BIM Framework

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an expansive knowledge domain within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry. To allow a systematic investigation of BIM'sdivergent fields, its knowledge components must be defined and expanding boundaries delineated. This paper explores some of the publicly available international guidelines and introduces the BIM Framework, aresearch and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. This is a ‘scene-setting’ paper identifying many conceptual parts (fields, stages, steps and lenses), providing examples of their application and listing some of the Framework's deliverables. This paper also identifies and deploys visual knowledge models and a specialised ontology to represent domain concepts and their relations.

Succar, B. (2009). Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. Automation in Construction, 18(3), 357-375.

Career guidance for students, particularly in rural areas is a challenging issue in India. In the present era
of digitalization, there is a need of an automated system that can analyze a student for his/her capabilities,
suggest a career and provide related information. Keeping in mind the requirement, the present paper is an
effort in this direction. In this paper, a fuzzy based conceptual framework has been suggested. It has two
parts; in the first part a students will be analyzed for his/her capabilities and in the second part the
available courses, job aspects related to their capabilities will be suggested. To analyze a student, marks
in various subject in 10+2 standards and vocational interest in different fields have been considered and
fuzzy sets have been formed. On example basis, fuzzy inference rules have been framed for analyzing the
abilities in engineering, medical and hospitality fields only. In second part, concept of composition of
relations has been used to suggest the related courses and jobs.

This study examines BIM education, theories of spatial skills, and space and time constraints in BIM education curriculum of AEC programs, towards developing a theoretical framework for integrating BIM education in the curriculum of AEC programs. The research developed a theoretical background along three dimensions: BIM education, pre-requisite for BIM education, and theories of spatial skills development. The study found that BIM education is experiencing time and space constraints owing to its vast content and pre-requisites such as knowledge of 2D and 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD). Also, the study found that complementing the traditional methods of teaching engineering graphics with the use of 2D and 3D CAD will enhance spatial skills development of the secondary school students and motivate them to pursue AEC careers. A conceptual framework was developed and propositions were made on the basis of the theoretical background. The study recommends that the knowledge of 3D CAD, 2D CAD and manual drafting should be acquired in the secondary school and should serve as pre-requisite to BIM education in the university.

The BIM Maturity Matrix (BIm³) is intended for low-detail self-assessment of organisations and project teams. The BIm³ has two axes-BIM Capability Sets and the BIM Maturity Index. This document is released as part of the BIMe under Creative Commons.

The present report summarises the findings of the Sydney Opera House (SOH) Case Study carried out as part of SBEnrc Project 2.34 Driving Whole-of-life Efficiencies through BIM and Procurement. This report is informed by outcomes from interviews and document analysis as they relate to the development and implementation of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) for asset management interface at the SOH.
The SOH is an iconic Australian building with a long-standing history of innovative information management. This history starts with a challenging design and construction process which prompted what could be the first field-to-finish system for surveyors in Australia creating great efficiency gains, and now continues with the implementation of what is expected to be a fully integrated BIM asset management system.
The SOH BIM journey started in 2004 with the Exemplar Project carried out by the Cooperative for Research Centre (CRC) for Construction Innovation which tested a partial digital facilities management model and made a number of recommendations in 2007 based on collaborative research with the SOH. Since then, BIM practices have been used for construction works and their information management team has endeavoured in completing the BIM REVIT /Architectural model.
The SOH expects to achieve significant advantages from implementing BIM. Specific drivers identified were:
 Having a single source of information
 Information management issues related to the complexity of the asset
 Improving safety
 Addressing performing art requirements
 Sustainability goals
 Heritage listing status.
During the past 10 years, the SOH has faced the following challenges in the development of their BIM for asset management system:
 Software limitations/inadequacy
 Limited funds
 Data availability
 Finding the right answer
 Resistance to change
 Public asset government requirements
 Australia’s geographic isolation
 Uniqueness of the SOH.
Success factors identified for the development of a BIM for asset management strategy:
 Inspiration and corporate culture
Sydney Opera House Case Study Report 4 | P a g e
 External collaboration
 Client involvement
 Management vision.
The SOH has taken an informed and involved client approach to the development of their BIM guidelines and requirements. They have carried out extensive research into international and national practices, significant stakeholder engagement and collaboration as well as maintaining close ties to industry and research groups.
The SOH will aim to address the following expected challenges during the BIM solution rollout:
 Required skills and training
 Ensuring acceptance by end-users
 Integrating the different databases.
Future research will aim to understand specific benefits achieved from the implementation of the BIM interface for asset management systems.

