Haryana

A lot has been written and discussed how India is at the point of take-off.  Economic growth is accelerating, and most believe that high growth is going to continue for many years into the future.  A generation that is less affected by colonial hang-ups, more confident, highly educated and aware, is leading all sectors of the Indian economy.  However, differences within the country remain, and may even widen if concerted efforts are not put in.  Identifying the constraints and strengths at the state and sub-state level will enable a much more fine-tuned action.  This volume is designed to facilitate that objective by informing industry, students, government, NGOs, and any person interested in the progress of the states of India.

India has 6 Union Territories and 29 states (including Delhi which is now considered to be a state).  Of the 29 states, 19 have a population greater than 10 million – roughly the population of Poland.  Of the 235 countries of the world, 150 odd countries have a population below 10 million.  At 131 million UP has a population that is lower than only 8 countries including India.  A state such as Rajasthan has a land area greater than 342,000 sq. km and is larger than the United Kingdom and Ireland combined.  That there are significant differences in lifestyles, facilities, law and order, governance between different states is well known; but again, this common knowledge has come about more due to perceptions formed out of individual experiences.

Though most documents and reports bring out the salient features of the key states of India, few are able to bring out for the smaller states, Union Territories, and the north-east.  Moreover, precious few do so using data and information in an objective manner, such that anyone can decipher the strengths and weaknesses on various fronts.  Over and above that, very little is known about how states compare with each other.  Last, but not least, little is known how different parts of a state compared with each other. 

Indicus Analytics received support from PHDCCI to put together information on scores of different issues for all the states of India, including yours.  This information draws from the most credible and highly respected publications and databases brought out in recent years.  After ensuring that the information met the minimum quality specifications, it was analyzed in different ways.  Data for a state was compared over time and also with other states.   

Care has been taken that the researchers’ biases do not creep up, as is the case in many such comparisons.  The reader should for himself understand the various constraints that his or her state is facing, how well it is performing, how it compares to other states in the vicinity and with India overall.  This is all put together in such a way that the reader can draw his own conclusions. 

We hope that this profile benefits you in better understanding your state.  However, despite many crosschecks and dependence on credible information some errors might have crept in.  We accept those and would appreciate your comments for future improvements.

For me it became a challenging and a fascinating experience to collect bits of historical information and reconstructing the history of a heritage value building of some grandeur when no inscription plate was found affixed in addition to laboriously searching the names of the persons that could be associated with events and happening connected to it. However, it looked as if the Khunga Kothi –a feudal retreat, recently offered this occasion to me in which the documentary proofs culled from documents relating to a bygone era indicated that it was built sometime in early 1900s by the then Raja of Jind on the picturesque left bank of Chautang (also spelt as Chitung or Chetang) canal that originated right in the Shivalik range and later became part of the modern Western Jumna Canal system. Chautang became the first canal in this part of India that was laid in mid-14 th Century-in AD 1355 to be exact, by celebrated and benevolent Feruz Shah Tughlaq when he had thought of bringing Jumna water to the parched and arid Hansi territory. The canal, with less carrying capacity in comparison to the present one, was later extended in AD 1356 with some effort to irrigate the gardens and orchard at Hisar-e-Feruza or Fort Hisar in Haryana. The famous Gujari Mahal in Hisar, a protected relic adjacent within the fort city enclosure, was in fact an entertainment resort of the Sultan in which the pavilions and water courses were created. It is now wrongly advertised as palace residence of a young and pretty woman of Gurjar community that enamored the Emperor and as long as he stayed in his Shikargah i.e. Hisar-e-Feroza after a retreat from the hunting grounds. However, the association of Chautang with Jind and the antiquity of the old canal has been as fascinating as that of the previous royal owners of the Khunga Khothi during the British colonial era. Since archaeologists have been persistently shown interest in the palaeo archaeology, they found out that Chautang was an ancient rainy stream that flowed alongside the Jumna for many miles and turning westward merged with the mythical Saraswati. For archaeologists Chautang and Drishadwati is one and the same stream. Feruz Shah had only asked his military engineers to undertake a survey and after getting the desired information decided to use the old, dried bed of the Chautang for laying a canal and realizing his dream of bringing water to Hisar-e-Feruza. It laid waste for about three hundred years when in Akbar's time Shahab-ud-din Ahmad Khan, governor of Delhi, repaired it. In AD 1826-27, it was again set in order by the British Government. In 1897-98 the dry stream was realigned and rechristened as Hansi Branch. Up to the year 1888 AD the irrigation of State of Jind villages was carried on by the British authorities. Again in 1900-01 remodeling of Hansi Branch was done to carve out distributaries and fixing the revenue for water. The local village folk still call the Hansi Branch as Chautang which constitutes one of the principal canal in the matrix of irrigation system ascribed to the WJC. In the new system the Chautang originates at Munak Head, north west of Panipat, touches Safidon and traverses through Jind town leaving old Jind settlement and fort mound to its east. In this context it was amazing to realize how the engineers of Feruz Shah Tughlaq could have discovered or identified the course of dry bed of ancient Chautang, which could have inspired the Sultan and envisage this feat 660 years ago. It seems his generals might have made enquiries or come across some reference from the Brahmins that could have indicated to him by citing from the old texts about the existence of the river that exactly followed the course of the Chautang or Drishadwati. In the above historical mention, it transpired that Khunga Kothi would be lost to history if it were not examined and photo-documented. I could not have known about its

