Diversion

This paper will attempt to fill the existing gap in law. The dispute between the new method of diversion and the current juvenile Justice system. The diversion policy is recognized but partly implemented as it is not entrenched in the Constitution nor has it been implemented as law rather a mere policy. Public awareness will be created in this paper to help in full implementation of this policy by enshrining it in the Constitution. This awareness will positively impact the youth in our current society hence give compelling reasons as to why diversion is important in Kenya today.
Diversion policy was recently introduced by the office of the director of public prosecution to advocate for protection of child rights and also to advocate for adoption of this method which is considered effective as it is in the child's best interest. Issues of clash between the current laws governing minors and the diversion program policy will be addressed. This paper will further explain how the current juvenile Justice system can adapt the new alternative method without avoiding any conflict in law. This awareness created mainly to the government to avoid fear of law conflict by seeing the new alternative method as solution that can fit in without interference. The advantages or rather importance of this policy are solutions to solving child cases which are determined in a human rights based approach.
This paper will attempt to prove to the government why this alternative method is much better and effective and why it is the only solution in ensuring full protection of child rights. The government will also see the needful of funding this program. Progressive realization of child rights must be advocated. The need for progressive realization is for the country's benefit therefore implementing this policy is a big step towards the country's success

The Clusters refer to a group of disorders characterized by maladaptive and dramatic traits that cause great stress: – Cluster-A: Paranoid and Schizoid ; Cluster-B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic & Narcissistic. ; Cluster-C: Avoidant, Dependant, Obsessive-Compulsive. The Dark-Triad: Narcissism: Lack-Empathy; Psychopaths: No Conscience, Guilt or Remorse; Machiavellian: Highly-Manipulative.These individuals have an extremely low “K factor”, meaning that they Lack-Altruism and have the dominant features of Arrogance; Haughty; Self; Selfish; Sadistic-Pleasures; Power & Control attributes. The Blog speaks about their Evil, Malicious, Intentional, Inhuman traits of Toxic Behavior contributing to the Mental, Emotional, Psychological Abuse etc.

URL: https://understandingnarcissismtoxichumanbehavior.wordpress.com/narcissism-psychopath-sociopath-dark-triad 

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The Infographic is a part of the article  "" Know The Personality Disorder:The Dark-Triad-Tetrad: Narcissism-Psychopath -Machiavellian-Sadism (How To Rule with Abuse of Power & Control) Clusters: A B C Personality Traits"" and belong to the author  Dr. Rita Goel.

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Some very interesting information about her:
- https://www.medindia.net/dr/drritagoel

An arrest puts a halt to one’s free life and may act as prelude to a new process. That new process—prosecution—may culminate in a finding of guilt. But arrest and guilt—concepts that are factually and legally distinct—frequently seem to be fused together. This fusion appears in many of the consequences of arrest, including the use of arrests in assessing “risk,” in calculating “recidivism,” and in identifying “offenders.” An examination of this fusion elucidates obstacles to key aspects of criminal justice reform. Efforts at reform, whether focused on prosecution or defense, police or bail, require a robust understanding of the differences between arrest and guilt; if they run counter to an implicit fusion of the two, they will inevitably falter.

The criminal justice system (CJS) routinely deals with drug-related crime and offenders. This includes a wide spectrum of offenders, such as (1) individuals charged with using or possessing illicit drugs; (2) individuals who have problematic drug use, or are dependent on the use of drugs, and/or use criminal means as a way to procure drugs; (3) individuals who are involved in the sale or trafficking of drugs; and (4) individuals who fall into more than one or all of these categories. Individuals involved in drugs and crime have varying levels of needs within the CJS, particularly those whose offending behaviour is directly linked to illicit drug use. Criminal justice systems internationally have gradually adapted to recognise the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of dealing with drug-related crime through traditional justice mechanisms and have begun acknowledging the complex relationship between drugs and crime (Longshore et al., 2001; Lutze and van Wormer, 2014). To address these issues a wide range of responses and interventions have evolved. The overarching aim of these interventions has been to seek alternative ways of dealing with drug-involved offenders that result in more positive outcomes at the individual and community level. Such interventions are known as diversion programmes. These programmes are characterised as any intervention that reroutes offenders away from traditional criminal justice processing and/or

Why did eighteenth-century writers employ digression as a literary form of diversion, and how did their readers come to enjoy linguistic and textual devices that self-consciously disrupt the reading experience?  Darryl P. Domingo answers these questions through an examination of the formative period in the commercialization of leisure in England, and the coincidental coming-of-age of literary self-consciousness in works published between approximately 1690 and 1760.  During this period, commercial entertainers tested out new ways of gratifying a public increasingly eager for amusement, while professional writers explored the rhetorical possibilities of intrusion, obstruction, and interruption through their characteristic use of devices like digression.  Such devices adopt similar forms and fulfil similar functions in literature as do diversions in culture: they “unbend the mind,” according to Domingo, and reveal the complex reciprocity between commercialized leisure and commercial literature in the age of Swift, Pope, and Fielding.

