Louis Hjelmslev

Two recent tendencies in digital-cultural theory have attempted to critique a representational view of computation through an attention to the language that itemizes computational processes. This paper argues that that each of the thinkers aligned with these two broad camps tend to reduce this language to one of two kinds of structure. The first approach sees the structures of computation and digitality as chiefly social; the second sees these structures as an extension of mathematical and philosophical logic. This paper proposes that the task of thinking outside this schema necessitates a methodological approach to computational elaborations of language not in terms of a logic of structure but a logic of sense. Through the work of Gilles Deleuze—by way of linguist Louis Hjelmslev—I introduce a notion of sense suitable for the analysis of the logico-mathematical statements that comprise digitality. I then read two examples from machine learning and computational linguistics research that provide occasion to consider aspects of digitality traditionally elided by the dominant usages of computers in the natural and social sciences. Finally, I conclude with some proposals regarding how we might conceive of the ontogeny of a digital object from this perspective.

Dans les pages qui suivent, nous voudrions revenir sur l’histoire éditoriale de ce projet inachevé entre Hjelmslev et Uldall, et qui n’a abouti qu’en 1957 sous la signature du seul Uldall, qui d’ailleurs mourait la même année, non sans avoir vu paraître son livre. Les lettres échangées entre Hjelmslev et les linguistes de son époque, comme A. Martinet, R. Jakobson et É. Benveniste sont quelques-unes des directions dans lesquelles s’engagera pour essayer de lever le voile sur certains éléments énigmatiques de ce projet. Et d’autressources doivent nécessairement être évoquées. Les divergences avec V. Brøndal seront également étudiées comme jalons pour l’une de ces directions en nous étendant sur des questions à la fois théoriques et personnelles. Mais une piste, retrouvée dans une lettre inédite de Hjelmslev, sera notre source principale pour comprendre enfin pourquoi Hjelmslev a renoncé à écrire la deuxième partie de ce projet, se contentant d’une simple préface. Voici tracé en quelques gros traits l’arrière-plan ainsi que le cheminement de cette étude.

This is a conference paper for the 1996 Deleuze Symposium at the University of Western Australia. It describes the influence exerted on contemporary architecture by Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the diagram. It tracks Deleuze and Guattari’s creation of the ‘asignifying’ abstract machine, also called the diagram, through their assemblage of the semiotic theories of C. S. Peirce and Louis Hjelmslev. This new concept of the diagram is perfectly illustrated by Foucault’s concepts of the panopticon and heterotopia, and by Guattari’s discussion of the blueprints for the concorde. In the second half of the paper this concept of the diagram that is simultaneously a pure experiment and working with the real effects is shown to be at heart of the architectural productions of Peter Eisenman, Jean Nouvel, Jennifer Bloomer, Marcos Novak and Shin Takamatsu. The paper finishes by concluding that if all these architects have acknowledged in their published writings their affiliations with the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, it is because they were already working with immanent diagrams within their architectural practice. (A shorter version was translated into German by Annette Wiethüchter for Der Architekt.)

En el campo de la teoría lingüística, Hjelmslev establece que ésta debe no sólo explicar un texto dado sino cualquier otro texto de la naturaleza establecida como premisa, es decir, a) No sólo un texto de una lengua determinada sino, b) También todos los demás textos de dicha lengua y, c) No únicamente los existentes o dados sino todos los posibles y concebibles.

توضیح: مطلب حاضر پیش‌درآمدی است بر معرفی و شرح گلوسم‌شناسی، نظریه‌ی زبانی لویی یلمزلف. این نوشتار بر انگیزه‌های پرداختن به این نظرگاه و ضرورت و امکان چنین کاری متمرکز است، و ورود به خود نظریه و توضیح و تفصیل آن به فرصت‌های بعدی موکول می‌شود. از خوانندگان گرامی می‌خواهم که نظرات و مساعدت‌های خود را با من در میان بگذارند.

The study of language has been historically proposed as a model for human sciences. For the structuralists, it is because languages, like society, and cultural habits , are man-made rule-based systems. For the Darwinists, it is because cultures and societies are like living species, and can be studied with biological methodology. Sociology, biology and linguistics are considered analogous in different ways. To support work in theoretical and applied linguistics, this paper discusses the problem of the nature of language, investigating how the question "What is language?" has been approached from different angles. Textbook answers guide us in many different directions: language is a tool for communication-and for thinking. It is a collection of words and instructions how to use them. It is the characteristic which-arguably separates humans from other animals. It is a social construction, a system of symbols, a system of systems, and so on. To classify perspectives, the intellectual history of schools of linguistic thought is examined, connecting linguistic theory with related disciplines. A taxonomy is proposed based on two axes: humanistic versus biological; and historical versus systemic. Main linguistics frameworks are identified and placed into a fourfold table based on these axes. They include the Bloomfieldian school (Type 1); Saussurean structuralism and its derivatives (Type 2); generative grammar and biolinguistics (Type 3); and cognitive-evolutionary linguistics (Type 4).

This paper introduces a semantically and pragmatically oriented typological generalisation, which is named the orientation principle. It entails that the position of connectives, as defined as a single lexical category including adpositions and conjunctions, provides an explanatory principle for a number of harmonic correlations in crosslinguistic data. A reanalysis of the data guided by this insight is proposed as an alternative to processing approaches.

