Beauty Industry

This dissertation analyzes the postfeminist tendencies and biopolitics in contemporary media practices by considering the pop culture exemplar, the Kardashian-Jenner family.

This dissertation received First Class Honors from Trinity College Dublin.
Vanessa graduated with Distinction in B.A. English Literature and Media Studies.

– Due to its video sharing policy which freely allows users to communicate all over the world, YouTube has become one of the preferred Web platforms used by the digital community of makeup lovers. As a matter of fact, YouTube seems particularly suited to host announcements of new makeup collections, products' reviews as well as video tutorials. Both cosmetic brands and single users have opened channels on the platform, but makeup discourse on YouTube is arguably dominated by the latter. Differentiating between unaffiliated amateurs and YouTubers who more or less openly work for makeup companies as digital influencers is difficult. Recent studies on communicative practices on YouTube, however, stress that in order to understand the complex nature of the famous video sharing website, the professional/non-professional dichotomy is not particularly relevant, whereas other dynamics are more research worthy. One of them is the " guru " phenomenon. " Gurus " are content creators who are particularly authoritative in a specific field, have a considerable follower base thanks to their expertise and are often paid by brands in order to promote their products. The makeup domain too has witnessed the emergence of a group of popular and influential users who are typically referred to as " makeup gurus ". Their ability to stand out from the multiplicity of similar channels arguably depends not only on their knowledge of the field, but also on their communication skills and specifically on their successful use of the makeup video genre. Against this backdrop, this study sets out to codify the relatively new genre of the makeup tutorial providing it with adequate categories which at the moment appear to be lacking. Adopting the analytical framework provided by discourse analysis, it examines the generic, rhetorical and linguistic practices of makeup gurus and sheds light on the ways gurus discursively construct their identity as well as represent the idea of beauty and makeup.

http://www.researchmoz.us/suncare-uk-december-2013-report.html

The rise in the population of the eldest demographics poses challenges as well as opportunities, as although the over-55s are the most knowledgeable when it comes to the dangers of the sun, they are least likely to use sun protection and self-tanning products. However, as they continue to seek tans and the rate of malignant melanoma rises in this group, this offers opportunities both for the sun protection and self-tanning segments.

The twenty-first century has seen the emergence of a new style of man: the metrosexual. Overwhelmingly straight, white, and wealthy, these impeccably coiffed urban professionals spend big money on everything from facials to pedicures, all part of a multi-billion-dollar male grooming industry. Yet as this innovative study reveals, even as the industry encourages men to invest more in their appearance, it still relies on women to do much of the work.

Styling Masculinity investigates how men’s beauty salons have persuaded their clientele to regard them as masculine spaces. To answer this question, sociologist Kristen Barber goes inside Adonis and The Executive, two upscale men’s salons in Southern California. Conducting detailed observations and extensive interviews with both customers and employees, she shows how female salon workers not only perform the physical labor of snipping, tweezing, waxing, and exfoliating, but also perform the emotional labor of pampering their clients and pumping up their masculine egos.

Letting salon employees tell their own stories, Barber not only documents occasions when these workers are objectified and demeaned, but also explores how their jobs allow for creativity and confer a degree of professional dignity. In the process, she traces the vast network of economic and social relations that undergird the burgeoning male beauty industry.

Along with the increasing needs of beauty and personal care in modern life, cosmetics become more and more necessary for not only women but also men all over the world. Based on the papers with relevant theories and literature included, this study gave an overview of the impact of extrinsic cues related to cosmetic products such as brand, price and country-of-origin (COO) on female consumers, and also the cosmetic industry in Vietnam. The results may help generate a possible model or basis for the future research on consumer behavior.

This paper uses the beauty industry to explore the impact of
globalization over the very long run. When the first wave of
modern globalization struck in the nineteenth century, a homogenization
of global beauty ideals began—one which has, to some
extent, continued until the present day. This has had enormous
societal and cultural consequences, and business enterprises are
at the heart of this process. The paper explores how
entrepreneurs and firms translated societal values into brands,
globalized them, and changed societal perceptions of beauty as
a result. It also shows the limitations of the homogenization
achieved by firms even at the high point of globalization,
before making the case that contemporary globalization is
working to facilitate greater diversity in beauty ideals again.

