Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The financial sector in India is going through a phase of rapid expansion, where, the government of India is making efforts to enhance to financial umbrella for those who are deprived of these services, especially banking'. Many studies in past have presented and explained the role of financial development in boosting economic growth. Accordingly, it is expected that financial development will lead to economic expansion. This paper aims to analyze the trend of financial development and its relationship with national output in India. The results of this study describe that financial development and economic development in India have a bi-directional causal relationship.

The GLOBE southern Asia cluster consists of India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. The cluster has a total population of almost 1.5 billion and a gross domestic product of almost U.S.$1 trillion. The hallmark of the cluster is its high power distance and group and family collectivism practices. In terms of values, it aspires for a much stronger future orientation and performance orientation, and much lower levels of power distance. The cluster highly values charismatic, team oriented, and humane leadership. The managerial implications of GLOBE findings are discussed in the paper.

Gdp even net of obsolescence (ndp) has to be considered only as an expense (investment is an expense; consumption, export minus import, and change of stock, all these indicators are today expenses). As entrepreneur you will never manage your investments by looking only the expenses, it is clear you will make decision on gains. As a person, will you look at the expenses you do to acquire stocks or at the gains? Thus it must have been clear that you will never manage a country by costs, so why do governments use gdp (consumption plus investment spending) to drive their economy? Governments would manage gains: wealth created that is the full result you get from all these expenses. The net gain due to the today investment is the opportunity to invest, resulting from all future revenues received (salaries, taxes and free cash-flow) minus this today investment.
This is due to the classical way of macroeconomics: by managing one year (even several, but not all the future years), the macroeconomics makes the same mistake since about 100 years, when Simon Kuznets and John Maynard Keynes made the gdp the key indicator of any economy.
We will show that, each year, consumption plus the discounting sum of all revenues consumed resulting from the investment is no more than the wealth created, which is very different from the gdp.

Government debt is one of the most important variables monitored in the European economies of 21th century. Due to Euro Convergence Criteria, it is most often calculated as a ratio of government debt-to-Gross Domestic Product (D/GDP). However, this ratio does not have clear economic interpretation and is difficult to understand for the common voter. In this paper, we suggest a new, more appropriate indicator – Government debt-to-Net Wealth of Households (D/NWH), which is inspired by the one-off wealth tax. Using high quality data from the Czech Statistical Office, Eurostat and Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche the debt burden imposed on the every Czech household was computed. While in 1995 the D/NWH was less than 7%, it has more than tripled by the end of 2012. If the Czech Republic was to repay its government debt immediately, it would have to impose a one-off tax of a quarter of the every household’s wealth. While it has been argued that the 60% threshold of D/GDP is an artificial ratio introduced by Maastricht Treaty, D/GDP reaching 182% (which is roughly the recent government debt of Greece) would be the critical insolvency level for the Czech Republic.

Context/literature: The present research paper highlights about, Principals employ a range of leadership styles that directly or indirectly impact school performance. However, there is always a debate among scholars about which leadership style is the most effective for school performance. Purposes: The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the relationship between dif erent leadership styles of principals and school performance in Eritrean secondary schools. Research method: The study followed a descriptive research design, and it employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to establish a relationship between leadership styles and school performance. Using non-probability sampling, a sample (N = 375) comprising 30 schools/principals, 250 teachers, 50 students, and 45 parents participated in the study. Findings: The study explored and analyzed the relationship between the two variables, namely leadership styles of principals and school performance. The study found that principals’ leadership styles do influence school performance either positively or negatively, and it has become clear that no single leadership style is appropriate at all times. The study found that democratic and situational leadership styles have a positive impact on school performance; while autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles were found to have negative impacts on school performance. Conclusion & recommendations: It can be concluded that no single leadership style is appropriate at all times, because no leadership style is right at all times. Based on empirical findings, contrary to established norms in the Eritrean school system, the study recommends that school principals should opt to implement principles of democratic and situational leadership for better school performance. Among other things, the study recommends that school principals should receive professional development to upgrade their leadership capacity in order to improve overall school performance and student attainment.

Public investments are an essential precondition for ensuring the appropriate structural environment in which the economy of a region works. Public investments are made in order to address horizontal issues in the areas of education, training, healthcare, infrastructure and in other areas. The main purpose of this report is to find what is the link between public investments and economic growth in the EU countries. We use the indicator " General government gross fixed capital formation " in order to measure the level of public investments. Investments made at the local level, at the central level, by the state, and by the social security funds, are within the scope of the indicator. A cluster analysis which is the basis for tracking the relationship between share of public investments in GDP and the GDP/per capita, by establishing distinct cluster groups is made.