Despite the tremendous development in the field of digital technology that produced the software and techniques influenced in the field of architecture and construction, and thus the production of architectural and urban, which is imperative that we keep up with this development, and employment and continuation of the same efficiency in all phases of the project will bridge the gap between design and implementation phase, and the most important of these techniques the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM), it is a Database, Not just 3D Drawings, it refers to a digital collection of software applications designed to facilitate coordination and project collaboration, BIM has the potential to provide more efficient operation, not only as part of design and construction but also in operations and maintenance. Accuracy is another main reason. BIM appears to offer greater accuracy than what our current practices produce. This paper aims to determine the benefits of integrating BIM technique in project management and recognize the role they play in The construction industry and practical feasibility of it compared to the previous systems, the practical study depended on two parts, the first by carrying out structured questionnaire survey from construction industry' experts. The second is a case study. The paper is concluded with some important results. It seeks to show that the BIM systems improve communication, collaboration, higher-quality project decision making, and more comprehensive planning and scheduling. In the end, we should see better quality, plus increases in productivity and profitability.

Professional, organisational and educational institutions have started to adopt BIM software tools and adapt their existing delivery systems to satisfy evolving market requirements. To enable individuals within these organisations to develop their BIM abilities, it is important to identify the BIM competencies that need to be learned, applied on the job, and measured for the purposes of performance improvement. Expanding upon previous research, this paper focuses on individual BIM competencies, the building blocks of organisational capability. The paper first introduces several taxonomies and conceptual models to clarify how individual competencies may be filtered, classified, and aggregated into a seed competency inventory. Competency items are then fed into a specialised knowledge engine to generate flexible assessment tools, learning modules and process workflows. Finally, the paper discusses the many benefits this competency-based approach brings to industry and academia, and ex...

In recent years the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry has seen dramatic change, whether it be continually changing client requirements or the disruptive technologies making it hard for some contractors and suppliers to maintain resourcing and capabilities.

The industry is currently facing a multitude of challenges due to the vast amounts of data outputted from smart buildings and the IoT. BIM has the potential to reduce these challenges with inbuilt databases and workflows for data collation and collaboration. Semantic web technologies are proving to be functional and helps leverage challenges faced related to BIM technologies during information exchange. BIM can be used to rationalise data and make it more interoperable with IoT systems; many of the recent developments in the smart building fields do not utilise the BIM to its full potential.

This study's purpose is to explore current academic research and current live metadata projects and explore the integration of the BIM benefits to this workflow and industry standard processes. The conclusion outlines a structured conceptual framework outlining how databases and BIM data can help in the delivery of Smart built environments

- Building Information modelling is transforming the roles and responsibilities of professionals who design, deliver, operate, and maintain all types of buildings, structures and whole cities.
- The flow of digital information has many repercussions and are affecting how project teams are formed, how they communicate with each other, and how they deliver their services and products.
- Projects are increasingly procured with comprehensive – but often unclear - information requirements. Project teams are required to respond to multiple local and international standards, complex data exchange scenarios, and a wide-range of ad-hoc collaboration workflows.
- It is no longer valid to treat roles as a static set of responsibilities or to develop new roles that cannot respond to rapid digitisation, automation and standardisation.
- With digital transformation, what one ‘traditional’ role was assigned to do in the past, can now be better played by a new specialised role. And what another traditional role was assigned to do, will soon be played – significantly better - by artificial intelligence.
- Defining a role through formal one-off qualification is no longer enough; also, gaining recognition through industry certification is losing relevance. Both qualification and certification are inherently slow to adapt to rapid change. Every definition of a BIM Manager - or even a Project Manager - which has been drafted five years ago, must be re-written this year. What will be defined this year must be redefined within three years; and so on. When it comes to roles – project roles in particular - and their responsibilities, the pace of change is unforgiving.
- Therefore, there’s a dire need to develop digital-transformation-ready roles that are able to respond to rapid change, and to meet the evolving information management requirements of construction projects.