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Description

Pretty Modern is a riveting account of Brazil’s emergence as a global leader in plastic surgery. Intrigued by a Carnaval parade that mysteriously paid homage to a Rio de Janeiro plastic surgeon, anthropologist Alexander Edmonds conducted research that took him from Ipanema socialite circles to glitzy telenovela studios to the packed waiting rooms of public hospitals offering free cosmetic surgery. The result is provocative exploration of the erotic, commercial, and intimate aspects of beauty in a nation with extremes of wealth and poverty and a reputation for natural sensuality. Drawing on conversations with maids and their elite mistresses, divorced housewives, black celebrities, and favela residents aspiring to be fashion models, Edmonds analyzes what sexual desirability means and does for women in different social positions. He argues that beauty is a distinct realm of modern experience that does not simply reflect other inequalities. It mimics the ambiguous emancipatory potential of capital, challenging traditional hierarchies while luring consumers into a sexual culture that reduces the body to the brute biological criteria of attractiveness. Illustrated with color photographs, Pretty Modern offers a fresh theoretical perspective on the significance of female beauty in consumer capitalism.

Beauty is an abstract idea with no specific definition and dimension, yet it intrinsically moves the entire person 'spirit and heart, intelligence and reason, creative capacity and imagination.' One's perception of beauty is to a large extent based on one's cultural identity. But with the passage of time, standards of beauty have changed, disfiguring the cultural identity and causing chaos and confusion. In India and Africa, people still adopt white standards of beauty. Though these colonized countries are freed and emancipated, their psyche is yet to be decolonized and restored to their original selves. Is it not true that the malaise lies with imperialism? Imperialism is such a destructive political ideology that it not only exploited the economic resources of occupied lands but also destroyed the cultural identities of the subjugated population to perpetuate the regime. Hence, this paper focuses on how imperialism impacted the standards of beauty and analyze vario...

This paper explores the business of diversity in the beauty industry. Using Fenty Beauty as a case study, this paper explores its business strategy, inclusive marketing, and social media management.

This paper received First Class Honors at Trinity Business School.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada, günümüzdeki " ideal/güzel/estetik beden " anlayışının yeniden üretiminde önemli bir rol oynayan medyanın " estetik-güzellik uygulamaları " bağlamındaki sorunlara bakış açısının haberler üzerinden tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, Mayıs 2017-Ekim 2017 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan " Adana'daki sahte estetik operasyon skandalı " iddialarıyla ilgili haberler içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenerek yorumlanmıştır. Türkiye'nin en çok tiraj yapan Hürriyet, Sabah ve Sözcü gazetelerinin web sitelerinde yer alan haberlerin değerlendirildiği çalışmada, sorunların episodik (olaysal) bir yapıda ele alındığı, kişiselleştirildiği, konuyla ilgili akademik yaklaşımlara yer verilmediği, öte yandan bireylere " estetik-güzellik uygulamaları " hakkında bir takım önerilerde bulunulmakla yetinildiği belirlenmiştir. ABSTRACT The media plays an important role in there structuring of the " ideal, beautiful, aesthetic body " mentality. The aim of the study is to discuss the media's view of " aesthetics, beauty practices ". News about the aesthetic operation scandal in Adana published between Hürriyet, Sabah and Sözcü in the first three bestselling newspapers in Turkey between May 2017 and October 2017 were evaluated. Content analysis method was used in the study. Research findings show that the news is episodically processed, personalized and academic approaches are not included in the news. On the otherhand, it was determined that insufficient suggestions were made to the individuals about " aesthetics, beauty applications " in the news.

Popular culture and the institutions and rituals that make it possible have become overwhelmingly significant in modern life. In this paper, we draw upon governmentality studies to explore the making-up (du Gay et al., 1996) of brand managers in a leading international cosmetics firm. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, we analyse the control mechanisms through which brand managers embody their product and are made consumer subjects inside their own organisation. Illustrating how these key intermediaries of popular culture become “simultaneously promoters of commodities and commodities they promote” (Bauman, 2007), we not only account for the control practices in use in a key organisation related to popular culture, but also investigate how certain control practices shape the very site of popular culture.

In dieser Arbeit soll anhand einer Analyse der dazu auf der Mikroblogginplattform Tumblr. erstellten Blogpostings herausgefunden werden, wie Körperdiskurse in der kontemporären Öffentlichkeit, und im Besonderen auf dieser Plattform, verhandelt werden. Als Stichwort soll hierzu der Begriff „Body Positivity“ dienen. Zuvor soll in einem theoretischen Teil auf verschiedene feministische Blickweisen auf den Körper eingegangen werden. Wichtige Stichpunkte hierbei werden auch eine Einführung in verschiedene Verständnisse von Ästhetik und Schönheit, die Objektifizierung des weiblichen Körpers in der westlichen patriarchalen Gesellschaft sowie verschiedene Formen der Entfremdung des Körpers darstellen. In einem eigenen Kapitel wird auch auf die Verwobenheit von Normen und Diskursen eingegangen werden.