The aim of the study is the relationship between foreign direct investments, exports and economic growth. The analysis of this study included E7 (Emerging 7) the so-called developing countries are Turkey, Mexico, China, India, Brazil, Russia and Indonesia in the analysis in this context. This study covered the period of 1992-2018. Pesaran (2007) panel unit root test was used for the analysis of the series stationary. Panel ARDL approach, which allows short and long term relationship, is used for series with different levels of stationary. According to the results of the error correction model established for all panel, any shock in the gross domestic product equation was adjusted by approximately 0.86 % within the first year. Error correction models were estimated for all units, and error correction terms for all units expect India were obtained as negative and statistically significant. As a result of the panel causality test, one-way causality findings were found between economic growth and exports. Additionally, there was a causality relationship with foreign direct investments and exports.

The main aim of this study is to find out relationship among tax revenue, total expense, gross domestic production and budget deficit of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Budget deficit is a vital problem in Sri Lanka. This research mainly considers three independent variables such as tax revenue, total expense and gross domestic production and budget deficit is dependent variable of this research. Data of this study collected from annual report, ministry of finance and central bank reports of Sri Lanka. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed with the help of SPSS to analyze research data, answer research questions, reach research objectives and test hypothesis in this study. Correlation analysis confirmed that there are positive significant relationship between direct tax revenue and gross domestic production (98.4%), direct tax revenue and budget deficit (98.6%), indirect tax revenue and gross domestic production (99.2%), indirect tax revenue and budget deficit (98.5%), capital expense and gross domestic production (99.3%), capital expense and budget deficit (98.5%), recurrent expense and gross domestic production (98.7%), recurrent expense and budget deficit (99.3%), gross domestic production and budget deficit (97.2%) of Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2015. Regression analysis confirmed that 98.9% of gross domestic production depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue of the Sri Lanka. Capital expense has significant impact on the gross domestic production of the country (P = 0.024). 99.4% of budget deficit depends on capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax and indirect tax of Sri Lanka. Further it can be stated that indirect tax revenue and recurrent expense have significant impact on the budget deficit of Sri Lanka (P < 0.05). This study concludes that there is possibility to change budget deficit and gross domestic production through capital expense, recurrent expense, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Sri Lanka.

We analyzed whether, in democratic open societies, economic and demographic conditions allow sporting success at the aggregate level to be predicted. Theoretical considerations led to the hypothesis that the population size and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita should be important determinants of sporting success. Using regression analysis, we analyzed the influence of population size and GDP per capita on sporting success in Olympic Summer and Winter Games (1992 – 2010). Regarding the Olympic summer games, we found that the most powerful predictor is population size. In contrast, GDP per capita seems to play an important role as a predictor of sporting success with respect to the Olympic winter games.

This study evaluated the “Ef ect of Mobile Money Transfer Scheme on the Economic Growth of Cameroon”. Mobile Money Transfer Scheme was the independent variable, meanwhile Economic Growth was the dependent variable and the proxies used were Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Inflation Rate. The population consisted of the two primary Mobile Money service providers in Cameroon i.e. MTN Mobile Money and Orange Money. Explanatory Research Design was employed in the Methodology. Secondary data was used for the study, and the data were collected from the annual reports of Cameroon’s central bank (BEAC),IMF and Knoema for Mobile Money, GDP and Interest Rate respectively. These data collected wereanalysed using simple Linear Regression at 5% probability level of significance with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0. The findings revealed that there is a weak positive insignificant correlation between Mobile Money Transfer Scheme and Economic Growth in Cameroon i.e. GDP (r = .162, alpha-significance is .520 at p > 0.05)and inflation rate (r = .385, alpha- significance is .115 at p > 0.05). The research concludes that the reason why this scheme does not currently have a material effect on Cameroon’s Economic Growth is probably due to the fact that the industry is relatively new in the country, gradually gaining grounds and so could potentially have a significant effect in the future. It could also be due to the severe political instability plaguing Cameroon at the moment. The study therefore recommends that the government should subsidise and also implement policies which will favour the further penetration of mobile money service even to the more remote parts of the country. It equally recommends that the government should try to resolve the current, devastating political crisis so as to make the environment safer to conduct business.

The economic development of any country mainly depends of foreign trade policy.The foreign trade acts asa boost in India's trade sector in terms of increase in Export and Import. The larger part of gross domestic product comes from this sector so it is essential to understand the impact of foreign trade in India. The sector wise foreign trade also plays an important role in the economic development in India. Exports and Imports have been studied in accordance to the perspective of composition and direction of trade. The objective of the study is to provide an overview of India's foreign trade after LPG and its comparative performance over the last years. The results shows that there is a significant changes happened in the way of import and export. It also reveals there is an increasing trend of Negative trading balanceover the last years.Both GDP and foreign trade are simultaneously increasing year after year and it is a good indicator for a country like India.