This presentation (and video) explains the BIM Fields model, the first dimension of the Tri-axial Model. BIM Fields refer to all topics, activities, and actors across the BIM domain. The Venn diagram (three overlapping circles) identifies Field Types (Technology, Process and Policy), Field Components (Players, Deliverables and Requirements), Field interactions and Field overlaps.

La Matrice de Maturité BIM (BIm3) est un Outil de Connaissance servant à l'identification de la maturité actuelle d'une organisation ou d'une équipe de projet. La BIm3 a deux axes – Ensembles de Capacité BIM et l'Index de Maturité BIM.
Cette version française a été traduite par Patrick Riedo d’Objectif BIM.

—. The teaching workgroup of the CoDE Lab of the Politecnico di Milano has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches a lot in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely retraces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the practice we developed in teamwork is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is a well-developed reconstructed model of great specific interest. The true subject deals with architects of great stature and professional capabilities, who based their work and their career on the application of original "methods", rules and logics representing the foundation of their architecture. This case study deals with a recent research line based on Andrea Palladio's architecture, and especially on his villas. Palladio is one of the most famous and imitated architect of the world and his architecture has deeply affected whole generations of architects. Palladio is also one of the first, and most known, architects-writers and in his books we can get enough information to study and to do a 3D CAAD reconstruction, also of those parts that have never been built.

La Matriz de Madurez BIM (BIm3) es una Herramienta de Conocimiento para identificar la Madurez BIM actual de organizaciones o Equipos de Proyecto. La BIm3 tiene 2 ejes: el Conjunto de Capacidades BIM y el Índice de Madurez BIM. La Matriz de Madurez BIM está pensada para la auto-evaluación de organizaciones a un nivel bajo. Este documento se publicó en Inglés el 7 de julio de 2016. La versión española ha sido traducida por Víctor Roig de BIMETRIC Laboratorio de Procesos SL.

Construction projects involve multidisciplinary and multi-actor collaborations that generate massive amounts of data over their lifecycle. Data are often sensitive, and embody rights, ownership and intellectual property of the creator. Managing project information raises concerns about security, inconsistency and loss of data. Conventional approach of dealing with the complexities of data management involves the adoption of BIM based solutions that lack suitable means for the governance of collaboration, and access and archival of managed data. To overcome the limitations of BIM, Cloud-based governance solutions have been suggested as a way forward. However, there is a lack of understanding of construction ICT (Information and Communication Technology) practices from the perspectives of data management and governance. This paper aims to fill this gap; first, by exploring barriers related to BIM adoption and collaboration practices, in particular, issues related to data management and governance that can potentially be ameliorated with Cloud technologies, and second, by identifying key requirements for Cloud-based BIM governance solutions. A structured questionnaire was conducted among informed construction practitioners in this study. The findings reveal several barriers to BIM adoption alongside ICT and collaboration issues with an urgent need to develop a BIM governance solution underpinned by cloud technology. Further, a number of important requirements for developing BIM governance solutions have been identified.

The aim of this paper is to investigate different approaches adopted to define the content of a Building Information Model (BIM). In order to improve the effectiveness of the Built Asset during the whole life-cycle, the Construction Industry is moving towards a digital ecosystem. Thus, the implementation of Data-Driven Projects based on Building Information Modeling is widespread and becomes more and more a mandatory requirement. The Building Information Modeling methodology is based on an Information Model that contains the updated and amended information related to the project, starting from Briefing and Conceptual Design. So to achieve a performing process, it is essential to provide any needed information at the right time. For this reason, several concepts related to the definition of data sets belonging to BIM, such as 'Level of Development' and 'Level of Detail', have been established. The main focus of this study is to provide an overview on this topic and to investigate possible different approaches. The study is based on both literature review and interviews. The findings indicate that there is not a univocal approach suitable to manage this issue, and numerous definitions and acronyms have been defined in different Countries, especially in US and in UK. However, it is possible to compare them and to find similarities. The findings can be used to gain an in-depth understanding on this topic, especially for experts who work with BIM in various Countries.

