Elementary Particles

A pedagogical review on supersymmetry in quantum mechanis is presented which provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject. First, the key ingredients on the quantization of the systems with anticommuting variables are discussed. The supersymmetric Hamiltotian in quantum mechanics is then constructed by emphasizing the role of partner potentials and the superpotentials. We also make explicit the mathematical formulation of the Hamiltonian by considering in detail the N=1 and N=2 supersymmetric (quantum) mechanics. Supersymmetry is then discussed in the context of one-dimensional problems and the importance of the factorization method is highlighted. We treat in detail the technique of constructing a hierarchy of Hamiltonians employing the so-called ‘shape-invariance’ of potentials. To make transparent the relationship between supersymmetry and solvable potentials, we also solve several examples. We then go over to the formulation of supersymmetry in radial problems, paying a spec...

`Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' as proposed in an earlier paper [1] states that: `due to inevitable consequence of the second-law of thermodynamics and spin-conservation, the `zero-spin-photon' is generated in pair-production process (of elementary particles), which decays into neutrino and antineutrino'. The zero-spin photon hypothesis explains [1] several riddles of physics and universe. In the present paper, it is shown that `the zero-spin photon hypothesis' when incorporated into the higer-order Feynman diagram (with a closed-loop) could possibly solve the half-a-century-old and famous `infinity-problem' of QED, and thus could avoid the need of the so called `re-normalization' procedure.

High values of proton conductivity have been observed in a class of hydrated metal oxide pyrochlores, HMOâ.xHâO (M = Sb, Nb, Ta). Two new polymorphs of HSbOâ.xHâO have been synthesized and are also found to be good proton conductors. One polymorph has a layer structure and is derived from KSbOâ with the ilmenite structure. The other new HSbOâ.xHâO polymorph has

This paper summarizes how a new approach to the Universe based on the existence of a "crystalline ether", which has recently been detailed in the third versions of two books [1], makes it possible to find a simple, unified and coherent explanation of all the theories of modern physics and of the Universe. The basic concepts of this approach can be summarized as follows: (i) the support of the Universe is a form of "crystalline ether" which consists of a solid and massive lattice, of facecentered cubic structure, with the simplest possible elasticity, and in which matter is represented by the set of topological singularities of this lattice (loops of dislocations, disinclinations and dispirations), and (ii) this lattice exclusively satisfies, in absolute space, the basic classical physical concepts that are Newton's law and the two principles of thermodynamics. With these basic classical concepts alone, we show that it is possible to find all the modern theories of physics, namely that the behaviors of this lattice (the Universe) and its topological singularities (the Matter) satisfy electromagnetism, special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, quantum physics, cosmology and even the standard model of elementary particles.

We consider the consequences of a neutral dark-matter particle with a nonzero electric and/or magnetic dipole moment. Theoretical constraints, as well as constraints from direct searches, precision tests of the standard-model, the cosmic microwave background and matter power spectra, and cosmic gamma rays, are included. We find that a relatively light particle with mass between an MeV and a few GeV and an electric or magnetic dipole as large as ˜3×10-16e cm (roughly 1.6×10-5μB) satisfies all experimental and observational bounds. Some of the remaining parameter space may be probed with forthcoming more sensitive direct searches and with the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope.

Assuming the compactification of 4 + K-dimensional space-time implied in Kaluza-Kleintype theories, we consider the case in which the internal manifold is a quotient space, G/H. We develop normal mode expansions on the internal manifold and show that the conventional ...

We construct unified models of weak and electromagnetic interactions using just three gauge fields which correspond to the intermediate vector boson and the photon. These models may be renormalizable, and do not predict processes involving neutral lepton currents.

This is a short review, aimed at a general audience, of several current subjects of research in cosmology. The topics discussed include the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with particular emphasis on its relevance for testing inflation; dark matter, with a brief review of astrophysical evidence and more emphasis on particle candidates; and cosmic acceleration and some of the ideas that have been put forward to explain it. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms is provided.

Ce papier résume comment une nouvelle approche de l’Univers basée sur l’existence d’un «éther cristallin», qui a été récemment exposée en détail dans les troisièmes versions de deux livres [1], permet de trouver une explication simple, unifiée et cohérente de l’ensemble des théories de la physique moderne et de l’Univers. Les concepts de base de cette approche peuvent se résumer de la manière suivante: (i) le support de l’Univers est une forme d’«éther cristallin» qui consiste en un réseau solide et massif, de structure cubique à faces centrées, avec une élasticité la plus simple possible, et dans lequel la matière est représentée par l'ensemble des singularités topologiques de ce réseau (boucles de dislocations, de désinclinaisons et de dispirations), et (ii) ce réseau satisfait exclusivement, dans l'espace absolu, les concepts physiques classiques de base que sont la loi de Newton et les deux principes de la thermodynamique. Avec ces seuls concepts de base tout-à-fait classiques, on montre qu’il est possible de retrouver toutes les théories modernes de la physique, à savoir que les comportements de ce réseau (l’Univers) et de ses singularités topologiques (la Matière) satisfont à l’électromagnétisme, la relativité spéciale, la relativité générale, la gravitation, la physique quantique, la cosmologie et même le modèle standard des particules élémentaires.

The magnetic dipole field geometry of subatomic elementary particles like the electron differs from the classical macroscopic field imprint of a bar magnet. It resembles more like an eight figure or else joint double quantum-dots instead of the classical, spherical more uniform field of a bar magnet. This actual subatomic quantum magnetic field of an electron at rest, is called Quantum Magnet or else a Magneton. It is today verified experimentally by quantum magnetic field imaging methods and sensors like SQUID scanning magnetic microscopy of ferromagnets and also seen in Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) quantum ferrofluids experiments. Normally, a macroscale bar magnet should behave like a relative giant Quantum Magnet with identical magnetic dipole field imprint since all of its individual magnetons collectively inside the material, dipole moments are uniformly aligned forming the total net field of the magnet. However due to Quantum Decoherence (QDE) phenomenon at the macroscale and macroscopic magnetic field imaging sensors limitations which cannot pickup these rapid quantum magnetization fluctuations, this field is masked and not visible at the macroscale. By using the relative inexpensive submicron resolution Ferrolens quantum magnetic optical superparamagnetic thin film sensor for field real time imaging and method we have researched in our previous publications, we can actually make this net magneton field visible on macroscale magnets. We call this net total field herein, Quantum Field of Magnet (QFM) differentiating it therefore from the field of the single subatomic magneton thus quantum magnet. Additionally, the unique potential of the Ferrolens device to display also the magnetic flux lines of this macroscopically projected giant Magneton gives us the opportunity for the first time to study the individual magnetic flux lines geometrical pattern that of a single subatomic magneton. We describe this particular magnetic flux of the magneton observed, quantum magnetic flux. Therefore an astonishing novel observation has been made that the Quantum Magnetic Field of the Magnet-Magneton (QFM) consists of a dipole vortex shaped magnetic flux geometrical pattern responsible for creating the classical macroscopic N-S field of magnetism as a tension field between the two polar quantum flux vortices North and South poles. A physical interpretation of this quantum decoherence mechanism observed is analyzed and presented and conclusions made showing physical evidence of the quantum origin irrotational and therefore conservative property of magnetism and also demonstrating that ultimately magnetism at the quantum level is an energy dipole vortex phenomenon.

We study the possible distortions of the evolution of the early universe caused by the oscillations of a standard neutrino (ν c , ν μ or ν τ ) into a light “sterile” neutrino state, a gauge group singlet ν s . The effects on the standard big bang nucleosynthesis are considered in the full ...