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WO2022257208A1 - 一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 - Google Patents

一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022257208A1
WO2022257208A1 PCT/CN2021/104708 CN2021104708W WO2022257208A1 WO 2022257208 A1 WO2022257208 A1 WO 2022257208A1 CN 2021104708 W CN2021104708 W CN 2021104708W WO 2022257208 A1 WO2022257208 A1 WO 2022257208A1
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lithium
optionally
positive electrode
electrode material
drying
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PCT/CN2021/104708
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English (en)
French (fr)
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谭强强
纪雪倩
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中国科学院过程工程研究所
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Priority to US18/565,818 priority Critical patent/US20240145688A1/en
Publication of WO2022257208A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022257208A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G53/00Compounds of nickel
    • C01G53/40Nickelates
    • C01G53/42Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
    • C01G53/44Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
    • C01G53/50Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/50Solid solutions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/80Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
    • C01P2004/82Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
    • C01P2004/84Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40Electric properties
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028Positive electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the application belongs to the technical field of batteries, and relates to a composite positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof, and a lithium ion battery.
  • lithium-ion battery cathode materials such as LiCO 2 , LiNiO 2 , ternary materials, LiMn 2 O 4 and LiFePO 4 will not be able to meet people's needs in the future. . Therefore, it is urgent to find lithium battery cathode materials with high energy density.
  • the poor stability of the lithium-rich cathode material itself makes it unable to meet the market demand for fast charging and fast discharging.
  • CN106229580A discloses a heat dissipation material for lithium-ion power batteries, although this method can alleviate the local heat generation of lithium-ion batteries, due to low ion conductivity , will reduce the diffusion efficiency of lithium ions.
  • CN105185966A discloses heat dissipation materials for lithium-ion power batteries. In this method, the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion power batteries are respectively compounded with p-type and n-type thermoelectric materials.
  • thermoelectric potential hinders The diffusion of lithium ions, and the thermoelectric material used in the patent is easily oxidized, decomposing and containing heavy metals that are harmful to the environment.
  • Zuo Yanyan et al. (Zuo Yanyan, 2020, Research and Design of Power Supply Technology) designed a phase change material-thermal conduction medium-forced air convection lithium battery composite heat dissipation system, which was established by Zhang Xiaoguang et al.
  • the purpose of the present application is to provide a composite positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery.
  • the composite positive electrode material provided by the present application can increase the lithium ion diffusion rate, improve the stability performance, and at the same time inhibit the corrosion of the lithium-rich positive electrode material by the electrolyte, and improve the cycle stability of the battery.
  • the present application provides a composite positive electrode material, the positive electrode material includes a core and a cladding layer covering the surface of the core, the core includes a lithium-rich positive electrode material, and the cladding layer includes an n-type thermoelectric material.
  • the composite cathode material provided by this application combines the lithium-rich cathode material with the thermoelectric material. Under the high-voltage platform, the electric work consumed by the metastable path of the lithium-rich cathode material is dissipated in the form of heat, and the surface of the lithium-rich cathode material is coated with a The layered n-type thermoelectric material converts the consumed heat into a local electric field in the same direction as the external electric field, which can increase the diffusion rate of lithium ions and improve the stability. At the same time, it inhibits the corrosion of the electrolyte on the lithium-rich cathode material and improves the cycle stability of the battery.
  • the structural formula of the lithium-rich cathode material is xLi 2 MnO 3 ⁇ (1-x)LiMO 2 , wherein M is Co, Ni, Fe, K, V, Cr, Ge, Nb, Any one or a combination of more than one of Mo, Zr, Al, Sr, Mg or Ti, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, for example, x is 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 or 1, etc.
  • the M is a combination of Co, Ni and Mn.
  • the n-type thermoelectric material has lithium ion diffusion channels.
  • the lithium ion diffusion channel refers to a lithium ion transport channel.