This presentation (and video) introduces the BIM Framework, its principles and goals. It also explains how the BIM Framework is composed of multiple interconnected part, each simplifying a complex topic, identifying a workflow, or delivering a performance measurement/decision support tool.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a trendy topic, and rightly so. It is a new approach for the use of data and information in the construction industry which will have a huge impact, affecting not only how built assets are designed and constructed, but how they are operated too. As the application of BIM is evolving rapidly, perspectives on BIM vary and may cause confusion. The whitepaper that we have produced aims to address these concerns and clarify the key benefits of BIM according to ARCADIS.

A matriz de maturidade BIM (Bim3) é uma Ferramenta de Conhecimento para identificar a Maturidade BIM de uma organização ou Equipe de Projeto. Bim3 tem dois eixos – Conjuntos de Capacidade BIM – e o Indice de Maturidade.A Matriz BIM de Maturidade destina-se para uma auto-avaliação organizacional com baixo nível de detalhe.

A versão em Português foi traduzida por Prof. Dr. Leonardo Manzione de Coordenar.

The presentation (and video) introduces the capability stages separating Pre-BIM (the status before BIM) from viDCO (virtually integrated Design, Construction and Operation) - the ultimate vision from implementing BIM. These 'revolutionary' stages, and the 'evolutionary' steps separating them, are intended to both clarify and measure BIM adoption.

As Control Process is a Key Part in project life cycle and it is Success this Thesis will show How to utilize BIM Technology in Progress Monitoring, Project Control, Estimation and Budgeting rather than Traditional Manual method used in Construction Industry till now by do the Followings:

1- Creating Workflow for Progress Monitoring based on BIM Technology which is based on Three Concepts WBS, Tags, Object Identifier (Member Mark).

2- Make the Model more intelligent by adding Additional Information such as Progress data through Tags.

3-Link BIM Model with Primavera P6 by using Object Identifier as Activity Code.

4- Reflect and Present Construction Project in a Virtual environment so each Element has a scope to enable us to understand three Important Parameter Cost, Time, Quality and Quantity needed to Build this element in Real through Quantification Engine of AECOsim and Integration of Part and BOQ Item (Component) and Calculation Formula. these Quantification Process Complies with Quantity Surveying method, Method of Measurement and Quantity Surveying Standards and that enable us to capture Progress in an effective Way.

5-Bentley Authoring Solution (AECOsim Building Designer V8) program used as Quantification Engine to develop Project Takeoff and for Progress Monitoring, Excel Spread Sheet for Estimation and Sharing data, Primavera P6 as Management Program to Generate Progress Report, Synchro Pro for 4D Simulation of Progress.

This presentation (and video) introduces the Tri-axial Model. The model explains the multi-dimensional relationship between the three main components of the BIM framework: BIM Fields of activity identifying domain players, their requirements and deliverables; BIM Stages delineating minimum capability benchmarks; and BIM Lenses providing the depth and breadth of enquiry necessary to identify, assess and qualify BIM fields and BIM stages.

With the rise of CPU power and massivisation of the computers popularity, the structural design process of modern construction has rapidly evolved from hand calculations, to isolated FEM approach software, up to the nowadays BIM ENVIRONNEMENT. Meanwhile, rapidly increasing efforts for material economization, cost reductions, and energy consumption criteria are putting the everyday practices under pressure, testing the limits of standard solutions. New, more integrated approaches demand to be developed in order to enable a quicker, more secure, less iterative, more effective design process regarding the structural information within a model. This report intends to propose, evaluate and test the limits of a BIM software-based workflow aiming to help the design process of pedestrian footbridges. Parametric modeling solutions in a BIM environment are examined in order to manage the S-BIM (structural BIM) information, calculate the elements and develop the fabrication phase.

