Byzantine Architecture

Hadrianopolis is a site located on the principal western route from the Central Anatolian plain through the mountains to Bartın and the Black Sea, 3 km west of the modern town of Eskipazar, near Karabük, in what was in Roman times southwestern Paphlagonia (modern northwestern central Turkey). This site was a small but important city, controlling this major route and dominating a rich agricultural and especially vinicultural enclave on the borders between Paphlagonia, Bithynia and Galatia. Between 2005 and 2008, four survey, excavation and restoration campaigns were conducted at this Roman and early Byzantine site by Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir. As a result of the 2005 surveys of the area, it was confi rmed that Hadrianopolis was indeed coincident with Viranşehir, which is located c. 3 km west of modern Eskipazar and was active between the 1st cent. BC. and the 8th cent. AD. The fi eld surveys in 2005 identifi ed the remains of at least 24 buildings at the site. Among them are two bath buildings, two basilicas, a domus, an apsidal building, a fortifi ed structure of the Byzantine period, a possible theatre, a vaulted building, a domed building and some domestic buildings, most of which were paved with extensive mosaic floors. Following the publication of the inscriptions (Hadrianopolis I), glass (Hadrianopolis II), and pottery fi nds (Hadrianopolis III), the present volume IV of this multi-volume report is devoted to the early Byzantine mosaics and frescoes from this site, which have been dated mainly to the 6th and 7th cent. AD. The main find spots for mosaics and frescoes are Baths A, Baths B, Basilica A, Basilica B, the Apsidal Building and the Domus. One of the most remarkable discoveries was undoubtedly the floor mosaic of the nave of Basilica B, which displays personifi cations of the Four Rivers of Paradise: Euphrates, Tigris, Phison and Geon.

Alabanda Ancient City takes place in Araphisar Street from Doğanyurt Village in the 7 km west of Çine Town, Aydın City. The city settled down on the foothill of the hills in the north of Gökbel Mountain, is positioned close by the Marsyas River. The ancient city having wetland wide lowlands suitable for agriculture shows a non-stop settlement by beginning from the 2nd Millenium B. C. until today. While there are archeological materials and evidences about the Ancient Period of Alabanda and they are known and evaluated by the scientific world, the information about the late Ancient Period and that of the period after it are almost non-existing. As throughout the Ancient World, Alabanda has also kept its presence by changing after the 4th Century A. D. In the excavation, research and conservation works we have carried out since 2011, unsuspected concrete archeological data were achieved about Alabanda after Ancient Period. It was documented that the city were smaller by almost half and were surrounded by new city walls, and it was determined that public buildings such as theater, bath and temple, were used for different functions by changing architecturally. As we can see the sample of it in a lot of ancient religious settlement, Alabanda Apollon Isotimos Temple were changed into a church and the cella of the temple was used as baptistery. Column capitals, relief-adorned parapets, mosaics, the city walls built with Spolia blocks inform us about Alabanda in the Early Christian Period and in the Medieval Period. Byzantine and Islamic glazed potteries presenting a very rich repertoire and various coins belonging to Byzantine Period and Anatolian Principalities give us clues about the socio-economic situation of Medieval Alabanda. In this notice, archeological materials and evidences, which were achieved after a 3-year work and which are providing valuable information about the Medieval Alabanda, will be briefly introduced and those unsuspected data will be presented to the attention and knowledge of scientific world.

Wstęp Mirosław J. Leszka, Kirił Marinow................................................... 1

I
Konstantynopolitańskie porty IV–XII w. [Constantinopolitan harbours in the 4th–12th centuries] Mirosław J. Leszka......... 5

II
Wszystkie okręty cesarza. Rozważania nad stanem rzymskiej marynarki wojennej za panowania cesarza Maurycjusza (582–602) [All ships of the emperor: Roman Navy during the reign of emperor Maurice (582–602)] Łukasz Różycki........................................................................................... 17

III
Konstantynopolitańska eskadra cesarska w dobie panowania Komnenów (1081–1185) [Constantinopolitan squadron in the era of imperial reign of Comnenian dynasty (1081–1185)]
Marcin Böhm....................................................................................... 47