  • the n-type thermoelectric material includes Li a P b NbO 2 , (Nd 2/3-c Li 3c )TiO 3 , (La 2/3-c Li 3c )TiO 3 or Ca e Bi f MnO 3 Any one or a combination of at least two of them; 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.2 in the Li a P b NbO 2 ; the (Nd 2/3-c Li 3c )TiO 3 and (La 2/3-c Li 3c ) TiO 3 , 0.2 ⁇ c ⁇ 2/3; said Ca e Bi f MnO 3 , 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 0.5;
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is (0.01-0.5):1, such as 0.01:1, 0.05:1, 0.1:1, 0.2:1, 0.3:1, 0.4: 1 or 0.5:1 etc.
  • the specific capacity will decrease; if there are too few n-type thermoelectric materials, the coating will be uneven, and the heat released during the reaction cannot be efficiently converted into electrical energy.
  • the present application provides a method for preparing a composite positive electrode material as described in the first aspect, the method comprising the following steps:
  • the composite method includes method 1: mixing the lithium-rich positive electrode material and the n-type thermoelectric material for treatment to obtain the composite positive electrode material ;
  • Or method two disperse and process the raw materials of the lithium-rich positive electrode material and the n-type thermoelectric material to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the preparation method provided by the present application is simple to operate, has a short process, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
  • the advantage of the first method is that it can realize the precise quantification of the coating amount;
  • the advantage of the second method is that the coating is uniform.
  • the preparation method of the lithium-rich cathode material includes: adding a chelating agent to a solution containing a lithium source, a manganese source, and a M source to obtain a mixed solution, heating and stirring to obtain a sol, and The sol is dried and calcined to obtain the lithium-rich cathode material.
  • the molar ratio of lithium source: manganese source: M source is (1+x):x:(1-x), where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, for example x 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 or 1 etc.
  • the M source includes any one of cobalt, nickel, iron, potassium, vanadium, chromium, germanium, niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, aluminum, strontium, magnesium or titanium or a combination of at least two.
  • the M source is any one or a combination of at least two of sulfate, chloride, acetate or nitrate.
  • the lithium source includes any one or a combination of at least two of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate or lithium acetate.
  • the manganese source includes any one or at least two of manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganous oxalate, manganous acetate, manganese sulfate or potassium permanganate combination.
  • the solvent in the preparation method of lithium-rich cathode materials, in the solution containing lithium source, manganese source and M source, includes any one or a combination of at least two of water, ethanol or hydrogen peroxide.
  • the chelating agent is any one or a combination of at least two of amines, amides or citric acid, and may be a combination of amines and amides.
  • the purpose of using a chelating agent in the process of preparing lithium-rich cathode materials is to form a three-dimensional network structure and make the particle size of the material uniform.
  • the amine includes at least one of N-isopropyl-2,4-dichlorobenzylamine, cyclohexamethyleneformamide or N,N-dimethylhexahydropyridine.
  • the amide is at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, succinimide or benzamide.
  • the volume ratio of amine and amide is 1:3-3:1, such as 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 1:2 or 1:3, etc.
  • too much amine will cause the solution to be too alkaline, resulting in precipitation; too much amide will cause the failure to form a three-dimensional network structure.
  • the heating temperature is 40-100°C, such as 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C or 100°C etc., optionally 60-80°C.
  • the stirring is magnetic stirring and/or mechanical stirring.
  • the stirring speed is 200-500rpm/min, such as 200rpm/min, 300rpm/min, 400rpm/min or 500rpm/min, etc.
  • the stirring time is 4-8 hours, such as 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours or 8 hours.
  • the drying includes blast drying and/or vacuum drying.
  • the drying temperature is 80-150° C.
  • the drying time is 5-20 h.
  • the calcination is heating up to 200-700°C, such as 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C or 700°C, etc., and sintering for 1-15h,
  • the heating rate is 1-10°C/min, such as 1°C/min, 2°C/min, 5°C/min, 8°C/min or 10°C/min, etc.
  • the heating rate is 3-8°C/min, such as 3°C/min, 4°C/ min, 5°C/min, 6°C/min, 7°C/min or 8°C/min, etc.