Inscriptions form the most reliable source for the reconstruction of history. In the present paper the authors have discussed nine inscriptions, which were carved on the back side of the bronze images of Jaina Tirthankara. These inscriptions have its own importance because these are the only inscribed bronze images belonging to Jainism so far discovered in the region. Although two of the Hansi hoard images are inscribed with few words only. All these bronzes belong to the Medieval period (12 th-13 th Century A.D.). During this period massive socio-political change took place in the region and these inscriptions can throw light on the various aspects of history of that time.

There is a general sense that the legal system in India is inefficient.  First, there is over-legislation and unnecessary State intervention, both in the form of statutes and administrative law (rules, regulations, procedures). This increases non-transparency and contributes to rent-seeking, which is not distributionally neutral, because the relatively poor tend to suffer more.  Second, over-legislation exists simultaneously with under-governance, because laws aren’t enforced and the dispute resolution system, including enforcement of contracts, isn’t credible.  Reforming legal institutions is not only a desirable end in itself, it also has the byproduct of adding to GDP growth.  While these points are unassailable, most empirical work on documenting inefficiencies of the Indian legal system is fraught with problems.  For a start, cross-country comparisons tend to be overly simplistic, ignoring the specifics of the legal regime and the context within which the country is situated.  In addition, legal indicators used, even when they are not cross-country, tend to be too macro and aggregate and are indiscriminately used. For instance, data collected for Hyderabad are applied to all of Andhra Pradesh.  This paper adopts a different approach.  It draws contrasts between Gurgaon and Faridabad, districts (and towns) not only located within the same State, but also districts with similar historical and geographical backgrounds.  This enables one to control for many variables that cause different trajectories of legal and economic development within and across countries.  The paper then seeks to explain the differential growth in these two geographical regions through differences in the legal land regimes.

Haryana is a state of great cultural heritage. Haryana is a land where Veda was written on the bank of river Saraswati. A legendary land where Rishi Ved Vyas wrote epic Mahabharata. A land where Lord Krishna delivered the immortal message of Gita to humanity at large at the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Apart from, Haryana is a rich land of festivals, such as Makar Sankranti, Holi, Teej, Deewali, Guga Navmi, Basora etc. Each festival celebrates with an excitement and peoples celebrate festivals with preparing of different kinds of food. As the peoples of Haryana like to have milk and milk products for their daily consumption. In most festivals, they make foods in their homes with milk. With this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the festive foods of Haryana and their recipes. The data has been collected from the various source such as published articles, journals, books and websites. An informal discussion with family has been conducted for gather the more information about festive food those they are prepared for festivals, their recipe and cooking style. It has been found that Kheer, Halwa, Puri, Sakkarpare (Sahwali), Ghewar, Pakode, Malpua (Puda) and Gulgulle are some famous festive foods of Haryana that are made on various festivals.