Egy esemény emlékezete: az 1985-ös szépségverseny A nyolcvanas évek Magyarországának emlékezetes közéleti eseménye áll írá­ sunk középpontjában: a szépségkirály­ nő-választás jelentőségét az adta, hogy az első "szocialista" szépségversenyként a közbe­ széd, a sajtókritika fókuszába került. Majd a győz­ tes tragikus halálát követően a nyomtatott és moz­ góképes publicisztikák általánosabb társadalom­ kritika megfogalmazásának lehetőségét látták az események feldolgozásában. Az 1985-ös szépség-verseny korabeli interpretációit alapvetően meg­ határozta az, hogy a szépségkirálynő kilenc hó­ nappal a verseny után öngyilkos lett. A fiatal lány értelmetlen, tragikus halálának okait, tettének mozgatórugóit a korabeli média is megpróbálta feltárni,1 s azóta is számos helyen idézték fel Mol­ nár Csillának mint az első "újkori" szépségkirály-nő-választás áldozatának az emlékét.2 Egy sokszor elbeszélt történetről van tehát szó, amely az elmúlt több mint negyedszázadban to­ vább élt a társadalmi emlékezetben. Az emlékezet­ nek azonban mítoszképző funkciója is van, külö­ nösen amikor a szóban forgó eseményt újra és új­ ra elbeszélik: elmesélhetővé és hagyományozható-vá teszik a történtek vagy a személy emlékét. írásunkban nem az események rekonstruálásá­ ra törekszünk, sőt bizonyos értelemben épp ellen­ kezőleg: a múlt rekonstrukciójának nehézségét és komplexitását szeretnénk érzékeltetni, mikor több nézőpontból idézzük fel az egykori történéseket. Két eltérő módszerrel megidézett múltat helye­ zünk egymás mellé: a korabeli sajtórecepciót, va­ lamint néhány egykori versenyző visszaemlékezé­ sét, mellyel az utolsó éveiben járó szocialista ...szépség és halál, győzelem és elmúlás és mindenekelőtt kiszolgáltatottak és nyerészkedők mint örök irodalmi toposzok húzódnak a történet mögött... 3K 2012/12

Debating arguably trivialised notions of ‘beauty’, ‘beauty ideals’ and ‘skin-care’ should not be considered irrelevant within the broader, complex sphere of psychosocial and postcolonial studies. This is because the industry that has grown up around ideas and ideals of ‘beauty’ perpetually reproduces colonial inventions and constructions of ‘blackness’ and ‘whiteness’, and because ‘beauty’ itself contains signifiers of social, cultural, political and economic ‘value’ that are narrowly defined by dominant groups. For this reason, it is paramount that the links between ‘beauty’ and ‘racial difference’ are continually explored and revealed in the newest, often ‘unsuspected’ forms they assume in our contemporary times, in order to debunk racial ‘myths’ that reinforce established structures of inequality.
Although I acknowledge that notions of differences among ‘races’ inform several different types of ‘beauty’ practices – such as hair straightening and cosmetic surgery – in this essay I will exclusively discuss skin-whitening among non-white women. Despite a substantial body of literature existing which attempts to connect the dots between ‘female beauty’, ‘racialisation of bodies’ and ‘skin-whitening’, a large part of the research (Hunter, 2011; Poitevin, 2011; Cain, 2008) seems to neglect some crucial issues. I refer to the necessity to highlight the pervasive use of ‘science’ – informed by underlying racial assumptions of ‘beauty’ which derive from a foregoing colonial system – in support of skin-whitening practices, and its interconnection with ‘colourism’. It is paramount to unravel how the belief in Western scientific ‘superiority’ – which I will identify as contemporary ‘scientific racism’ – endorses practices of skin-whitening, and how these practices attest to a globalised ‘preference’ for fair-skinned women in the domains of work, leisure and sentimental or sexual life. The message conveyed by skin-whitening practices, in fact, is that ‘white is right’, and by attaining ‘whiteness’ one can automatically unlock privileges and opportunities that are not accorded to non-whites. 
This essay will aim at filling this knowledge gap by discussing the cooperation and intersection between colourism and contemporary scientific racism in today’s discourses around skin-whitening. I will illustrate how colonial ideas of ‘beauty’ being a ‘privilege’ of fair-skinned women only are still rife today and have boosted the popularity of skin-whitening products that are the product of Western ‘scientific’ research and innovation.
Ultimately, this essay will argue that ‘beauty’ needs to be understood as a socio-political object, and that behind apparently ‘banal’ skin-care practices lies a wide, long-standing range of notions around different ‘races’ inextricably intertwined with ideas about the unchallengeable authority of the West.

Along with the increasing needs of beauty and personal care in modern life, cosmetics become more and more necessary for not only women but also men all over the world. Based on the papers with relevant theories and literature included, this study gave an overview of the impact of extrinsic cues related to cosmetic products such as brand, price and country-of-origin (COO) on female consumers, and also the cosmetic industry in Vietnam. The results may help generate a possible model or basis for the future research on consumer behavior.