Economic freedom, understood as absence of barriers for business entry, business operations and business exit, is a source of economic development. Its impact is indirect: through institutions framework creation and environment that encourages economic development. Primarily, economic freedoms are a reflection of institutional arrangement, which makes business operations and the realization of business ideas easier for entrepreneurs and managers, who are two extremely important groups for economic development. The aim of the paper is to present empirical analysis of interrelation between economic freedom and economic development, expressed through several indicators, such as gross domestic product, income per capita, foreign direct investment per capita.

This paper analyses long-term trends in the development of South Africa's economic infrastructure and discusses their relationship with the country's long-term economic growth. A database covering national accounts data, railways, roads, ports, air travel, phone lines and electricity was established for this purpose, and may facilitate further quantitative research. PSS (Pesaran, Shin and Smith, 1996, 2001) F-tests are used to identify directions of association between economic infrastructure and economic growth. These indicate long-run forcing relationships from public-sector economic infrastructure investment and fixed capital stock to gross domestic product (GDP), from roads to GDP, and from GDP to a range of other types of infrastructure. There is also evidence of potential simultaneity between specific types of infrastructure and GDP. The evidence suggests three main findings. Firstly, the relationship between economic infrastructure and economic growth appears to run in both directions. Inadequate investment in infrastructure could create bottlenecks, and opportunities for promoting economic growth could be missed. Secondly, South Africa's stock of economic infrastructure has developed in phases. Policymakers should focus on choosing or encouraging the right type of infrastructure at the right time. Thirdly, the need for investment in economic infrastructure never goes away. The maintenance and expansion of infrastructure are important dimensions of supporting economic activity in a growing economy, provided that individual projects are chosen on the basis of appropriate cost-benefit analyses.

This paper investigates the role of cultural factors as possible partial explanation of the disparity in terms of project management deployment observed between various studied countries. The topic of culture has received increasing attention in the management literature in general during the last decades and in the project management literature in particular during the last few years. The globalization of businesses and worldwide Governmental/International organizations collaborations drives this interest in the national culture to increase more and more. Based on Hofstede national culture framework, the study hypothesizes and tests the impact of the culture and development of the country on the PM deployment. Seventy-four countries are selected to conduct a correlation and regression analysis between Hofstede’s national culture dimensions and the used PM deployment indicator. The results show the relations between various national culture dimensions and development indicator (GDP/Capita) on the project management deployment levels of the considered countries.

The article is devoted to discussing the problem with using the gross domestic product (GDP) indicator to assess the level of the country's economic development. The paper reveals the main disadvantages of the methodology for calculating this indicator: inaccurate accounting of changes in the level of increment (depletion) of the national wealth; ignoring the problem of inequitable distribution of value added among countries; exaggeration of GDP due to the imposed consumption; including of the accrued and forming indicators in the GDP; the neglect of labor within the households and the mutual exchange of goods and services; and the neglect of changes in the structure and quality of products when using base price technology. The problems related to calculating GDP by the purchasing power parity and per capita are considered. The possibilities of using GDP as a key macroeconomic indicator are discussed. It is substantiated that high rates of GDP growth do not always point to high efficiency of the country's economic activity. That is why the focus of public authorities mainly on the GDP indicator can damage the economy of the country. The article concludes that it is necessary to expand the range of indicators used to assess the level of development of the national economy, as well as to improve the methodology for calculating the GDP.

This study examines the impact of mortgage credit on economic growth in Nigeria. The data used were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for a period of 24years from 1992-2015. Mortgage credit was proxy by mortgage loans advance by a Primary mortgage institutions (PMIs) as well as other macroeconomic variables which include broad money supply (M2) and Inflation rate (infr) while economic growth was proxy by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Unit root test was carried out using Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron test and the findings showed that all variables were stationary at first difference. The error correction mechanism result showed that there exist a long run relationship among the variables therefore, we recommend that mortgage credit should be made available to the public and the CBN should ensure that inflation rate are kept as low as possible, because high inflation rate impedes the impact of credit on economic growth.

Market orientation has emerged as a significant antecedent of performance and is presumed to contribute to long-term success. To investigate the impact of this predictor, a meta-analysis was conducted and findings suggest that the relationship between market orientation and business performance is positive and consistent worldwide. One of the unique contributions of this research is a sample that includes studies conducted in 23 countries spanning five continents. The moderating effects of business objective (profit, not-for-profit), industry type (manufacturing, service), socioeconomic development [gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, Human Development Index (HDI)), and Hofstede's individualism cultural dimension] are examined. Stronger correlations between market orientation and business performance were found for not-for-profit compared to profit firms and service compared to manufacturing firms.