  • the calcination is sintering at 350-650°C for 2-10h, the heating rate is 1-2°C/min, and then sintering at 800-950°C for 10-24h , the heating rate is 3-8°C/min.
  • the atmosphere for the calcination is an air atmosphere and/or an oxygen atmosphere.
  • the preparation method of the n-type thermoelectric material includes: mixing the raw materials of the n-type thermoelectric material by ball milling, drying, and calcining to obtain the n-type thermoelectric material.
  • the ball milling includes one of dry ball milling, wet ball milling, high-energy ball milling or cryogenic ball milling.
  • the rotational speed of the ball mill is 200-2000rpm/min, such as 200rpm/min, 500rpm/min, 1000rpm/min, 1500rpm/min or 2000rpm/min, etc.
  • the ball milling time is 2-48h, such as 2h, 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h or 48h, etc., and may be 2-12h.
  • the drying includes at least one of blast drying, vacuum drying or freeze drying.
  • the drying temperature is 60-120°C, such as 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C or 120°C, etc.
  • the drying time is 8 -24h, such as 8h, 10h, 15h, 20h or 24h, etc.
  • the calcination is at 500-900°C, such as 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C or 900°C, for 2-10h, such as 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h or 10h etc.
  • the Li a P b NbO 2 is prepared by ball milling and mixing Li source, P source and Nb source, drying and calcining.
  • the preparation method of (Nd 2/3-c Li 3c )TiO 3 is as follows: after ball milling and mixing Li source, Nd source and Ti source, drying and calcining.
  • the preparation method of (La 2/3-c Li 3c )TiO 3 is as follows: mixing Li source, La source and Ti source by ball milling, drying and calcining.
  • the preparation method of the Ca e B f MnO 3 is to mix the Ca source, the Mn source and the Bi source by ball milling, drying and calcining.
  • the Li source is one or more of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate and lithium oxalate.
  • the P source is one of phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus trihalide and phosphorus pentahalide.
  • the Nb source is one or more of niobium metal, niobium pentoxide, niobium fluoride, niobium chloride, and niobium nitrate.
  • the Nd source is one or more of neodymium oxide, neodymium chloride, neodymium hydroxide, and neodymium fluoride.
  • the La source is one or more of lanthanum oxide, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum oxalate, and lanthanum carbonate.
  • the Ti source is one or more of titanium oxide, titanium chloride, sodium titanate, and lithium titanate.
  • the Mn source is one or more of manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganous oxalate, manganous acetate, manganese sulfate and potassium permanganate.
  • the Bi source is one or more of bismuth oxide, bismuth nitrate, and bismuth sulfate.
  • processing described in method one is ball milling, drying and calcination.
  • the rotational speed of the ball mill is 200-2000rpm/min, such as 200rpm/min, 300rpm/min, 400rpm/min or 500rpm/min, etc.
  • the ball milling time is 2-48h, such as 2h, 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h or 48h, etc., and may be 2-12h.
  • the drying includes at least one of blast drying, vacuum drying or freeze drying.
  • the drying temperature is 60-120°C, such as 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C or 120°C, etc., and the drying time is 8-24h.
  • the calcination is at 500-900°C, such as 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C or 900°C, for 2-10h, such as 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h , 7h, 8h, 9h or 10h, etc.
  • the dispersing and processing in the second method includes: after ultrasonically dispersing the lithium-rich positive electrode material to obtain a dispersion liquid, dissolving the raw material of the n-type thermoelectric material in the dispersion liquid, adding a chelating agent, heating and stirring, drying and calcining to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the solvent of the dispersion liquid includes at least one of water, ethanol or hydrogen peroxide.
  • the stirring includes magnetic stirring and/or mechanical stirring.
  • the stirring speed is 200-500rpm/min, such as 200rpm/min, 300rpm/min, 400rpm/min or 500rpm/min, etc.
  • the stirring time is 2-8h, such as 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h or 8h.
  • the drying includes blast drying and/or vacuum drying.
  • the drying temperature is 80-150°C, such as 80°C, 100°C, 120°C, 140°C or 150°C, etc.