All people, men, women and youth of all ages seek beauty. This means that people need en-hancement of their physical beauty.  They spend time and money in buying cosmetics to im-prove themselves. They like to be attractive to make good impressions and to be confident in their social life. When physically developed and well-groomed, they become more confident in facing other people, in sharing their knowledge and skills, and in showing themselves as suc-cessful persons in their respective career.
Cosmetic products are our daily culture or fashion.  Foundation, mascara, blush on, lipstick and liquid eye liner are just few of the cosmetic products which offer impermanent means of improving one’s appearance resulting to an increased confidence. However, cosmetic products containing Vitamin-E have beneficial effects. Confidence, attractiveness, and good impression will most likely help the salesman in creating a unique selling proposition in order to succeed in selling beauty products such as make-up kits and body health care items. In selling, there are steps to be followed in order to succeed in determining the focus of a sales presentation. It needs to recognize a problem: process the consumer and evaluate alternatives before a pur-chase can be made. In problem recognition, the salesman should locate his intended buyers by identifying customers’ fashion consciousness, by changing the looks of the selling place and by taking a course on beauty care. This indicates that in selling products such as make up kits, per-fumes and other beauty regiments, the salesman should be ready to answer questions related to beauty products. It is further argued that design or visual appearance which includes line, shape and details is the important part of the product affecting consumer perception towards a brand.
In this study, locally applied Philippine beauty products selling strategies in Santiago City, Isabela were investigated. It is expected that this study will help the sellers of beauty products identify the consumers’ preferences and the reasons of their preferences so that they can determine the right selling strategies for better shift of business purposes. Moreover, this will also help the consumers find out the determinants of their preferences.
Marketing mix is crucial in determining a product or brand offer, and is often associated with the 4P’s model: Price, Product, Promotional and Place. 4P’s model can be used to help consumers decide how to take a new offer to market. It can also be used to test one’s existing marketing strategy.
This descriptive research method is designed to determine the selling strategies for cosmetic beauty products. This is endeavored to help direct sellers in increasing their sales. The re-spondents of this research were the direct sellers of various cosmetic beauty products in Santi-ago City. This study made use of a self-made questionnaire that underwent a validation process: Expert Pooling, Refinement, Field Testing and Final Refinement. Hence, it is a valid and reliable questionnaire. The data was gathered using a survey questionnaire instrument that was floated to the direct sellers of various cosmetic beauty products. The data was tallied and processed for analysis and interpretation.  The proponent conducted the survey to ensure 100 % retrieval. The mean, t-test and ANOVA were used in this study. Data were processed and treated using SPSS.
Findings revealed that the introduction of cosmetic beauty products by its dealers, in terms of selling strategies, grooming requirements, selling attributes and negotiating attitudes, are posi-tively implemented. There are varied introduction of cosmetic beauty products by its dealers, in terms of selling strategies, grooming requirements, selling attributes and negotiating attitudes. Furthermore, this study concludes that dealers and sellers alike should portray qualities and at-tributes of the product they are selling.

This module is intentionally being made by the author, Mr. Romeo A. Abuhan, Jr as part of accomplishing the Trainers Methodology Level I for Beauty Care Services.

It aims to give additional knowledge and strategies about how to perform Hand Spa according to the Competency Standards of TESDA.

This thesis examines the embodiment of the sexed body and the struggle of fitting into the narrow frames of what a woman is supposed to behave and look like in Japanese cinema. Using the medium of film, I, therefore, seek to produce knowledge regarding the internalized gaze of the oppressor, and self-objectification, caused by the capitalist heteropatriarchy. Thus, I am drawing from cyborg feminism, and the second wave of sexual difference theory's concept of becoming, expanded upon by the Italian-Australian philosopher Rosi Braidotti. I further use the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's notion of masculine domination and the American philosopher Gayle Rubin's charmed circle, in creating a theoretical framework, and using the methods of cultural and feminist film analysis to contextualize the films and locate the subjectification of the women. The movies that I will be analyzing are the Japanese director and poet Sion Sono's Antiporno (アンチポルノ,2016) and the Japanese director and photographer Mika Ninagawa's Helter Skelter (ヘルタースケルター,2012), which both center around two women and their struggle in becoming-cyborg, in relation to power, trauma, sexuality, technology, and beauty ideals in 'modernized' Japan. In that sense, I will study the phenomenon of operating outside the lines of social norms of femininity and desire.