CONTENTS.

“Unbending the Mind”: Introduction by Way of Diversion
  Reading and Diversionary Rhetoric, 1690-1760
  The Pleasures of Satire
  The Topography of Pleasure
  Bill of Fare

CHAPTER 1
“The Predominant Taste of the Present Age”: Diversion and the Literary Market
  The Genealogy of Commercialized Leisure
  Advertising, Audience, and Individualized Amusement
  Time and the Attack on Diversion
  Mental Unbending and the Work of Leisure
  Animadversions Upon Diversion
  Leisure for Literature

CHAPTER 2
“Pleas’d at Being so Agreeably Deceiv’d”: Pantomime and the Poetics of Dumb Wit
  Augustan Wit and the Apology for Pantomime
  Metaphor and Metamorphosis
  Pantomimic Poetics
  The Region of False Wit: A Two-Part Afterpiece
  The Serious  -  The Comic

CHAPTER 3
“Fasten’d by the Eyes”: Popular Wonder, Print Culture, and the Exhibition of Monstrosity
  Reading the Monstrous
  Sightseeing and Scriblerian Satire
  Monsters and Mimesis
  The Monstrosity of Print Culture
  Monsters and the Matter of Modernity
  Teratological Textuality

CHAPTER 4
“Pleasantry for thy Entertainment”: Novelistic Discourse and the Rhetoric of Diversion
  Digression and the Problem of Satiety
  The Novel as a Mode of Entertainment
  Plotting Diversion in Fielding’s Tom Jones
  Interest and Audience Response
  Diversionary Reading and the Rhetoric of Fiction

“The Soul of Reading”: Conclusion by Way of Animadversion
  Shandean Digression and the Ends of Diversion

In “Opioid Policing,” Barbara Fedders contributes to the law review literature the first joint scholarly analysis of two drug policing innovations: Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) program and the Angel Initiative, which originated in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Even while welcoming the innovation and inspiration of these programs, she remains clear-eyed about the need to scrutinize their potential downsides. Her work is crucially timed. While still just a few years old, LEAD has been replicated many times and appears likely to be replicated still further — and to be written about much more. Inspired by Fedders’s call for a balanced take, this Response examines a variety of sources that have described the LEAD program, investigating what they tell us about the ability of commentators to examine (and contribute to) the list of the program’s costs and benefits. Part I examines the way in which the positive potential of this program is described, and possible tendencies to paint a picture that may be unnecessarily rosy. Part II turns to the other side of the equation and highlights potential risks that commentators may downplay, or even compound.

The vast majority of research on sport consumers fails to utilize a theoretical understanding of motivation to examine behaviour.  Self-Determination Theory was used to develop a new understanding of sport consumer motivation.  Sport consumer motivation is conceptualized as representing autonomy and control orientations that energize a desire to engage in sport goal directed behaviour to acquire positive benefits.  A multi-attribute survey instrument was designed to measure five motivational sub-types and administered to three samples of sport consumers, with the goal of testing for reliability and validity (N = 1,222).  Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that control orientation of sport motivation regulates desired benefits of socialization and diversion.  In contrast, autonomy orientation of motivation regulates desired benefits of performance, esteem and excitement.  Sport consumer motivation explained over 60% of the variance in game attendance, media usage, wearing team related clothing and purchasing team related merchandise.  Results illustrate how sport consumer motivation represents intrinsically motivated behaviour that treats sport consumption activity as an end in itself as well as extrinsically motivated behavior as the engagement in an activity is to obtain a separable instrumental outcome from the activity itself.