A Chinese proverb aptly signifies the importance of female literacy as ―If you plan for a few years, earn money; for ten years, then plant trees; but if you plan for a hundred years, educate the women‖. According to the census of India person who can read and write with understanding in any language aged above six years considered as literate. The population of women is almost half of the total population in Haryana. According to the census report 2011, the literacy rate in Haryana is 75.55% and 22th ranks in India. It has a wide gap between male and female literacy which accounts 84.06% and 65.94% respectively. Haryana's main concern is to tackle the problem of illiteracy among its female population. The data show that there is significant increase in female literacy rate. The study reveals the district-wise female literacy rate in Haryana. The analysis is based on district level secondary data from the 2001 and 2011 census of India. Data is processed with simple statistical techniques such as percentage.

Literature on complex system of caste assertiveness has primarily advanced vertically in different scientific domains with researchers developing a variety of domain- specific approaches and application. However, in this dissertation, I have attempted to understand the mediums through which Ahir or Yadavs have been able to amass massive political, economic and social status, in spite of being a low to middle ranking pastoral varna. The fieldwork for this research has been conducted in Gurugram or Gurgaon, which is a part of the Ahirwal region. This research holistically analyses the problem statement by scrutinizing a number of secondary literatures written in this arena.

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Increased  female  entrepreneurial  activity  heralds  a progress  for  women’s  rights  and  optimization  of  their economic and social living index. Women entrepreneurship is synonymous with women empowerment. Parallel to the  male counterparts,  female  entrepreneurs  are  catalytic  in  job creation,  innovation  and  more  than  tangible  contribution  to the GNP of the country. An economy thrives when women get a level playing field as men. Innovation works as a catalyst or an  instrument  for  Entrepreneurship.  Indian  Women,  despite all the social hurdles stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The  transformation  of  social  fabric  of  the  Indian  society,  in terms  of  increased  educational  status  of  women  and  varied aspirations  for  better  living,  necessitated  a  change  in  the  life style  of  Indian  women.  This  paper  endeavors  to  explore studies  related  to  Women  Entrepreneurship  and  Innovation in India. Few examples from Haryana, India have been taken to understand the study in a better way.

Retailing is one in all the biggest sectors within the world economy associate degreed goes through a whole process introduce evolutionary of India. Retail is presently a flourishing sector of the Indian economy. The Indian Retail business has big at a fourteen.6% CAGR throughout FY07-12. This growth is directly attributable to the nascent Indian economy likewise as increase privately Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) and produce revolution in Indian peoples " consumption pattern. This tendency is anticipated to continue for a minimum of ensuing two-three decades, magnetizing vast attention from entrepreneurs, business heads, investors likewise as land homeowners and builders segments of the economy. Despite this growth, the Indian retail business is extremely fragmented, with the organized marketing still at an emerging stage that accounts for much less proportion than the unorganized marketing of the full Indian retail market. It " s calculable that organized marketing accounts for fewer than five-hitter of today " s market, however is anticipated to develop between14% to eighteen by 2015. Throughout FY07-twelve, the organized marketing in Republic of India has big at a CAGR of twenty six.4%; higher that the full growth of Indian marketing. the world is that the largest supply of employment when agriculture, and has deep access into rural Republic of India generating quite ten per cent of India " s GDP. It acts as associate degree interface between producers associate degreed customers improve the flow of products and services and lift the potency of distribution in an economy. So customer thought to be king of marketing sector and there's a desire to spot the customer perception towards organized and unorganized place of business. This study analyzed the varied factors that have an effect on the customer perception towards organized and unorganized retail stores. The information was collected with the assistance of structured form the sample brought about of two hundred respondents from Panipat, Sonipat, Karnal and Kurkshetra. Organized retail sector is associate degree forthcoming trend and it started booming in Republic of India. As a result of healthy financial gain growth, dynamical life trend, fun and amusement and favorable demographic patterns produce a desire for organized retail sector. The information analysis of customer angle towards unorganized and arranged retailers shows that there's a distinction between the consumers " perception towards each organized retailers and unorganized retailers concerning their store image, vary of product, complete selections, price, store atmosphere, credit handiness, and look proximity. The information has been collected with the assistance of structured form containing shut and open over queries. The paper highlights the demographic characteristics of the customers within the organized and unorganized place of business. The aim of this analysis is to research and build a comparative study of shopper profile in several retail formats. Demographic characteristics embrace gender, age legal status, occupation, financial gain and variety of dependents.