Recently, the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is considered the most effective contributor to development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). However, the AEC industry is facing myriads challenges due to the vast construction development required for the KSA 2030 vision. Many issues are raised such as failure to meet the client requirement, delay in delivering projects in time, cost overrun, low quality, conflicts among parties, shortage of qualified workers, safety issues, increasing requests of change order, increasing in material wastes and project complexity. Developed countries are using Building Information Modeling (BIM) to mitigate these challenges and reap the benefits from implementing BIM to improve the performance of the AEC industry profoundly.
BIM is rapidly growing worldwide as a viable tool for improving the efficiency of (AEC) industry. However, BIM is rarely used in the KSA. The proved benefits of implementing BIM in the developed countries, gave evidence that, BIM requires drastic change and there is no recognized methodology to solicit companies to use BIM. However, from these countries, experience BIM must be mandated. There are some timid attempts to decree BIM in the Gulf Council Countries (GCC) region, whereas in 2014, Dubai Municipality mandate BIM in the large projects.
This study aims to develop a methodology to implement BIM in the KSA by exploring the stockholders’ perception of BIM benefits, barriers, and factors affecting the adaption. Accordingly, a questionnaire has been sent to many BIM users and non-users. In addition to, structured interviews were carried out with BIM users and non-users. In the efforts to validate the proposed methodology, another survey sent to BIM experts and structured interviews have been organized with BIM professionals. SPSS 23 software used to analyze quantitative data and NVivo 10 used to analyze qualitative data.
The key findings of this study are: (1) Identifying the six steps of the methodology in details in its order to implement BIM; (2) Raising awareness; (3) Perceived benefits of BIM; (4) AEC industry readiness and organizations capability; (5) identifying the barriers; (6) Removing the barriers; and (7) Defining the key factors influencing the implementation. The results of this research are expected to assist all projects participants in KSA to implement BIM to solve the current AEC industry projects issues, improve the performance of the project and reap the benefits of implementing BIM. This study is the first research to make a crucial and novel contribution by providing a methodology to implement BIM in KSA. Future studies can validate the methodology for each project parties.

Keywords: BIM, KSA, AEC, Barriers, Benefits, Adoption, implementation

A concern that project managers share is that despite the management protocols, processes, and tools contained in the Project Management Body of Knowledge® (PMBOK®), considerable resources are still spent every year correcting and adding to non-standard data needed by any or all stakeholders, team members, designers, and project owners. As well, facility and project history must be maintained A number of new tools and standards around Building Information Modelling (BIM), common data environments (CDE) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) were just beginning to see wider use and acceptance in the Project Management community as the Fifth Edition PMBOK® was issued, thus guidance on these topics was not necessarily included explicitly. This study queried the project management community for input and probed thoughts around various external BIM guidance to develop a preliminary process to integrate Information Management (IM) tools into each of the Knowledge areas and propose to develop an Information Management Framework into the PMBOK® and its Construction Extension (CE) as a new Knowledge Area, or KA.
An online survey, paper questionnaire, and formatted interview sheet were prepared with focused questions and deployed to assess the degree of insight around several broad PM topics concerning Information Management (IM) and IM formatting compatibility. As well, respondents were asked to share any information they cared to, about what guidance or procedures they used, anecdotes on what worked well or didn’t work in practice, thoughts on BIM, CDE, and their exposure to any or all. In addition, respondents’ familiarity with existing guidance details in the PMBOK® and CE were probed and used to gauge what future work might be required to reach the end goal of adding robust support and guidance for BIM, IM, and CDE.
Data suggested the respondents felt that more IM guidance was needed and could be added to the PMBOK® and CE that a separate KA addressing process, procedure, tools, and collaborative procedures could be included and raised the possibility of modifying and updating information in existing KAs to integrate IM more explicitly. All suggested IM needed to be robustly managed from facility cradle-to-grave. Some indicated support for more inclusion of process for explicit collaboration support. As well, perceived lacks in the PMBOK® and CE with respect to Communications and records-keeping were highlighted, along with the recognition of digital tools, workspaces, and procedures as primary project criteria to keep in mind as contracts are initiated, negotiated, and executed. Finally, respondents offered anecdotes illustrating experiences on previous projects, speaking to familiarity with or to limited to the routine use of BIM, Common Data Environments (CDE), and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) management. Some respondents suggested that inclusion of real-world examples of the process might be particularly useful, as well.
The study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing enough information to build a skeleton outline of best practices in digital data management, which may be used to construct a digital data management knowledge area for inclusion in the PMBOK® and its construction extension, and build a foundation for collection of examples, case studies, and process around the larger area of Information Management.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools and workflows can increase design productivity, reduce construction waste, and improve connectivity of facility operations. To achieve such benefits, model-based deliverables (e.g. model-based cost estimation, construction planning, or asset tracking) first need to be clearly specified by owners/clients and, second, be delivered by supply chain players according to these specifications. While there are many guides, protocols, and standards for defining information content within models, there is little guidance for specifying the uses to be derived from this modelled information. To bridge the gap between what is expected from BIM, and what will actually be delivered, there is a need for a clear and modular 'requirements clarification' language. Based on published research – including a framework, conceptual ontology, and competency model – as well as ongoing practical applications, this paper introduces the Model Uses concept, comprising a Model Uses Taxonomy and a Model Uses List. Model Uses are the intended, planned, or expected project deliverables resulting from generating, collaborating, or linking models to external databases. This paper explores the conceptual foundations of Model Uses and then provides practical examples – an implementation task list and an assessment module-of how this modular language assists in identifying BIM project requirements and facilitating project delivery.