Aims: Drug use is an indictable offence in Hungary,
but there is an opportunity to suspend the criminal
proceedings if a small quantity of drugs is involved.
However, the principle of ‘treatment instead of
punishment’ (TIP) is heavily disputed in the pro-
20 fessional literature. This study addresses the impact
of the legal implementation of TIP on the practices
of an institution that treats drug patients.
Methods: Data were analysed on the basis of
addiction severity index (ASI) interviews conducted
25 with individuals (n¼628) who applied for treatment
at a Budapest drug outpatient clinic between 2001
and 2005. The ASIs of individuals who chose TIP
were compared with those of other drug patients
using cluster analysis and a two-sample statistical
30 t-test.
Findings: After 2003, when the criminal law
changed, the share of participants in TIP increased
from 24% to 72.6%. Approximately, half the sample
required treatment but did not have any problems.
35 From 2003, the share of patients ‘without problems’
who chose TIP was high (60%).
Conclusions: A modification of the TIP framework
is justified for Hungary’s criminal administration
policy, which should consider the severity of the
40 condition of the person utilizing the service in
connection with drug use.

At the outset of the twentieth century the regulation of the use of ‘drugs’ in Australia was largely a matter of individual choice. In the time since, legal prohibition and medical regulation entered the social landscape, initiating new distinctions between legal and illegal substances, as well as medical and non-medical ways of using them. Today, drugs are among the most highly regulated items of consumption both nationally and internationally. This paper maps the discursive shifts in knowledge about drugs that has informed such vast changes in our approach to drugs. In addressing this complete reshaping of social and political knowledge the paper draws on a series of historical case studies, including original drug legislation regulating the use of ‘Opium Suitable for Smoking’; the role of medical and bureaucratic involvement; and the use of Bex and Vincent powders. Each case study demonstrates an aspect of the development of the assumption that legal drugs are ‘safe’ and illegal drugs are ‘dangerous’. Lastly, the paper uses the example of growing public and professional concern that entirely legal and prescribable medications are being abused to question current conceptual approaches to drugs.

Although the rate of opioid abuse in Turkey is lower than that in North America and Europe, opioid abuse is an increasing public health problem in Turkey. This is because of both the use of heroin and the increasing number of individuals dependent on prescription opioids. Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) for opioid dependence is effective in reducing mortality, HIV transmission, crime, and other drug use. Buprenorphine (BUP) maintenance is effective in treating opioid dependence, but problems with the misuse and diversion of BUP might limit its acceptability and dissemination. Abstinence oriented symptomatic treatment was the most commonly offered treatment option in Turkey until the end of 2009. Agonist treatments, including methadone, a single form of buprenorphine or a combined form of buprenorphine and naloxone (BN) were not available. Starting in April 2010, BN was approved for opioid dependence treatment as a detoxification or maintenance treatment by the Turkish Ministry of Health. However, the prescription of BN was restricted to hospitals that included a state-approved specialized clinic for the treatment of substance dependency. In Istanbul, with a population exceeding 13 million inhabitants, only 2 centers provide a BN maintenance treatment program. At the beginning of 2010, the Alcohol and Drug Research Treatment and Training Centre (AMATEM) in Istanbul started providing BN, but only to patients who were hospitalized. At the beginning of 2011, AMATEM published a guideline and extended the implementation of BN OMT to make it available on an outpatient basis. During this time, studies were conducted to evaluate BN OMT.

Objective: Prescription drug diversion, the transfer of prescription drugs from lawful to unlawful channels for distribution or use, is a problem in the United States. Despite the pervasiveness of diversion, there are gaps in the literature regarding characteristics of individuals who participate in the illicit trade of prescription drugs. This study examines a range of predictors (e.g., demographics, prescription insurance coverage, perceived risk associated with prescription drug diversion) of membership in three distinct diverter groups: individuals who illicitly acquire prescription drugs, those who redistribute them, and those who engage in both behaviors. Methods: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional Internet 763 AIMS Public Health Volume 2, Issue 4, 762-783. study (N = 846) of prescription drug use and diversion patterns in New York City, South Florida, and Washington, D.C.. Participants were classified into diversion categories based on their self-reported involvement in the trade of prescription drugs. Group differences in background characteristics of diverter groups were assessed by Chi-Square tests and followed up with multivariate logistic regressions. Results: While individuals in all diversion groups were more likely to be younger and have a licit prescription for any of the assessed drugs in the past year than those who did not divert, individuals who both acquire and redistribute are more likely to live in New York City, not have prescription insurance coverage, and perceive fewer legal risks of prescription drug diversion. Conclusion: Findings suggest that predictive characteristics vary according to diverter group.