  • the drying time is 5-20h, such as 5h, 10h, 15h or 20h etc.
  • the calcination is heating up to 400-800°C, such as 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C or 800°C, etc., and sintering for 2-15h, such as 2h, 5h, 10h or 15h, etc., the heating rate is 1-5°C/min, such as 1°C/min, 2°C/min, 3°C/min, 4°C/min or 5°C/min, etc.
  • the calcination is heating up to 400-650° C. for 2-10 hours, and the heating rate is 1-5° C./min.
  • the calcining atmosphere is an air atmosphere and/or an oxygen atmosphere.
  • the dispersing and processing in the second method includes: adding the raw material of the n-type thermoelectric material into the lithium-rich positive electrode material, ball milling, drying, and calcining to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the ball milling includes one of dry ball milling, wet ball milling, high energy ball milling or freezing ball milling.
  • the rotational speed of the ball mill is 200-2000rpm/min, such as 200rpm/min, 500rpm/min, 1000rpm/min, 1500rpm/min or 2000rpm/min, etc.
  • the ball milling time is 2-48h, such as 2h, 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h or 48h, etc., and may be 2-12h.
  • the drying includes at least one of blast drying, vacuum drying or freeze drying.
  • the drying temperature is 60-120°C, such as 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C or 120°C, etc.
  • the drying time is 8-120°C. 24h, such as 8h, 10h, 15h, 20h or 24h, etc.
  • the calcination is at 500-900°C, such as 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C or 900°C, for 5-20h, such as 5h, 6h, 7h , 8h, 9h, 10h, 12h, 15h, 18h or 20h, etc.
  • the method comprises the following steps:
  • thermoelectric material After ball milling and mixing the raw materials of n-type thermoelectric materials at a speed of 200-2000rpm/min for 2-12h, drying at 60-120°C for 8-24h, and calcining at 500-900°C for 2-10h to obtain the n type thermoelectric material; mix the lithium-rich positive electrode material described in step (1) with the n-type thermoelectric material, ball mill and mix at a speed of 200-2000rpm/min for 2-12h, dry at 60-120°C for 8-24h, and dry at 500-900°C , calcined for 2-10h to obtain the composite positive electrode material;
  • step (1) disperse and process the lithium-rich positive electrode material and n-type thermoelectric material raw materials in step (1) to obtain the composite positive electrode material;
  • the dispersing and processing includes: after ultrasonically dispersing the lithium-rich positive electrode material to obtain a dispersion liquid, dissolving the raw material of the n-type thermoelectric material in the dispersion liquid, adding a chelating agent, heating at 50-80°C and heating at 200-500rpm/ Stir at a speed of min for 2-8 hours, dry at 80-150°C for 5-20 hours, heat up to 400-650°C for sintering for 2-10 hours, and heat up at a rate of 1-5°C/min to obtain the composite positive electrode material;
  • the dispersing and processing includes: adding the raw material of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material, ball milling at a speed of 200-2000rpm/min for 2-12h, drying at 60-120°C for 8-24h, and drying at 500-900°C °C, and calcined for 5-20 hours to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the present application provides a lithium ion battery, which includes the composite positive electrode material as described in the first aspect.
  • the composite cathode material provided by this application coats the lithium-rich cathode material with an n-type thermoelectric material, and at the same time, the heat generated by the metastable path of the lithium-rich cathode material is converted into a local electric field, which slows down the circulation of the lithium-rich manganese-based cathode material.
  • the driving force of the structural transformation in the process improves the stability of the structure, thereby improving the stability of the electrochemical performance.
  • the first cycle specific discharge capacity of the composite positive electrode material provided by the present application can reach up to 285mAh ⁇ g -1 , and the capacity retention rate can reach up to 91%.
  • the preparation method provided by this application first uses the sol-gel method to adjust the ratio of amines and amides in the chelating agent to control the exposure of more (010) planes of lithium-rich cathode materials to facilitate the diffusion of lithium ions.