Total Fatty Matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soaps. Higher TFM ensures that soaps are least harmful to the skin and do not cause dryness; in "bathing" bars. Less TFM means very harmful soap, that soap will grasp all the moisture present in the skin making it dry. The various total fatty matters of the soaps were determined according to how it is use in our everyday life. The bathing soaps with identical codes; BS001, BS002, BS003, BS004 and BS005 was determine to have 25.5925%, 35.2745%, 45.9120%, 88.3055% and 30.2067% total fatty matter respectively, comparing with the accepted standards only the soaps with identical code BS004 meet the minimum accepted standard and hence can be classified as grade three (3) soaps. The laundry soaps with identical codes; LS001, LS002, LS003, LS004 and LS005 total fatty matter content were 27.2939%, 30.0590%, 44.7193%, 32.9100% and 35.7595%  respectively. The total fatty matter for the medicated soaps with identical codes; MS001, MS002, MS003, MS004 and MS005 were 56.1656%, 45.3020%, 45.4963%, 50.2323% and 43.5830% respectively and the total fatty matter of the toilet soaps with identical codes; TS001, TS002, TS003, TS004 and TS005 were 67.6253%, 72.9206%, 58.2573%, 42.4820% and 40.4052% respectively. From the result obtained from the analysis, it can be concluded that most of the soaps analyzed did not meet the standard and can therefore be classified as sub-standard soaps.

Arthur Marwick (2004) insisted that physical beauty is only skin deep and nothing else but a visual aphrodisiac, whereas image and characteristics are more important for people to hold value. For some people, saying “beauty is only skin deep” is subjective and dependent on the type of person seeing it. There is also a need to consider various factors that can influence a person’s perception of beauty. Such as culture, environment, society and external influences like the mass media. In the Philippines, having white skin is said to be the equivalent of beauty. It is also associated with power and wealth. It is an ideology that is rooted in the country’s past colonisations by western countries and a narrative portrayed by the country’s media and advertising industry.

This dissertation aims to discuss the various factors that shaped the Filipino people’s idealisation of beauty. It will also conduct an in-depth analysis of the growing influence of the Philippine media and advertising industry in the Filipinos’ perception of white skin privilege and the superiority it suggests over dark skin.

In chapter one, an overview will be given on the general views of beauty before going to its cultural background in the Philippines. It will be followed by a brief discussion on how the country’s media industry portrays people with white and dark skin. Chapter two will present a literature review of past academic studies and online articles relevant to the research. Various media and communication theories such as the Agenda Setting, Social Learning and Gebner’s Cultivation theory will be explored to illustrate how mass media influences people’s view of beauty. How Filipinos use media will be discussed in conjunction with concepts such as Participatory culture and the Uses and gratification theory. Additionally, the Two-step flow theory and the Elaboration likelihood model will be analysed and its correlation to how people are persuaded to form their views from the messages they received through the media.

A case study on how the Philippine media and advertising industry promote white skin superiority will be presented in chapter three. It will be done through the contextual analysis of the brand GlutaMAX’s advertising practices. The brand’s past and current campaigns seem to suggest that having white skin is the standards of beauty and wealth. The brand was also accused of promoting skin discrimination. An in-depth discussion of this case will be conducted in chapter four to analyse its overall impact in parallel with the research topic. The last two chapters will discuss the limitations identified during the dissertation process and provide recommendations on what further research can be conducted. A conclusion will be given at the end to support the significance of this study in the broad understanding and knowledge of the role of mass media in establishing the views of the Filipino people towards beauty and their skin colour.

Frechette (pp. 16-20), Encyclopedia of Gender in Media, Edited by Mary Kosut, 2012, Sage Publications.  Excerpt: "One of the most pervasive and profitable ideologies in mass media is the beauty myth.  Feminist media scholars have used the expression 'beauty myth' to denote the media's ability to create a powerful set of unrealistic ideals that keep girls and women preoccupied with femininity and beauty standards.  Predicated upon bodily stereotypes of Anglo-European whiteness, thinness, buxomness, and curviness, the beauty myth creates what is called a 'normative standard of beauty' that reduces the concept of attractiveness to a limited and exclusive set of age, race, and physical traits.  Within mainstream media, Hollywood actresses and supermodels are heralded as cultural hallmarks of beauty and success, leading to a Western beauty ideology that values girls and women for their appearance over their intellect, ambitions, personality, and unique traits.  Through this exaggeration and glamorization of normative beauty standards, a popular cultural myth forms around the notion of what beauty is and, subsequently, how to attain it.  Ironically, few can ever attain the beauty ideals held as the standard in mainstream media and advertisements, as models and celebrities undergo extreme makeovers, surgeries, and other beauty transformations before ether are filmed and photographed.  The postproduction technique of airbrushing and computer-generated modifications 'perfect' the beauty myth by removing any remaining blemishes or imperfections visible to the eye."  I explore the economics and politics of the beauty myth, as well as analyze how they play out in news, reality television, beauty pageants, and the globalized world.  I also examine how social media and technology play an important role in challenging and resisting this powerful hegemonic standard in society.