We welcome and support the proposed extension of the presumption against short prison sentences to 12 months and under in Scotland. In this evidence submission to the Scottish Parliament Justice Committee, we emphasise several key points:

• We support the extension of the presumption to 12 months for several reasons. One reason is the aim of reducing the ‘churn’ of short-term prison admissions. Another reason is seeking to mitigate potential up-tariffing in summary courts.
• We do not support specific offences/groups being exempt from the presumption as such. The judiciary will retain all sentencing disposals to decide when it is necessary to depart from the presumption, for example, in cases of violent or sexual offending.
• Community-based approaches are already credible and, in general, have better outcomes than custody, but they must be well resourced. Crucially, they should be used as a sentence in their own right, not as an ‘alternative’ or addition to custody.
• Two key questions should inform discussions of the presumption: (1) what is prison for? and (2) how does prison help or resolve any of the issues raised in these discussions?
• Wider sentencing and penal reform is needed to maximise diversion and decarceration. Our prisons are over-crowded. Realistically, the presumption is expected to have a modest and gradual influence (Conlong, Justice Analytical Services, 2019). On its own, it will not be enough to significantly reduce the very high prison population so it needs to be one among several strategies, grounded in evidence, experience, and in a clear-sighted vision for constructive justice.

Η μεταστροφή (γαλλ. détournement), δηλαδή η τεχνική της εκτροπής του αρχικού νοήματος μιας εικόνας (με μετέπειτα τροποποιήσεις) αποτελεί ένα από τα εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιεί η Καταστασιακή Διεθνής (ΚΔ) επιχειρώντας αρχικά να ανατρέψει τα δεδομένα της πολιτιστικής πραγματικότητας της εποχής της. Πέρα από καλλιτεχνική αξία, γρήγορα αποκτά και χαρακτήρα πολιτικής δράσης, κυρίως εξαιτίας του ενεργού ρόλου που διαδραματίζουν οι Καταστασιακοί στον γαλλικό Μάη του ’68. Μετά τη διάλυση της ΚΔ η μεταστροφή βρίσκει πρακτική εφαρμογή σε ευρεία γκάμα καλλιτεχνικών ή μη δραστηριοτήτων και συνεχίζει να εξοπλίζει αισθητικά μεταγενέστερα καλλιτεχνικά ρεύματα, μουσικές υποκουλτούρες και πολιτικές δράσεις. Στο παρόν άρθρο εστιάζουμε συγκεκριμένα στον τρόπο χρήσης της μεταστροφής στο πλαίσιο εκδήλωσης η οποία λαμβάνει χώρα στη Θεσσαλονίκη το 2005 και επαναδιαπραγματεύεται, εν μέσω άλλων κοινωνικοπολιτικών θεμάτων, ζητήματα που αφορούν στον ρόλο του καλλιτέχνη και τη σχέση της τέχνης με τους θεσμούς.

In “Opioid Policing,” Barbara Fedders contributes to the law review literature the first joint scholarly analysis of two drug policing innovations: Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) program and the Angel Initiative, which originated in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Even while welcoming the innovation and inspiration of these programs, she remains clear-eyed about the need to scrutinize their potential downsides. Her work is crucially timed. While still just a few years old, LEAD has been replicated many times and appears likely to be replicated still further — and to be written about much more. Inspired by Fedders’s call for a balanced take, this Response examines a variety of sources that have described the LEAD program, investigating what they tell us about the ability of commentators to examine (and contribute to) the list of the program’s costs and benefits. Part I examines the way in which the positive potential of this program is described, and possible tendenci...

The development of various type on the criminal act that exists in the community is not only about people who are considered adults, but also minors who incidentally are referred to people who are not legally capable. The Criminal Justice System (CJS) that applies to adults certainly has differences when compared to the Juvenile Criminal Justice System , CJS prioritizes the best interests of children, namely the path of peace with the spirit of restorative justice. However, there are still many cases of children who have not been completed through the Diversion route, this can be seen from the SIPP PN Ungaran data which is the location of the author's research. Judges have a role in Diversion to determine the future of the Child through the decision of the case so it is necessary to study how the effectiveness of the role of Judges uses the theory of legal effectiveness, by analyzing how the role of Judges during the Child Diversion process is and what are the obstacles so that later it can be known how the effectiveness of the role of Judges in Diversion. Children are in line with Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2014 as a guide for Judges. This study aims to determine the role of judges, the obstacles of judges in its implementation and the effectiveness of the role of judges in the implementation of child diversion.