In order to understand the present Haryana it becomes necessary for us to have glimpses of its past though briefly as this work is focusing more on political dimensions of the state rather than historical. For this purpose I have divided political history of Haryana in three parts. The times from Indus Valley and the Vedic civilization to medival times, the British period up to the present times. The attempts is to analyse the malaise in the present Haryana as a consequence of its pastlegacy.

The Haryana is a land of ancient civilization. Excavation work was first of all undertaken by General Cunnigham in 1862. Since then many more attempts in this direction have been made by the Archeology Departments of Punjab & Haryana governments. The Departments of Ancient Indian History and Archeology of Punjab and Kurukshetra Universities have undertaken excavationworkat Banawali in  Fatehabd district, Siswal in Hissar district Mitathal in Bhaiwani, Rakhi Garhiin Jind and Balu in Kaithal district. Excavations at Agroha in Hissar district shows that the town was well planned. In papular belief it is held that it was the capital of Maharaja Aggrasen the only ruler form the Aggarwal Community. Ashoka set up a stupa in Topra in Ambala district w

This paper attempts to add a few more localities among the Paleolithic sites of Delhi NCR. The depth of the site in variety and quality of tools makes it a textbook site for the students of prehistory and the commoner. One can have a glimpse of the life of early men who roamed, prepared tools, and hunted animals in entirely different environmental and climatic conditions that prevailed around Delhi more than two hundred thousand years back. The "Locality A (28°21'47.9"N 77°11'16.4"E) has as many as eight rock shelters inside a quartzite hill of the Aravali Mountain range. Locality B (28°20'20.1"N, 77°09'46.2"E): has immense potential as it is still largely undisturbed. I have also recorded an iron smelting settlement in this region with pottery very similar to that of red ware or late Harappan pottery and early historical fort (c. 1st BCE) and beyond. One of the most significant finds of both these localities are petroglyphs from simple cup marks or cupules to more complex engravings like human hand foot, animal paws, fish etc are spread in this whole region. Petroglyphs at locality A have mostly vanished because of disturbances but their traces are still visible. On Locality B these engravings are on the verge of erosion and need immediate protection. Based on tool typology, both localities have a continuous cultural sequence from the earliest phase of lower Paleolithic to Upper Paleolithic age. Tools found in this region are mostly quartzite except for the few sandstone cases, and marble and chert are used in the case of microliths. I have documented locality A completely as it is more accessible. On the other hand, region around locality B is huge and only 30 % of its area has been documented till now by me

Financial development of society act as an important pillar of nation to achieve overall economic growth and development. It is possible when each and every citizen of country accessing banking and financial services. In India since independence government is taking initiative to promote financial inclusion but still people do not have habit of saving & valid source of credit, availing banking services & facility also very low which are directly and indirectly hampering growth of economy. To overcome such problems and loopholes of previous initiatives government of India launched Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in 2014.The major motive of scheme is to cover all households in the country with banking facilities along with inbuilt insurance coverage. In order to assess the impact of PMJDY after completion of three years of journey the study has been conducted and tried to find out the success rate of inclusion process in rural areas of Jhajjar District in Haryana state. The study is based on descriptive research design and data has been collected from the rural area of Jhajjar district by using interview schedule. The study found that majority of the people are well known about PMJDY and an individual has opened more than one account in various banks. Banks played important role in creating awareness among people about PMJDY. The major lacuna depicted that accidental insurance and other benefits except bank account are not well known to people. The study concluded that PMJDY improving financial inclusion in the area but still proper monitoring required from government and banks in the area.