Beauty is an abstract idea with no specific definition and dimension, yet it intrinsically moves the entire person 'spirit and heart, intelligence and reason, creative capacity and imagination.' One's perception of beauty is to a large extent based on one's cultural identity. But with the passage of time, standards of beauty have changed, disfiguring the cultural identity and causing chaos and confusion. In India and Africa, people still adopt white standards of beauty. Though these colonized countries are freed and emancipated, their psyche is yet to be decolonized and restored to their original selves. Is it not true that the malaise lies with imperialism? Imperialism is such a destructive political ideology that it not only exploited the economic resources of occupied lands but also destroyed the cultural identities of the subjugated population to perpetuate the regime. Hence, this paper focuses on how imperialism impacted the standards of beauty and analyze various aspects associated with it.

Until recently, beauty, fashion, and femininity have, for the most part, been overlooked by academia in spite of their sociocultural and political meaning, implications concerning power, role as instruments of modernity, and status as technologies of neoliberalism. Instead of recognizing the critical potential of these subjects, scholars have long disregarded them as irrelevant and frivolous.

Discussant: Laura Miller, University of Missouri, St. Louis

1) Jinglin Piao, Cornell University
"Scents and Sensibility: The Sensual Significance of Soap"

2) Emilie Takayama, Northwestern University
"Consuming 'Civilization and Enlightenment' and Modernity: The History of the Modern Beauty Industry in Pre-War Japan"

3) Michelle Ho, Stony Brook University
"Consuming Women in Blackface: Racialized Affect and Transnational Femininity in Japanese Advertising"

4) Sally McLaren, Kwansei Gakuin University
"Fair Traditions: Sri Lankan Media Audiences and the Cultural Value of White Skin"

Organizers: Jinglin Piao and Michelle Ho

Today, there are many black people - predominantly black women - who are using social media to share their experiences of shadeism and challenge the beauty industry's hegemonic beauty standards that are both rooted in and rely on anti-blackness. In this essay, I aim to analyse how the industry enforces the “Beauty Queue” in the modern-day society and how black beauty influencers are addressing shadeism and advocating for change using their online platforms. I will begin by drawing from the work of Professor Margaret Hunter (2005), Professor Shirley-Anne Tate (2010) and Dr Tiffany Gill (2010) to conduct an overview of the institutionalisation of European beauty standards in the beauty and cosmetics industry and early examples of counter campaigns. I will then go on to explore how beauty influencer marketing and social media has impacted the discourse regarding shadeism, diversity, and inclusion within the beauty industry. I will do this by examining social media responses and YouTube reviews by black beauty influencers, such as Jackie Aina, Alissa Ashley and Nyma Tang, in reaction to the controversial Tarte Shape Tape foundation launch of January 2018.

This paper explores beauty ideals prevalent among young women in Chennai, India. It is part of a larger project that contributes to the emerging scholarship around women's experiences in the rapidly changing landscape of urban India, with a focus on young female rural to urban migrants living in the city of Chennai (their destination). Drawing on findings from an ethnographic study of women living in hostel accommodation conducted in 2015 and 2016, I consider the talk, observations, and beauty practices of the research participants. In particular, I explore the ways in which 'lighter' skin colour is privileged as more desirable and how participants both reproduce and contest this construction. The discussion here delves into the obsessive aspiration for lighter skin, its gendered dimensions, and its reflection in online spaces.

This thesis is based on the professional experiences of a small group of transnational Angolan traders known as the Moambeiras, due to their particular method of importing goods: suitcase trading. Considered in Angola as being on the margins of legality, these women travel abroad to bring back manufactured products (clothing, shoes, and women’s accessories) that they transport in their suitcases without declaring the commercial aim of this activity. This practice, used across the African continent, developed during the 1990s in the context of economic scarcity due to clientelistic economic policies. After the end of the Angolan civil war in 2002, allowing for the opening of international relations with partners such as Portugal, Brazil, Dubai and China, the feminization of this commercial practice intensified. However, since 2010 with the constant devaluing of the kwanza against the U.S. dollar, the plummeting of oil prices and the strengthening of bureaucratic and security policies worldwide, these commercial travels have been made more and more difficult to accomplish.
This thesis analyzes these phenomena through different case studies involving two waves of female transnational traders: the first being from Angola to Brazil, and the second from Angola to China. By investigating the specific roles of these African women in the three different spaces where they were observed, the markets of São Paulo, Luanda and Guangzhou, the research fits into the perspective of globalization from below. The business travels of these women also shake up traditional gender roles as well as the sharing of tasks and powers within families. By investigating these emancipatory processes, this research attempts to verify if this commercial activity allows the women to become conscious of the power relations that marginalize them and whether this consciousness develops the capacity to transform them. However, the thesis defended here assumes that the characteristics of the “parallel” economy, where the borders blur between legal and illegal, licit and illicit, condition the capacities of the women’s empowerment and put them at a disadvantage in the collective demands for their rights.  At of time when globalization is accelerating, this study endeavors to give an intimate, feminist vision of mobility through the journey and the life stories of various Angolan women as they travel between Brazil, Angola and China.