Fin dalla preparazione del codice di rito vigente, in Italia si discute di una radicale deflazione del con-tenzioso penale. A proposito, l'Austria presenta una rilevantissima esperienza: da vari anni il suo ordi-namento processualpenalistica disciplina infatti sia una possibilità di archiviazione per tenuità, sia varie forme di diversione. La prima conduce direttamente alla cessazione del procedimento, mentre la diver-sione comporta una rinuncia alla persecuzione del fatto qualora l'indagato o l'imputato abbia adempiu-to certi obblighi. Tali istituti, aventi generale applicazione, consentono di concludere il procedimento senza un pronunciamento sostanziale sulla responsabilità penale. Il contributo si propone di presentare le caratteristiche salienti di tali due discipline, che potrebbero assurgere ad ispirazione per il legislatore italiano, e indicarne gli elementi critici. La loro consolidata applicazione da parte degli organi giudicanti e requirenti non è infatti esente da problematicità, in particolare con riguardo al principio di non colpe-volezza. Ciononostante, l'ampio ricorso a tali istituti permette di tenere al di fuori del circuito penale episodi di minima portata offensiva, dando risoluta attuazione ai principi di proporzionalità ed extrema ratio della risposta penale. In aggiunta, analisi empiriche hanno rilevato la loro incidenza positiva sul tasso di recidiva, mentre pure in termini di economia processuale essi contribuiscono in maniera decisi-va alla rapidità del procedimento penale austriaco.

Italy has discussed a radical deflation of criminal litigation since the preparatory works of the current code of criminal procedure. In this respect, Austria shows a profound experience. Its criminal procedure provides both for the possibility to dismiss a case due to the pettiness of the crime and for various diversion procedures. While dismissal leads directly to the termination of the proceedings, diversion involves a waiver of prosecution if the charged person has fulfilled certain obligations. These instruments, having general applicability, make it possible to terminate the proceedings without a ruling on criminal liability. This article aims to explore the main features of the widely applied Austrian provisions on dismissal for pettiness and diversion, which could be of inspiration to the Italian legislator. By doing this, it will point out some critical elements and shortcomings of their application by Austrian judges and public prosecutors, particularly with regard to the presumption of innocence. Nonetheless, these instruments give a resolute implementation to the principles of proportionality and extrema ratio, avoiding a criminal trial for petty cases. In terms of procedural economy, they also decisively contribute to the expedited pace of Austrian criminal proceedings. Finally, empirical analyses suggest that these instruments have a clear positive impact on recidivism.

Definiré la diversión por lo que es desde mi punto de vista y con base en la formación que me he hecho del fenómeno y no por lo que se entiende por diversión. Debo advertir que el trabajo presentado no está refinado y es un intento burdo que pretende filosofar sobre el término. Así mismo, se advierte que el concepto ha sido creado de la experiencia y la lectura de algunos autores, pero que ante la falta de información directa del tema sólo han servido para indagar en las pistas que arrojaron sus escritos sobre la cabeza de este humilde y pretencioso escritor, que habiendo incitado a la duda con la expresión anterior no busca sin embargo, parecer pedante y arrogante. Al fin y al cabo, la diversión puede surgir en momentos de tensión cuando personas como yo, ya no saben a dónde dirigir su atención: a la dedicación de este trabajo o, a darle vueltas al mismo ante la falta de imaginación para salir del embrollo en que se han metido. -Una versión en línea se puedo consultar en el blog: http://ishiba.blogspot.mx/2008/02/fun-toy-aqu-tas-divertido-algunas-notas.html#sthash.KffMnSb6.dpuf

Floods are the most frequent and damaging of all types of natural disasters and annually affect the lives of millions all over the globe. Against this background, enhanced climate variability and climate change are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of floods. There are growing demands for deep tunnels to mitigate severe rural flooding by providing a large tunnelling capacity for excess storm runoff. This study aims to assess the flooding mitigation effect of a deep tunnel system proposed in the old downtown of Kolhapur, India. By providing a sufficient tunnel of a particular type of size, we can reduce the flood force on the downstream side for minimizing the negative impacts of floods, often making the difference between life and