Identification, access to entitlements, and financial inclusion are key sites of negotiation in India’s rapidly evolving governance landscape. Following demonetization and with the proliferation of Aadhaar biometric identification, the Government of India is increasingly tracking money and populations. Amidst these shift in identification and access pathways, this research seeks to understand how access to Aadhar and voter ID for internal migrants impacts access pathways to fundamental rights and formal financial inclusion in five states in India.

In the 2016 blockbuster film Dangal, a young wrestler by the name of Geeta Phogat is taken by her father to Rohtak, in the western Indian state of Haryana, to participate in her first wrestling match. He is ridiculed for attempting to enroll his daughter into the hyper male domain and sent on his way. But the organizers soon relent when they see the potential for a salacious scandal of a girl fighting a boy. The scene establishes rural Haryana as a space of hyper misogyny and public space dominated by men who enjoy crude entertainment. But when the young Geeta takes on the toughest of contestants and defeats him, the victory symbolizes something larger – vindication against routine humiliation girls are made to feel. The year 2016 brought unprecedented publicity to women wrestlers in India. Sakshi Malik won the Bronze medal in wrestling for India at the Rio Olympics, and film audiences were treated to two blockbuster films on women wrestlers from Haryana. In this essay, I suggest that the celebratory story of wrestling women both elides and is made possible by Haryana’s, and the larger Indian state’s, neoliberal agenda. I argue that neoliberalism is able to accommodate the contradictions of Haryana’s skewed sex ratio while at the same time produce and celebrate successful women athletes. Second, the story of wrestling women cannot be understood without caste as a fundamentally structuring dimension of success. I make these arguments at three different scales – body and household, village and district, the state.

Teacher is the most paramount component of the whole teaching learning process and his teach effectiveness and teaching competency produce the best output of teaching learning process. In terms of India; It is widely accepted by scholars and other concerned scholars of different fields such as educationists, sociologist, psychologists, policy-makers, politicians, administrators etc. that in our country there is an unprecedented need for effective teachers to lead the multitudes of school children and adolescents. Effective teachers can contribute significantly in improving standard of the education. For recognizing a good teacher, it becomes essential to identify and estimate some of major patterns of teacher characteristics underlying teacher behavior. Hence, there is keen need for doing research work and understanding various teacher characteristics. A number of researches have been done over so many years, and several questions about teacher effectiveness confronted the researcher while going the literature. There are still a number of unanswered questions. The present investigation is to assess the teacher effectiveness and teaching competency in government senior secondary schools of Gohana city (Haryana) is a small effort on the part of the researcher to make the teacher and teaching more effective. One hundered teachers were taken for the purpose of the present study.Teacher effectiveness scale developed by Dr. Parmod Kumar Mutha and Dr.D.N. Mutha; General Teaching Competency scale by Mr. B.K.Passi and Lalitha were used to collect the pertinent data. After a keen observation it was found that a lot of difference is there in teacher effectiveness and teaching competency of senior secondary school teachers in terms of gender, area and subject discipline.

Policy makers, political leaders, development analysts and other concerned citizens are increasingly focusing attention on the disparities in levels of development between different sections in India. There are glaring interstate disparities in India (Bhattacharya & Sakthivel, 2004, Nirvikar el.el, 2003, Kurien, 2001).Such disparities have important political, social, economic and law and order implications. Not only there are wide interstate disparities but there are disparities between the various regions of the states also. Studies pertaining to Tamil Nadu (Chelliah & Shanmugam, 2001) Karnataka (Devaraj, K. & Gopalakrishna) and Meghalaya (Nayak & Ray, 2009) reveals existence of considerable inter-district disparities in these states. Haryana is one state which has shown considerable progress since its inception in 1966. With a splendid economic growth, one of the highest per capita income index, sound industrial infrastructure, strong manufacturing base, advanced agriculture sector and vibrant service sector, Haryana is one of the highly economically developed and industrialised States of India. Today, it enjoys the unique distinction in India of having provided electricity, metalled roads and potable drinking water to all its villages within record time. Haryana has also done very well in terms of human development. The performance of the state as a whole is commendable. Given this background, it is interesting to analyse whether, the benefits of the state progress have been distributed equally or they are concentrated in few pockets of the state. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse some aspects of the inter-district disparities in Haryana METHODOLOGY Inter District Disparities in Haryana are analysed with the help of various indicators mainly grouped as Economic Indicators, Educational Indicators and Health Indicators The main source of the data is Statistical Abstract of Haryana but data has also been obtained from Planning Commission of India, Economic Survey of Haryana and CSO. The data has been examined at district level and the latest available data has been used. The data is represented through tables. Principal Component Analysis (hereafter referred as PCA) has been used to group the district with similar characteristics. PCA has been used to group the districts having similar characteristics. Principal component analysis is a multivariate technique for transforming a set of related (correlated) variables