IV
Wygnani biskupi Konstantynopola w późnej starożytności i ich kontakty ze stolicą nad Bosforem [The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century] Rafał Kosiński................63

V
Chazarowie w Konstantynopolu (VII–XI w.) [The Khazars in Constantinople] Jarosław Dudek …........ 79

VI
Miejsce portu w fabule dwunastowiecznego romansu bizantyńskiego [The port in the plot of the twelfth-century Byzantine romance] Anna Kotłowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

VII
Winieta Konstantynopola na mapie z Ebstorf [Vignette of Constantinople on the Ebstorf Map] Piotr Kochanek……………………. . . 113

VIII
Hodegon – z rozważań nad pierwotną lokalizacją konstantynopolitańskiego sanktuarium [The Hodegon. Considerations on the location of the Hodegetria sanctuary in Constantinople]
Piotr Łukasz Grotowski . ……………………………. . . . . 137

IX
Pogańskie prywatne uroczystości kommemoratywne w okresie wczesnobizantyńskim [Pagan Private Commemorative Rites in the Early Byzantine Period] Ireneusz Milewski . . . .  . ……………... . . . . . . . . . 215

Aneks [Annex]
Itinerarium Stefana z Nowogrodu z opisem konstantynopolitańskiego portu Kontoskalion (1348/1349). Przekład i opracowanie [The Itinerary of Stephen of Novgorod: Containing a Description of Kontoskalion Harbour in Constantinople (1348/1349).] Zofia Brzozowska .. . . . . . 227

Summary. . . . . . . ………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Wykaz skrótów [List of Abbreviations]. …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Bibliografia [Bibliography]……… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Źródła [Sources]. . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Opracowania [Secondary Literature]..  . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Indeks osobowy [Index]. ……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych [Index of geographical and ethnical names]. . …. . . . . . . . . 328

Indeks nazw konstantynopolitańskich [Index of Constantinopolitan names]….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

19th Century Universal Exhibitions were essential opportunities for newly emerged countries to define a cultural identity. I explore in more depth here the architectural display of Greece, Serbia and Romania at 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris.

Studie byla publikována roku 1935 v knize ,,Sbornik statej po archeologii i vizantinovedeniju izdavajemyj Seminarijem imeni N.P. Kondakova" (Díl 7) / The study was published in 1935 in the book ,,Sbornik statj po archeologii i vizantinovedeniju izdavajemyj Seminarijem imeni N.P. Kondakova" (Volume 7).

INDICE:

La Sapienza bizantina. Il contributo della Storia dell’arte (1896-1970) - Antonio Iacobini

Le missioni di studio in Oriente e il Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina (1966-2006) - Andrea Paribeni

Il progetto di ricerca sui marmi della Santa Sofia, Alessandra Guiglia - Claudia Barsanti

Hagia Sophia: nuovi studi e ricerche per il restauro, Mario Docci - Storici dell’arte, esploratori, antropologi, archeologi: le missioni
lungo il limes orientale (1982-1992) - Enrico Zanini

Alcune considerazioni sull’architettura bizantina a Creta - Spiridione Alessandro Curuni

Il «Corpus della pittura monumentale bizantina in Italia»: il caso di Umbria, Marche e Abruzzo - Mauro della Valle

Il mosaico parietale aniconico da Tessalonica a Costantinopoli - Alessandro Taddei

Basilio ‘parakoimomenos’, l’aristocrazia e la passione per le arti sotto i Macedoni - Livia Bevilacqua

Il colore scolpito. Raffinatezze cromatiche nella scultura ad incrostazione del Medioevo mediterraneo - Silvia Pedone

Viaggio di un trittico eburneo da Costantinopoli a Roma. Note in margine al «Corpus degli oggetti bizantini in Italia» - Simona Moretti

L’insegnamento della Filologia e della Storia bizantina a Roma dalla
fondazione agli anni Settanta del ’900 - Augusta Acconcia Longo

La Filologia e la Storia bizantina alla Sapienza nell’ultimo trentennio del ’900 - Andrea Luzzi