  • lithium-rich cathode materials with high stability by ball milling according to the molecular formula Li 0.3 P 0.1 NbO 2 , lithium nitrate, phosphorus pentoxide, niobium nitrate and lithium-rich cathode materials in step (1) are coated by 5 wt.% was mixed, ethanol was added, ball milled at 1000rpm/min for 10h, and then calcined at 900°C for 12h to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite cathode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich cathode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.6 Ni 0.15 Co 0.05 O 2
  • the outer shell is Li with lithium ion diffusion channels. 0.3 P 0.1 NbO 2 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 3%.
  • lithium-rich cathode material with high stability according to the molecular formula (Nd 1/3 Li)TiO 3 lithium nitrate, neodymium oxide, titanium dioxide and the lithium-rich cathode material obtained in step (1) according to the coating amount of 5.wt % mixed, ball milled at 500 rpm/min for 20 h, and then calcined at 800° C. for 10 h to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite cathode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core, the core is lithium-rich cathode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.55 Ni 0.15 Co 0.1 O 2 , and the outer shell is ( Nd 1/3 Li)TiO 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 3%.
  • lithium-rich positive electrode material with high stability according to the molecular formula Ca 0.99 Bi 0.01 MnO 3 , mix calcium carbonate, manganese nitrate and bismuth nitrate, and mix the n-type Ca 0.99 Bi 0.01 MnO 3 material with the obtained in step (1)
  • the lithium-rich positive electrode material was mixed with a coating amount of 5.wt%, ball milled in liquid nitrogen at 500 rpm/min for 5 hours, and then calcined at 700° C. for 10 hours to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite positive electrode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich positive electrode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.57 Ni 0.08 Co 0.15 O 2
  • the outer shell is Ca with lithium ion diffusion channels. 0.99 Bi 0.01 MnO 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 3%.
  • lithium-rich cathode material with high stability mix calcium carbonate and manganese nitrate according to the molecular formula CaMnO 3 , ball mill at 500rpm/min for 5h, and then calcinate at 800°C for 10h to obtain n-type CaMnO 3 material, and n-type CaMnO 3.
  • Materials were mixed with the lithium-rich positive electrode material obtained in step (1) at a coating weight of 5.wt%, ball milled at 500 rpm/min for 5 hours, and then calcined at 500°C for 5 hours to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite cathode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich cathode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.64 Ni 0.08 Co 0.08 O 2
  • the outer shell is CaMnO with lithium ion diffusion channels. 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 5%.
  • the composite positive electrode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich positive electrode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.48 Ni 0.16 Co 0.16 O 2
  • the outer shell is CaMnO with lithium ion diffusion channels. 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 5%.
  • lithium-rich positive electrode materials by the second sol-gel method: disperse the above-mentioned lithium-rich materials in deionized water for 30 minutes, the coating amount is 5.wt%, and prepare calcium carbonate according to the molecular formula Ca 0.95 Bi 0.05 MnO 3 , manganese nitrate, bismuth oxide and the lithium-rich positive electrode material in step (1) are mixed according to the coating amount of 5.wt%, after ball milling at 500rpm/min for 5h, calcined at 800°C for 10h to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite positive electrode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich positive electrode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.48 Ni 0.16 Co 0.16 O 2
  • the outer shell is Ca with lithium ion diffusion channels. 0.95 Bi 0.05 MnO 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 1%.
  • Lithium nitrate, phosphorus pentoxide, niobium nitrate and the lithium-rich cathode material in step (1) were coated according to the molecular formula Li 0.1 P 0.2 NbO 2 5 wt.% was mixed, ethanol was added, ball milled at 1000rpm/min for 10h, and then calcined at 900°C for 12h to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite positive electrode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich positive electrode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.6 Ni 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2
  • the outer shell is Li 0.1 P 0.2 NbO 2 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 5%.
  • the composite cathode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core, the core is lithium-rich cathode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.55 Ni 0.15 Co 0.1 O 2 , and the outer shell is ( Nd 0.8 Li 1.5 ) TiO 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 10%.