Package CS3 of Metro Line 1 in Surat City includes 3 stations i.e. Surat railway station, Maskati Hospital and Chowk Bazar. As per proposed Metro plan of Surat city, this line will originate from Sarthana station and will terminate at Dream City. The length of Line 1 is 21.61KM of which 14.59km is elevated whereas 7.02km is Underground and consists of 20 Stations. This metro line envisages use of public transport system in Surat city and shall cater the present and future travel demand of the catchment area and shall also reduce load from road based transport system of the corridor. During the construction phase of any Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) running along the Right of Way (ROW) of existing roadway system, Traffic diversion and management plan implementation becomes absolute mandatory to reduce congestion, conflicts increase level of safety and ease construction process. Similarly, for package CS3 of Surat Metro line 1, there is need of preparing an implementing Traffic Diversion and Management plan to create a synergy amongst construction activities, traffic flow, safety of pedestrian and construction worker with minimal impact on surrounding catchment. This study shall provide Traffic diversion and management plan which may help to cater the existing traffic and stir them in a smooth and non-congested flow with the help of signage's, road markings, etc. I. INTRODUCTION Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) is a process of compiling and analyzing information on the impacts that a specific development proposal is likely to have on the operation of roads and transport networks. The assessment not only includes general impacts relating to transport management (road efficiency and safety) but should also consider specific impacts on all road users, including on-road public transport, pedestrians, cyclists and heavy vehicles. Every land use generates home and non-home based trips over the period of day which ply on the access roads and main arterial roads connecting the proposed / planned development. Also as any infrastructure construction activity shall reduce the available capacity of transport network which will affect the level of service. These roads have specific capacity in terms of number of vehicle (PCU) handling in peak hour as per IRC 106-1990. To provide satisfactory riding quality on this rods, specific level of service shall be maintained by maintaining volume and ease of flow with proper diversion and management plans for the traffic plying on these roads. It is necessary to maintain both quality and quantity of road infrastructure continuously to maintaining good Level of Service and safety on roads. Most importantly when it comes to Tier 1 & 2 cities where, percentage trip generation every year is increasing due to urban migration, transportation infrastructure facilities become the backbone of the city. However, due to lack of Mass Ttransit / Transit Oriented Developments and improper transportation planning, commuters have to face major traffic issues during peak hour. For any infrastructure project, a proper traffic diversion and management plan is also mandatory to cater the needs, ease the movement and managing a good safety level during execution. II. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The primary objective of this study is to prepare Traffic Diversion plan with the help of Primary and Secondary data collected for the corridor (CS3) and the catchment area so that congestion, conflicts can be ignored to the maximum extent with increase in safety of pedestrians and workers along with improved workability at site. To achieve the above objectives, following scope is prepared which includes: 1) Reconnaissance survey to understand the existing traffic scenario, proposed construction plan (phasing if any) and bottlenecks in the traffic flow of study area. 2) Reconnaissance survey will be followed by collection primary data from the site which will include but not limited to: a) Road inventory survey (Study Delineated Area) b) Classified Traffic Volume Count at Mid-blocks (Between intersection) c) Turning Movement Survey at Intersections (All intersection in study area) d) Land Use Mapping (Study Delineated Area) e) Speed and Delay Survey (Study Delineated Area including diverted route)Spot Speed Survey (at midblock of study area) f) Origin-Destination Survey (Strategic location around study area)

Domestic political use of force is a strategy for political leaders to divert the public's attention away from economic instability and rebuild political capital. But, diversionary incentives are not the only motivation; the targeted vulnerable minority's, i.e. out-group's, mobilization capabilities are important. We analyze how the combination of diversionary incentive and out-group mobilization capabilities influence leaders' decision-calculus. Embattled leaders make strategic decisions about both the target and the adequate severity of force to accomplish diversion without risking conflict escalation. We empirically test the resulting hypotheses using the Minorities at Risk (MAR) dataset from 1998-2003 and find support for our expectations. Incentive alone does not determine domestic political use of force; the same incentive produces variance in the severity of force dependent on the targeted out-group's mobilization capability. Governments match the severity of domestic force to political survival goals and the costs and risks of political use of force.

The average amount utilized for the said purpose by large farmers was noticed around 96.97 per cent which was found to be higher as compared to small farmers (76.78 %) borrowed from commercial banks for red gram production. Similar trend was noticed in case of cooperative banks borrowers but the average size of amount borrowed was almost one half of the amount of commercial banks borrowers. The agricultural crop loan has to help farmers for purchase of high yielding inputs. Thus, the present study was undertaken to analyse the utilization and diversion pattern of agriculture crop loan by different categories of farmers.