La Paleografia greca e bizantina alla Sapienza, dagli anni Venti del
’900 a Enrica Follieri e alla sua scuola - Francesco D’Aiuto

Ricerche e iniziative promosse dalla Sapienza per lo studio delle scritture greche antiche e bizantine nell’ultimo trentennio - Guglielmo Cavallo

Immagini eloquenti. Nuove osservazioni sul codice Atheniensis gr. 211 con le Omelie di Giovanni Crisostomo - Giovanni Gasbarri

This is an illustrated children’s book about the Byzantine Constantinople and its monuments, blended with a fantastic time travel of children from contemporary Istanbul. It narrates the adventures of İrem (a.k.a Irene), and her schoolmates Ali and Ece, starting with their unusual discovery of the book "A Byzantine Journey with Augmented Reality Plus". After a few amazing time travels to captivating moments and spaces of Byzantine capital, they find themselves in the adventure of finding and rescuing the real owner of the book. However, this will be a difficult task, which would require the collaboration of a wider team, resulting in big surprises.

The paper concerns the study of the architecture of the church of Hagios Nikolaos in Vevi, Florina, Greece. The church, which was constructed in 1460 constitutes an important sample of church architecture between Byzantine and post-Byzantine period in Western Macedonia and presents special interest because of its age in combination with the interesting architecture and the rich frescoes. First, data concerning the architecture and the building construction history of the monument are presented, while the typology, the design, the form and the constructional elements are also analysed. From this analysis, interesting data concerning the standardisation of the dimensions and the proportions of the temple based on the Byzantine metrical system are derived. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the typological and the constructional elements with the corresponding elements of similar churches of the 14th and the 15th century situated in the wider area, namely Ypapanti in Laimos and Hagios Nikolaos in Platy, as well as of older churches situated in the wider area of Macedonia, the initial form of the church as well as its specific constructional elements are documented. The church initial had a timber roof, with a form that is dated back to the Byzantine church architecture of the 12th century and that survives during the most part of the period of the Ottoman Domination. The analysis and the presentation of the above-mentioned elements complete the image of the monument and lead to its better understanding and study.

Mordoğan is a sea-side township in the district of Karaburun in Izmir, western Turkey. It is situated on the eastern shoreline of Karaburun Peninsula within the Gulf of Izmir at about 20 km to the south of the district center of Karaburun. In a close distant of Mordoğan there was a Greek village1920s that was called as "Tekke Köy". In this short article in Turkish language this small rural church of 19th cent. is being presented.

The paper is focused on the use of the meander motif in décor of the Old Rus’ church masonry from 11th to early 13th
century. Attention is drawn to compositional peculiarities and the diversity of patterns in meander frieze on church facades in Kiev (St. Sophia, Dormition and Saint Michael’s Golden Dome Monasteries, and The Saviour Church at Berestovo), Chernigov (Transfiguration and Saint Parascheva Piatnitsa Churches), and Polotsk (The Saviour Church in the Convent of Saint Euphrosyne). Comparing these with the contemporaneous phenomenon in Byzantine and Trans-caucasian architecture, the author comes to a conclusion that from the first half of 11th
century the simple non-directional П-shaped patterns and more complicated variants characteristic of the Constantinople builders’ style were used in parallel. Meander’s place in the façade composition in all the Old Russian churches was meant to disclose the internal structure of buildings.

Content

AD GLORIAM 

S. V. Beletsky, N. I. Platonova (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Anatoliy Nikolaevich Kirpichnikov. Life and Works17
L. M. Vseviov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
List of Scientific Works by A. N. Kirpichnikov27


WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS 

E. N. Nosov, N. V. Khvoshchinskaia (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Weapons from Rurikovo Gorodishche (excavations of 2011—2012)47
I. P. Vozny (Chernivtsi, Ukraine)
Shock Weapons during the 12th — Early 13th Centuries on the Territory of Northern Bukovina55
S. V. Beletsky (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
A Hatchet from Suzdal Opolye65
E. R. Mikhaylova (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Rider and Horse Equipment of Pskov Long Barrow Culture73
S. Yu. Kainov, Yu. A. Kuleshov (Moscow, Russian Federation)
Battle Half-masks of Eastern Europe in Light of Recent Findings and New Research83
A. V. Kurbatov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
What Was Olstra According to Written Sources and Archaeological Evidence99


HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 

M. M. Kazanski (Paris, France)
Gelon with Falx: About Staftarms of the Great Migrations Period103
S. B. Sorochan (Kharkov, Ukraine)
Byzantine Military Forces in the Crimea in 6th—7th Centuries113
A. V. Fedoruk (Chernivtsi, Ukraine)
Artillery in the Great War of 1409—1411 (according to written sources and archaeological materials)133
V. L. Myts (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Armenian Community of Kaffa during the War with the Ottoman Turks in 1475149
P. E. Sorokin, V. N. Matveev, B. S. Korotkevich, K. A. Mikhailov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Assault on the Landskrona Fortress by Archaeological Data163


MONOGRAPH INSIDE THE JOURNAL 

V. P. Kirilko (Simferopol, Crimea)
Fortress Structures in the Medieval Alushta177


MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE 

G. G. Atanasov (Silistra, Bulgaria), N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova)
Fortress Gate of the Early Byzantine Dorostol and the Medieval Drăstăr (6th—10th cc. AD)247
N. Yu. Skripinskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Yamburg Bastion System249
A. I. Saksa (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
The Old Cathedral in Vyborg — a Unique Object of Cultural Heritage261


SIGNS OF TIME 

M. V. Ivashchenko (Saratov, Russian Federation)
Ceramic Stamps from Chersonesos “Nymphaeum”273
L. S. Klejn (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Rus’ in the System of Ethnonyms as a Clue to the Origin of the Term283
A. G. Shpilev (Kursk, Russian Federation)
Rings with Christian Symbols of the Late 10th — 17th cc. from Kursk Region287


TALENTS AND LEPTA OF THE ANTIQUITY 

E. Ya. Turovsky (Sevastopol, Crimea)
Monetary Business of Chersonesos: between Mithridates Eupator and Emperor Tiberius (63 BC — 37 AD)307
L. V. Nosova (Odessa, Ukraine)
Tyras in the Middle of the 1st Century AD: Political History by Numismatic Data315


HARD FLOWERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES 

G. Yu. Starodubtsev (Kursk, Russian Federation)
Russian Coins in the Last Quarter of the 10th — first half of the 11th Centuries and Russian Monetary Circulation331
A. V. Crivenco (Tiraspol, Moldova)
Serbian Medieval Coins Found on the Territory between the Rivers Prut and Dniester341
N. A. Alekseienko (Sevastopol, Crimea), L. V. Dergaciova (Kishinev, Moldova), Ju. A. Tzepkov (Sevastopol, Crimea)
New Findings of Moldavian Coins From the South-Western Crimea349


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of Abbreviations361
Submissions365

This book contains the lectures concerning the history of the exploration of the  Armenian  medieval art during 1830-1950.It represents the impact of the scholars of different nationalities in the exploration of the Armenian architecture, sculpture, mural painting, manuscript illumination, silverwork and etc

Written in 1851 – 1869, Skarlatos Byzantios' three-volume masterpiece constitutes a feat of 19th c. scholarship, presented here for the first time in an annotated English translation. Drawing on Classical, Byzantine, Western European and Ottoman sources, Constantinople covers a vast period of over two and a half millennia, from the mythical foundation of Byzantium to Skarlatos' own time. A true polyglot and a keen observer, Skarlatos guides the reader through the neighbourhoods, monuments and social practices of his native city, assisted by detailed references to major historical events, personalities and long-forgotten anecdotes. His scholarly interests span across an impressive array of disciplines: political and social history, literature, architecture, epigraphy, urban planning, demography, ethnography, art and folklore. Above all, Skarlatos is a self-avowed devotee of the City of cities.