Esta monografia tem como tema a relação de parceria estabelecida entre cabeleireiros autônomos e salões de beleza. A relação de parceria ainda não é reconhecida, nem no Código Civil, nem na Consolidação de Leis Trabalhistas (CLT). Trata-se de um modelo oriundo de costumes do mercado de trabalho de beleza. Porém, está em tramitação o Projeto de Lei 5230/2013, sobre a regulamentação desta relação, que propõe a criação das figuras de salão-parceiro e profissional-parceiro, uma nova forma de relação de trabalho formal. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar as diferentes formas que essa relação é operacionalizada dentro das possibilidades de formalização de relações de trabalho no Brasil e as condições de trabalho do cabeleireiro autônomo a partir em relação a autonomia e subordinação e formalidade e informalidade a partir das atuais formas de inserção no mercado de trabalho. Para isso, foram realizadas nove entrevistas com cabeleireiros autônomos de Porto Alegre. Mobilizamos o conceito de contratualização das relações de trabalho (ROSENFIELD ALMEIDA) para dar conta dos processos observados no mercado de beleza e o conceito de zona cinzenta (ROSENFIELD) para situar as relações de parceria no mercado de trabalho. As formas de inserção no mercado de trabalho praticadas pelos cabeleireiros autônomos através das franjas (ROSENFIELD; ALMEIDA, 2014) do mercado formal embaralham categorias da sociologia do trabalho como formal-informal; autonomia-subordinação; bom trabalho; trabalho precário situando-se, assim, na “zona cinzenta”.

Palavras-chaves: Relação de parceria; flexibilização; trabalho; mercado de beleza; cabeleireiros; autoempreendedorismo.

This study intends to explore how Indian beauty YouTubers promote and challenge South Asian beauty ideals that are pivoted on whiteness. While most studies on the subject of skin-lightening are focused on the fields of television and print media, YouTube is a pertinent domain to explore. Considering the power that the video-sharing website commands over the arena of 'influencing', creators on the platform are capable of moulding the perceptions of their audiences by virtue of how they construct their discourses. The paper firstly synthesizes the scholarship on racism, colonialism, representation and the dominant beauty ideal that provides a background to the subject being researched. Furthermore, the complementary concepts of colourism, the caste system in India, the notion of beauty and the tenets of advertising help strengthen the understanding of the context. Finally, the workings of YouTube are deconstructed so as to situate the aforesaid theories within it. The systemic functional and visual semiotic approaches to multimodal discourse analysis are employed in order to analyse the sampled corpus which consists of videos from five beauty channels on YouTube. A close investigation of the media texts highlights the often disparate and sometimes similar discourses of the opposing groups. However, it is seen that owing to the large viewership of the creators who promote skin-whitening, the hegemonic conceptions of beauty tend to dominate the platform. Finally, the purpose of this study is also to underscore the impact that Eurocentric beauty standards have on young women, especially in the digital age, so that there is scope for further research on how established conventions can be destabilized.

Purpose-Advancement in technology has increased the use of social media among Internet users. People are on social media all day and brands cannot miss this opportunity to turn these users into potential customers. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the prominent social media platforms in Indian beauty and wellness industry and to establish dimensions of social media activities. Design/methodology/approach-This is a qualitative study in which in-depth interviews were conducted with owners and managers of beauty and wellness centres, who use social media for promotion of their business. Findings-This study establishes 5M's of social media activities (Motives, Media, Management, Merits and Metrics) that play a major role in social media promotion. It also identifies that Facebook and Instagram are prominent social media platforms for this industry, followed by Snapchat, YouTube and LinkedIn. Research limitations/implications-Being a qualitative study, it is exploratory in nature and confined to beauty and wellness centres only, thus, findings cannot be generalised. Research implication is that social media still preserves its popularity over traditional media for marketing purposes. Practical implications-The results of the study are useful for business owners, promoters and marketers, who are struggling to effectively use this low-cost marketing tool. Social implications-The result of the study are useful in providing awareness and the importance of social media in promoting benefits to the society. Originality/value-Social media is extensively used for promotion of beauty services but there are very few theoretical studies on the same. This paper provides rich understanding about how to use social media effectively using 5M's.

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in hospitals that offer cosmetic surgery to the poor, this article examines the causes of a rapid growth in plastic surgery rates in Brazil over the past two decades. It argues that problems with diverse social origins manifest themselves as aesthetic defects, which are diagnosed and treated by the beauty industry. But plastic surgery also incites the consumer desires of people on the margins of the market economy and mobilizes a racialized ‘beauty myth’ (a key trope in national identity) in marketing and clinical practice. Beauty practices offer a means to compete in a neoliberal libidinal economy where anxieties surrounding new markets of work and sex mingle with fantasies of social mobility, glamour, and modernity.

