Aigner, D. J. & Cain, G.C. 1977. Statistical theories of discrimination in labor markets. Industrial & Labor Relations Review 30 (2): 175–87.
Albrecht, J., Bjorklund, A., & Vroman, S. 2003. Is there a glass ceiling in Sweden? Journal of Labor Economics 21 (1): 145-77.
- Arrow, K. 1973. The theory of discrimination. In O. A. Ashenfelter & A. Rees, (Eds.), Discrimination in Labor Markets, 3-33: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Azmat, G. & Petrongolo, B. 2014. Gender and the labour market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? Labour Economics 30: 32–40.
- Babcock, L. & Laschever, S. 2003. Women don’t ask: Negotiation and the gender divide. Princeton, NJ & Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Babcock, L., Gelfand, M., Small, D. & Stayn, H. 2006. Gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations. In D. De Cremer, M. Zeelenberg, & J. K. Murnighan, Mahway (Eds.), Social psychology and economics: 239-62. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Barron, J., Black D. A., & Loewenstein, M.A. 1993. Gender differences in training, capital and wages. Journal of Human Resources 28 (2): 342–64.
- Becker, G. S. 1957. The economics of discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Blackaby, D., Booth, A. L., & Frank, J. 2005. Outside offers and the gender pay gap: Empirical evidence from the UK academic labour market. Economic Journal 115: F81–F107.
Blau, F. D. & Kahn, L.M. 2016. The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, forthcoming.
Blau, F. D. and Beller, A.H. 1988. Trends in earnings differentials by gender, 1971-1981.†Industrial & Labor Relations Review 41 (4): 513-529.
- Booth, A. L. & Nolen, P. 2012. Gender differences in competition: the role of single-sex education. Journal of Economic Behavior and Education, 81: 542-555.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bowles, H. R., Babcock, L. & Lai, L. 2007. Social incentives for sex differences in the propensity to initiate negotiation: sometimes it does hurt to ask. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103: 84–103.
Clark, A.E. & Oswald, A.J. 1996. Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics 61: 359-381. 15 Croson, R. & Gneezy, U. 2009. Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47:448–74.
- Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. 2002. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3): 573- 598.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Eagly, A. H. 1987. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Flory, J., Leibbrandt, A. & List, J. A. 2015. Do competitive workplaces deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on job entry decisions. Review of Economic Studies, 82(1): 122-155.
Frank, R., H. 1978. Why women earn less: The theory and estimation of differential overqualification. American Economic Review 68 (3): 360-73.
Garrat, R. J., Weinberger, C. & Johnson N. 2013. The state street mil: Age and gender differences in competition-aversion in the field. Economic Inquiry, 51(1): 806–815.
Gneezy, U., Leonard, K. L. & List, J. A. 2009. Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica, 77: 1637-1664.
Gneezy, U., Niederle, M. & Rustichini, A. 2003. Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(3): 1049-1074.
- Goodall, A.H. & Osterloh, M. 2016. Random selection of female leaders. Working paper, Cass Business School and University of Zurich.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Gregory, M. & Connolly, S. 2008. Feature: The price of reconciliation: Part-time work, families and women’s satisfaction. Economic Journal, 118(526): F1-F7.
Guenther, C., Ekinci, N. A., Schwieren, C. & Strobel, M. 2010. Women can’t jump? – An experiment on competitive attitudes and stereotype threat. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 75(3): 395-401.
Hall, R.E. & Krueger, A.B. 2012. Evidence on the incidence of wage posting, wage bargaining, and on-the-job search. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4: 56-67.
- Heilman, M. E. & Okimoto, T. G. 2007. Why are women penalized for success at male tasks? The implied communality deficit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 81-92.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Heilman, M. E. 2001. Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57: 657-674.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Inzlicht, M. 2011. Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 16 Lazear, E. P. & Rosen, S. 1990. Male-female wage differentials in job ladders. Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1): 106-123.
Leibbrandt, A. & List, J.A. 2015. Do women avoid salary negotiations? Evidence from a largescale natural field experiment. Management Science, 61(9): 2016-2024.
- Mazei, J., Hueffmeier, J., Freund, P.A., et al. 2015. A meta-analysis on gender differences in negotiation outcomes and their moderators. Psychological Bulleting, 141(1): 85-104.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Merton, R. K. 1948. The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8: 193–210.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
My role wouldn’t be seen by my manager/employer as worthy of a higher wage 4 I am satisfied in my role 5 Other (Please specify) 990 Prefer not to say Warwick Economics Research Papers ISSN 2059-4283 (online) ISSN 0083-7350 (print) Do Women Ask? Benjamin Artz, Amanda H. Goodall, and Andrew J. Oswald July 2016 No:
Niederle, M. & Vesterlund, L. 2007. Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3): 1067-1101.
Niederle, M. & Vesterlund, L. 2010. Explaining the gender gap in math test scores: The role of competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2): 129–144.
Niederle, M. & Vesterlund, L. 2011. Gender and competition. Annual Review of Economics, 3: 601-630.
- No process Concerned about relationships Role not worthy (1) (2) (3) Female-0.053-0.012-0.015 (-1.546) (-0.397) (-0.429) Demographic controls Yes Yes Yes Job Controls Yes Yes Yes Constant 0.158 0.090-0.042 (0.883) (0.573) (-0.248) R2 0.030 0.024 0.030 T-statistics are in parentheses. ***, ** and * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels. All estimations consist of 1593 observations. Standard errors are clustered by employer. 24 Appendix 1A: Estimations by Age Sub-Samples (AWRS 2013-2014). Full Set of 840 Employer-Dummies Included.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Part-time here is defined as < 38 hours per week. 22 Table 5: Regression Equations for the Reasons that I Did Not Ask for a Pay Rise: (i) I Am Satisfied with My Wage and (ii) I Am Satisfied with My Role (AWRS 2013-2014). Includes a Full Set of 840 Employer-Dummy Variables.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Pay is negotiated Successful since joining I have asked Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Female-0.023-0.051** 0.039-0.053** -0.026-0.015 (-0.624) (-2.387) (1.374) (-2.396) (-0.608) (-0.619) Demographic controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Job controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Constant 0.058 0.172 0.340-0.198* -0.181-0.625*** (0.242) (1.259) (1.430) (-1.748) (-0.926) (-4.817) R2 0.090 0.111 0.046 0.033 0.073 0.101 Observations 1646 2936 1646 2936 1646 2936 T-statistics are in parentheses. ***, ** and * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels. Standard errors are clustered by employer. Demographic and job controls are as listed in Table 3.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Phelan, J., Moss-Racusin, C. & Rudman, L. 2008. Competent yet out in the Cold: Shifting criteria for hiring reflect backlash toward agentic women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4): 406-413.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Sandberg, S. 2013. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Random House: New York.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Schmader, T. & Johns, M. 2003. Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 440–452.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Shurchkov, O. 2012. Under pressure: Gender differences in output quality and quantity under competition and time constraints. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(5): 1189-1213.
- Table 4: Part-time and Full-time Subsamples: Regression Equations for My Pay is Negotiated, I Have Been Successful in Negotiating Since Joining, and I Have Asked for a Pay Rise (AWRS 2013-2014). Includes a Full Set of 840 Employer-Dummy Variables.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now