Archaeological digitisation turns to be a basic pillar of archaeology, supplementary to any conventional documentation, excavation, restoration or heritage management work because it covers efficiently and reliably multidimensional demands in every stage of traditional archaeology. The design of an archaeological narrative in digitisation projects constitutes an impressive procedure with great future but still many obstacles to overcome. The Digital Enhancement of the Peloponnese Castles was a project about the documentation and web digital promotion of 105 castles. The project included the digitisation of material, surveys with up-to-date digital methods, the creation of 3d representations, virtual tours, a website and smart phone applications in order to disseminate archaeological information and to support actual visits at the castles. In the current paper project’s experience will be presented as a way of questioning about the impact and perspectives of such an expanded documentation effort in educational, research, touristic and socio-economic terms with parallel reference to the emerging difficulties and challenges.

The architecture of the Studenica katholikon is usually examined independently of its massive outer narthex. However, the dome of the Studenica katholikon and the narthex added by king Radoslav were built in a very small time span at beginning of the thirteenth century under the strong influence of St. Sava (1175–1236), the first Serbian Archbishop (1219), who was the son of Stefan Nemanja and the uncle of king Radoslav. St. Sava most likely shared ideas about architectural concepts from Byzantine imperial architecture and pilgrimage architecture in Studenica upon on his return from Mount Athos and the Holy Land. If the dome of the Studenica katholikon and the chapels of the outer narthex are examined through their microarchitecture (the basic spatial idea as defined through the use of a min-imum number of architectural and structural elements, and simultaneously independent of stylistic characteristics), the outer narthex can be understood as a mausoleum for King Radoslav.

J. Bogdanović, “The Micro-architectural Form of the Dome and the Chapels of Radoslav’s Exonarthex of the Studenica Katholikon” [Mикроархитектонска форма куполе и капела Радослављеве припрате студеничког католикона; in Serbian, abstract in English] in Стефан Немања – преподобни Симеон Мироточиви [Stefan Nemanja – Venerable Simeon Myroblytes], volume 2, ed. M. Radujko (Berane-Beograd: Bishopric of Budimlje and Nikšić; Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2016, published in 2020): 567-586.

Sztuka Wczesnochrześcijańska jest książką wprowadzającą w zagadnienia najstarszej aktywności artystycznej - tak w dziedzinie architektury monumentalnej i prywatnej, jak i sztuk plastycznych (malarstwo, mozaika, rzeźba i drobna plastyka) - chrześcijan żyjących na terenie Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w szeroko rozumianym obrębie basenu Morza Śródziemnego w stuleciach od III do VII w. Autorka zwiedziła niemal wszystkie te tereny i zna większość omawianych zabytków z autopsji.

IMAGINING DEMONS IN POST-BYZANTINE JERUSALEM: JOHN OF DAMASCUS AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF CLASSICAL CHRISTIAN DEMONOLOGY The Rev. Nathaniel Ogden Kidd, B.A., M.Div Marquette University, 2018 This dissertation traces the consolidation of a classical Christian framework for demonology in the theological corpus of John of Damascus (c. 675 – c. 750), an eighth century Greek theologian writing in Jerusalem. When the Damascene sat down to write, I argue, there was a great variety of demonological options available to him, both in the depth of the Christian tradition, and in the ambient local imagination. John’s genius lies first in what he chose not to include, but second in his ability to synthesize a minimalistic demonology out of a complex body of material and integrate it into a broader theological system. John’s synthesis was so effective, in fact, that it looks reflexively obvious as a statement of Christian demonology in the Scriptural-patristic tradition: it would not necessarily ha...

The Basilica Cistern, also known as the “underground palace” (Yerebatan Saray), is the largest surviving Byzantine cistern in Istanbul. Located southwest of Hagia Sophia, this covered subterranean reservoir once held 78,000 m3 of water. Originally built under the no longer extant Stoa Basilica, the present structure of the eponymous cistern was rebuilt in the 6th century. It remains one of the most important and oldest public spaces in the city.

The restoration project of the so-called "Dungeons of Anemas" in 2006 brought to light a church sub-structure. The structure is located on the "Dungeons of Anemas", part of the Blakhernai Palace, and to the north-east of the towers of Anemas and Isaakios Komnenos. The purpose of this study is to present the newly discovered church ruins in the context of the 12th and 13th century additions to the Palace of Blakhernai and the surrounding area.