Opposition theory is one of the main outcomes of structural linguistics of the last century. While it is still valid and used in the field of phonology, it has not had the same fortune in other linguistic disciplines and has been replaced by other theoretical concepts. The present paper aims to revisit the opposition theory, particularly Louis Hjelmslev's theory of participative opposition. Participative oppo si tion seems to have a high application potential not only in linguistics but also in other scientific fields. The first part of the paper outlines a brief history of the binary opposition theory within structural linguistics, while the second part introduces the somewhat forgotten concept of participative opposition, shows its explanatory power and, finally, its possible applicability in biology.

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This article describes the influence exerted on contemporary architecture and architectural theories by Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the diagram. Deleuze and Guattari, well known for their A Thousand Plateaus, begin from the basis of the approach to the diagram created by C. S. Pierce, and have further developed it into an 'asignifying' diagram of interface which goes beyond any previously known semiotic system. Tim Adams believes that the Deleuze and Guattari's interpretation of the diagram is the best tool for grasping the current status of architecture. (Translated into German by Annette Wiethüchter.)

Bir gösterge ve/veya göstergeler bütünü olan yazınsal metinlerin anlam merkezi içeriğin tözüdür. Kültürün hemen her unsuruyla oluşturulan bu töz, yazınsal metinlerin anlamını taşır. Bu metinleri anlamlamak isteyen araştırmacılar, anlambilim ve göstergebilim gibi yöntemlerle içeriğin tözüne ulaşmaya çalışırlar. Çözümleme odağındaki bu arayışların yanı sıra yazınsal metinlerin üretim sürecinde içeriğin tözünde ortaya koyduğu yapı da oldukça önemlidir. Yazınsal metinlerin üretimini başlatan yapı içeriğin tözüdür. Araştırmalarımıza göre içeriğin tözüne ilişkin bir yapı ortaya koyan çalışmaların çok az sayıda olduğu, alanyazının bu anlamda yeni çalışmalara gereksinim duyduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında alanyazındaki gereksinim göz önüne alınmış, yazınsal metinlerin anlam evrenini temsil eden içeriğin tözüne yapısalcı bir anlayışla yaklaşılmış ve bu yapının görsel olarak ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yapıyı yani içeriğin tözünü oluşturan kurucu öge anlambirimciktir. Çalışmada anlambirimcikler, anlambirimciklerin ürettiği izlek, anlambirimcik demeti, yerdeşlik, anlambirimcik molekülü (yerdeşlik demeti) gibi içeriğin tözüne ilişkin kavramların kavramsal ve bağıntısal yönleri ele alınmış, bu terimler önerilen çizgede ilgili yerlerine konumlandırılmıştır. İçeriğin tözü gibi soyut ve derin yapıda bulunan bir alanı sınırlamak, yapısını tam olarak çıkarmak ne denli zor olsa da üretilen çizgeyle bir girişimde bulunulmuş, yapılacak yeni çalışmalar için bir örnek oluşturulmuştur.

"The arbitrariness of the sign" is described in the CLG as the first principle of the language. This term has become one of the major Saussurean legacies. Nevertheless, the arbitrariness of the sign has been received by the linguistic community with embarrassment, and the critics of this Saussurean concept have not been rare. In my paper, I would like to confront the arbitrariness of the sign as defined in the CLG with one of its most famous critics, that of Roman Jakobson [1971]. I would like to show that Jakobson's criticism is not based on valid arguments, in the sense that Jakobson uses the term "arbitrary" in some other way than it is used in the CLG. I propose to reread the passages of the CLG on the arbitrariness of the sign with a Hjelmslevean point of view, comprehending the language as a sublogic system. This approach will allow the coexistence of arbitrariness and motivation, exactly as in the CLG Saussure mentions onomatopoeia without ever denying the principle of arbitrariness of the sign. The language can be diagrammatic or iconic, without ceasing to be arbitrary.

This text inquires how Louis Hjelmslev’s idea of »an algebra immanent to language« can help us to characterize discretized probability densities as a kind of »symbolic alphabeticity«.

It is my manuscript for the fifth Metalithicum Conference in May 2014.
All videos of the conference: http://appliedvirtualitylab.wordpress.com/2014/05/16/computation-as-literacy-self-organizing-maps/

CONTENTS
(1) Introduction: The Materiality of sense, or: “capable of being continued”
(2) Tracing important distinctions regarding the notion of Quantity
(3) Impredicativity, or The mode of insisting existence proper to the circular
(4) The alphabetization of the numerical in computation
(5) The cipher, and its quantum-body of objective neutrality: nothingness
(6) Disparseness, or In the element of neutrality-the many bodies of nothingness
(7) Glossematics: Theory conserves, circulates and differentiates the materiality of sense
(8) Beyond the Apparatus, or: getting over the deadlock of tautology by repetition (alphabeticity)
(9) Signals and codes: the world translates itself in the elementary nature of thought

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De uma disciplina científica, além de atingir dado conhecimento, espera-se que suas bases sejam de tal modo solidificadas que admitam o desenvolvimento futuro, em busca de um conhecimento que ainda sequer podia ter sido vislumbrado por ocasião do gesto inicial de sua fundação. Diferindo um tanto da concepção corrente, pensamos que o pensamento estrutural, no que tange às questões de linguagem, cumpriu com essa exigência desde o início. Buscando evitar em nossa leitura a interferência de interpretações anacrônicas, pensamos ser justo sustentar que a teoria hjelmsleviana, que defende o princípio de imanência, não apenas não teria ido contra a abertura aos estudos de significações afetivas, bem como os teria exigido em seu arranjo epistemológico, que teria propiciado a abertura a uma episteme do acontecimento, então sequer fundada na história das ideias.