von «Fake news» und Populisten, die vom Feindbild Medien leben. Der Band enthält Beiträge der Journalisten Cordula Tutt, Jörg Quoos, Andreas Schneider und Matthew Karnitschnig, der Wahlkampfmanager Robert Heinrich und Mario Voigt sowie der Politikwissenschaftler Oskar Niedermayer und Marco Althaus.