This essay engages with the commodification of land in an urban periphery of India. It argues against the tendency to reduce commodification of land to “primitive accumulation” or “accumulation by dispossession.” It presents an ethnography of the process of the commodification of land under speculative conditions. The growing demand for land for urbanization and industrialization, along with the availability of speculative finance capital in the real estate market, has made land a scarce commodity. In this land market, local capitals piggyback on finance capital and bid up the prices exponentially in the micromarkets. Speculation makes it impossible for the state to match the market price, and its compensation for the land losers is always quite low, which the latter refuse to accept. The landowning farmers, on the other hand, have developed a capacity to adjust to the speculative conditions and to control the supply of land in the market. Even though they can receive a very good price for their land, they show no urgency to sell it. As a consequence, the state’s plan to urbanize a given area, to create a stable arrangement of clear property titles, and to control land prices become uncertain.

Haryana, despite being an economically strong State of India, is suffering from the problem of inter-district disparities in health infrastructure. Among twenty one districts of the State, a few are endowed with better health facilities while others are lagging behind. Consequently, it becomes necessary to study the district wise availability of health infrastructure in terms of hospitals, health centres, beds in medical institutions, doctors, nurses et cetera in State of Haryana so that inequalities can be understood and remedies can be offered. Keeping in view this backdrop, the present study is attempted to examine the inter-district disparities in health infrastructure in Haryana. For this purpose, ten indicators of health infrastructure are selected and their Coefficient of Variation, Ratios and Deprivation and Development Indices are worked upon. At the outset, statistical values of Coefficient of Variation confirm the gaps in the availability of health facilities in various districts of Haryana and variations are found to be highest in case of the available beds in medical institutions followed by hospitals and dispensaries. Further, the findings highlights that in most of the districts, the ratios of health infrastructural indicators including doctor, nurse, bed, hospital, Primary health centre,Community health centre, dispensary to population are insignificant and exploring wide imbalances. Finally, the deprivation as well as development indices of health infrastructure reveal the discrepancies in districts with regard to health infrastructural development. On the basis of these indices it is found that the districts including Bhiwani and Hisar are developed while Rohtak, Sirsa, Karnal, Jind, Sonipat are experiencing moderate level of development in health facilities. Lastly, the third category of the districts are Palwal, Mewat, Panipat, Faridabad, Rewari, Fatehbad, Panchkula, Kurukshetra, Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Kaithal, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Jhajjar which are underprivileged with regard to the development of health infrastructure and thus, looking for immediate attention with concrete plan of action from Government of Haryana.

Keywords: Health Infrastructure, Variations, Development Index, Haryana

Full text reference: Garg, Ishu and Gupta, Karnika (2015), “A Study of Inter-District Disparities in Health Infrastructure in Haryana, India”, International Journal of Education and Management Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 23 30.

This is a booklet brought out by Socially Active People's Theatre, Art and Cultural Group (SAPTRANG) and written by Rajender Singh 'Somesh', a National and State Awardee teacher, social activist and writer. SAPTRANG is an organisation working (mainly in Rohtak, Haryana) on socio-cultural issues with the aim of spreading awareness on issues of significance. The booklet takes an overview of the socio-cultural-historical situation down the centuries vis-a-vis communal harmony in what is today called Haryana.