Erratum: Model Use number 4250 must be 'Life Cycle Assessment'

In traditional claim management system, Extension of Time (EOT) claims often lead to disputes among key construction stakeholders. This necessitates shifting traditional system to a digital environment for efficient processing. This research, therefore, focuses on utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology for developing a BIM-Based Claims Management System (BIM-CMS) to manage EOT claims. Twenty-nine problematic issues in prevalent EOT claim management process are extracted through an extensive literature review and semi-structured interviews of industry experts. Using Application Programming Interface, a plugin is developed in Autodesk Revit for managing EOT claims. The developed plugin is evaluated by industry's experts, who opined that BIM-CMS can be used to a great extent, as a tool to resolve most of the identified issues. It is also expected to proficiently mitigate potential disputes among contracting parties. The study also highlights barriers to BIM-CMS implementation and proposes corrective measures.

The ADEB-VBA’s (Association of major Belgian contractors) BIM work group, in collaboration with G30 (Association of Architects), ORI (professional organisation for engineering offices and consultancy), SECO as representative for Third Party Control Offices and the Belgian chapter of IFMA (the international facility management association), is working on the improvement of collaboration and digital document exchanges between stakeholders of the Belgian construction industry. To do so, the work group decided to focus on the classical contract (Design-Tender-Build) and define practical guidelines related to digital exchanges within this classical context. Indeed, the classical contract supports a segmented industry while other types of contracts involving all the stakeholders earlier in the process allow an easier BIM implementation. However, today, the classical contract remains the most common contract in Belgium. Therefore, the BIM work group, instead of separating the classical contract and a digital-collaborative process, decided to define rules and guidelines allowing the BIM use on a classical Design-Tender-Build process. As the classical process is the most segmented one and thus, the one with more stakeholders working with different tools at different times, a specific attention has to be made during the transitional phases (e.g. new stakeholders, new tools) and the transposition of these rules could be easily developed to other contracts by shifting agreements between the different stakeholders earlier. This document and its annexes present a “generic protocol” as well as general rules and fact sheets allowing the stakeholders to define the collaboration rules and thus, optimize the working process. It should be stated that this document is supposed to evolve through feedback received from its use in practice. This document will be focused on three main topics: - First, this document will provide information about BIM, its use and the specific roles/actors that have to be taken into account and incorporated in a BIM process. - Second, general requirements related to BIM collaboration, document sharing and data management will be discussed. - Third, a generic BIM protocol by phase and supported by a process map representing the traditional contract will help stakeholders to determine their project-specific BIM protocol. Facility Managers are considered active stakeholders in the building life-cycle, hence, they are included in as active stakeholders in this handbook. This takes shape in two ways. First of all, at the end of the Design – Tender – Build process, the as-built information model should be decommissioned and handed over in an appropriate form to the facility manager, so that an improved building management can take place in the operational phase of the building (building use, building maintenance, rehabilitation assessment and design, demolition planning). Second, knowledge coming from the facility management domain (common practices, rules of thumb, common design errors) should find its way into the design – bid – build process via the appropriate BIM tools. The BIM handbook thus includes feedback mechanisms from facility managers into the BIM collaboration process from the very start of a project