This article discusses the relationship between affective body politics and gendered norms of urban belonging in Istanbul, Turkey. As I will show, there are specific bodily imaginations and affective desires that tie a classed and racialized appearance to imaginations of modernity, femininity and urban belonging. In Turkey’s largest city, Istanbul, bodily self-fashioning is about expressing and sometimes producing spatial and social difference and distinction. Drawing on Engin Isin’s conceptualization of the everyday ‘acts’ through which subjects constitute themselves as citizens, I propose the notion of ‘aesthetic citizenship’ to highlight the crucial role of beautification and adherence to gender norms for those constructed as female in a competitive urban environment. Gendered, classed and racialized bodies, I argue, are constituted and classified through a ‘visual economy of recognition’ that turns them into tokens of urban belonging or a visceral sense of extraneousness.

Hilos PDO en Bogotá Hilos de rosca PDO Elevación de rosca de cara - Cirugía estética no quirúrgica PDO Thread Lift: los beneficios de un facelift sin el tiempo de inactividad y malestar!

¿Está buscando una manera de apretar y tonificar la piel suelta sin tener que someterse a un procedimiento quirúrgico extenso? No busque más que el elevador de rosca PDO. Este tratamiento mínimamente invasivo puede traer a los pacientes más apretados, más sanos, más jóvenes buscando la piel que puede durar dos años.

Dra Alicia Hernández Medicina Estética Especializada se enorgullece de traer a los pacientes una variedad de tratamientos cosméticos de alta calidad administrados en un lujoso entorno de oficina. Si desea obtener más información sobre nuestra práctica o está interesado en programar una cita de consulta para un elevador de hilos PDO, comuníquese con nosotros hoy mismo.

¿Qué es el Levante de Rosca PDO?

El elevador de rosca PDO es una forma eficaz de levantar y apretar la piel flácida sin necesidad de un procedimiento quirúrgico. Este tratamiento mínimamente invasivo puede rejuvenecer casi cualquier área del cuerpo usando pequeños hilos quirúrgicos hechos de polidioxanona, un hilo con un historial de seguridad bien documentado en la cirugía y el cierre de la herida.

Durante el tratamiento, estos hilos se insertan en la piel usando una micro-aguja, apretándola y elevándola mientras estimula los procesos naturales del cuerpo de curación y rejuvenecimiento. Cuando se utilizan en la cara, estos hilos esculpir un contorno más definido, reducir la redondez facial, y mejorar la aparición de arrugas y líneas finas.

Levantamiento de hilos PDO

¿Qué áreas se pueden utilizar para tratar?

Un elevador de rosca PDO se puede utilizar para tratar la piel floja y flácida en casi cualquier área del cuerpo. Algunas de las áreas de tratamiento más populares incluyen:

Mejillas superiores e inferiores
Jawline
Frente
Frente
Cuello
Brazos
Abdomen
muslos

¿Cuáles son los beneficios de este tratamiento?

A diferencia de los procedimientos tradicionales de lifting facial, el elevador de hilos PDO lleva a los pacientes considerablemente menos tiempo de inactividad y dolor durante el tratamiento y la recuperación. Es más asequible que un lifting facial quirúrgico, al tiempo que permite a los pacientes lograr resultados que pueden durar dos años completos.

¿Qué puedo esperar de un elevador de rosca PDO?

Antes de comenzar un procedimiento de elevación del hilo de la DOP, se utiliza un anestésico local para adormecer el área de tratamiento. Todo el procedimiento puede tardar hasta una hora en completarse. Después del tratamiento, la mayoría de los pacientes experimentan unos días de inactividad, durante los cuales se les instruye para que descansen y sean suaves con el área de tratamiento para controlar la hinchazón y el entumecimiento. Las mejoras en la estanqueidad de la piel y el tono son instantáneas y normalmente duran dos años.

Dra Alicia Hernández Medicina Estética Especializada se enorgullece de ofrecer a los pacientes en el área de Bogotá de Colombia con este tratamiento de vanguardia. ¿Está interesado en aprender más sobre el elevador de hilos PDO? Contacte con Dra Alicia Hernández Medicina Estética Especializada hoy mismo para programar una cita de consulta. ¡Esperamos con interés escuchar de usted!  source: http://lamedicinaesteticabogota.com/?q=content/hilos-pdo-en-bogot%C3%A1-hilo-de-rosca-pdo-elevaci%C3%B3n-de-rosca-de-cara-cirug%C3%ADa-est%C3%A9tica-no
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