The present experiment was conducted in the farm area of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2011-2012 to assess the variability, heritability and genetic advance of 12 gladiolus genotypes for fifteen characters planted at five different planting times from 10 October to 10 December at fortnightly interval. The coefficient of variation (%) for various traits ranged from 5.73 (floret size) to 60.21 (number of cormels). Phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) for all the traits under study ranged from 7.72 to 81.61 per cent and 5.17 to 55.09 per cent respectively. PCV was higher than the respective GCV for all the traits under study indicating high degree of environmental influence. The heritability of different traits varied from 29.10 (duration of flowering) to 86.91 per cent (size of corms). The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance (percentage of mean) for cor...

In this paper, a discussion has been made about the installed generation capacity, power availability and power sold the number of electricity consumers, sector-wise electricity consumed, pending electricity bills, credit rating and settlement of pending electricity bills in the Haryana. The one reason behind the pending electricity bills may be the promises made by political parties at the time of elections to waive-off the electricity bills. This provides protection to consumers, especially in political sensitive districts. So, the Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profit-making units by taking legitimate actions. The accessibility and availability of moderate and subjective power offer fuel to the motor of monetary development.

Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Emeritus at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), who had a lifelong and multifaceted engagement with Punjab, passed away on 5th September 2021. She was an internationally renowned agricultural economist with special expertise in Haryana agriculture, and a scholar with deep engagement with progressive and democratic movements in India. She and her husband, Professor G. S. Bhalla, were my teachers at the Department of Economics, Panjab University, Chandigarh (PU), and they were the kind of teachers with whom you keep lifelong contact. Professor Bhalla passed away in 2013.
Sheila, as she was affectionately known, was Canadian by background. She met Gurdarshan (G. S. Bhalla) when both were carrying out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics. Both were attracted to the socialist vision of reorganising economies and societies; in Sheila’s case, she was influenced by her father J. C. W. Scott, a Canadian physicist and radar specialist who was also a committed communist. This shared intellectual and political vision led to Gurdarshan and Sheila getting married and deciding to move to India.

Time is an important element of social organization. The temporal models such as the calendar provide social rhythm by regulating various activities. The changing ways of managing time are indicative of social change. This paper presents the changing use of different calendars in Jhokwala Village, Lodhran District, Pakistan. Three calendars are used in most parts of the Punjab to varying degrees for various purposes. These are Bikrami, Islamic Hijri and Gregorian calendars. Each of these calendars has a specific history of use. This paper highlights that people choose between various alternatives in the course of history and the changing use of calendars tells the story of change and continuity in culture and people's attitude towards modern technology and social change.

DR stood for a relationship of friendship and solidarity between the people of Haryana and Punjab and had the courage to share contrarian views on Bhindranwale (so different from what was circulated among the mainstream upper caste North Indian Hindus). He articulated a sophisticated position on Chandigarh as a place not suitable as a capital for Haryana and a position on religion (so different from the moribund position of many on the Left in India). Though professionally, he came from the literary tradition, he had advanced views on economics from an environmentalist viewpoint. He enriched my life personally and politically as he did of many he met in his life.

Studies were made on the fodder and seed production of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using twelve treatment combinations with four levels of nitrogen (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha/cut) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5/ha), laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. The mean of two years indicated that nitrogen at 120 kg/ha/cut increased the green fodder (834 q/ha) and dry matter yield (129 q/ha) significantly over the lower doses. After leaving the same crop for seed production during mid-March, nitrogen at the rate of 60 kg/ha gave the highest seed yield (7.61 q/ha). Beyond this dose the seed yield decreased drastically due to lodging. Phosphorus at the rate of 50 kg P2O5/ha gave 5% higher dry matter (99.6 q/ha) and 7.4% higher seed yield (7.26 q/ha) over the control.

A tribute to D R Chaudhry- an intellectual who endeavoured Haryana’s progressive transformation.
Daulat Ram Chaudhry (1935-2021)- a teacher, public intellectual and social activist- spent his whole life in articulating progressive ideas and building socially transformative organisational structures and movements. This illustrious life came to an end in Rohtak on June 2 due to health complications caused by Covid-19.
He was born in a farming family in Chautala village of Haryana and sought inspiration from those rural and regional roots in fashioning his progressive visions and practices. He was truly an organic intellectual of the Haryana peasantry.