  • lithium-rich positive electrode material with high stability according to the molecular formula Ca 0.9 Bi 0.1 MnO 3 , calcium chloride, bismuth nitrate and manganese nitrate are combined with n-type Ca 0.9 Bi 0.1 MnO 3 material and lithium-rich material obtained in step (1)
  • the positive electrode material was mixed according to the coating amount of 5.wt%, ball milled in liquid nitrogen at 500rpm/min for 5h, and then calcined at 700°C for 10h to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite positive electrode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich positive electrode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.57 Ni 0.08 Cr 0.15 O 2
  • the outer shell is Ca with lithium ion diffusion channels. 0.9 Bi 0.1 MnO 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 5%.
  • lithium-rich cathode material with high stability mix calcium carbonate and manganese nitrate according to the molecular formula CaMnO 3 , ball mill at 500rpm/min for 5h, and then calcinate at 800°C for 10h to obtain n-type CaMnO 3 material, and n-type CaMnO 3.
  • Materials were mixed with the lithium-rich positive electrode material obtained in step (1) at a coating weight of 5.wt%, ball milled at 500 rpm/min for 5 hours, and then calcined at 500°C for 5 hours to obtain the composite positive electrode material.
  • the composite cathode material prepared in this example includes a core and a cladding layer coated on the surface of the core.
  • the core is lithium-rich cathode material Li 1.2 Mn 0.64 Ni 0.08 Mg 0.04 O 2
  • the outer shell is CaMnO with lithium ion diffusion channels. 3 .
  • the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich positive electrode material is 4%.
  • the difference between the composite positive electrode material obtained in this example and the composite positive electrode material obtained in Example 1 is that the structural formula of the lithium-rich positive electrode material is Li 1.2 Mn 0.6 Ni 0.2 O 2 .
  • reaction temperature of step (1) is 60° C., and others are the same as in embodiment 1.
  • Example 1 The difference between this example and Example 1 is that the temperature of the last step in the calcination of step (1) is 800° C., and the others are the same as those in Example 1.
  • Example 1 The difference between this example and Example 1 is that the molecular formula of step (2) is Li 0.2 P 0.2 NbO 2 , and the others are the same as those in Example 1.
  • Example 1 The difference between this example and Example 1 is that the calcination temperature in step (2) is 400° C., and the others are the same as in Example 1.
  • the difference between the composite positive electrode material obtained in this example and the composite positive electrode material obtained in Example 1 is that no uniform coating layer is formed.
  • step (2) is 4h, and the others are the same as in embodiment 1.
  • the difference between the composite positive electrode material obtained in this example and the composite positive electrode material obtained in Example 1 is that no uniform coating layer is formed.
  • the difference between the composite cathode material provided in this example and the composite cathode material provided in Example 1 is that in the composite cathode material in this example, the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich cathode material is 0.008:1.
  • the difference between the composite cathode material provided in this example and the composite cathode material provided in Example 1 is that in the composite cathode material in this example, the mass ratio of the n-type thermoelectric material to the lithium-rich cathode material is 0.06:1.
  • the final product provided by each embodiment and comparative example is used as the positive electrode active material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and superconducting carbon black are uniformly mixed at a mass ratio of 8:1:1, and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is added to make The slurry is coated on an aluminum foil, and dried in a vacuum to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • a metal lithium sheet is used as the negative electrode, and the positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte and separator are assembled into a button battery. The battery is charged and discharged.
  • the test voltage range is 2.0-4.8V, and the current density is 25mA g -1 .
  • the first-cycle discharge specific capacity of the battery and the capacity retention rate after 200 cycles are tested. The test results are shown in the table below.
  • Example 12 because the amine in the chelating agent is too much (reaching the boundary value of the preferred range), the uniformity of the material becomes worse, so the cycle stability becomes worse.
  • Example 13 because the amide in the chelating agent is too much (reaching the boundary value of the preferred range), the microscopic composition of the material changes, so the discharge specific capacity and cycle stability decrease.
  • Example 14 because the heating reaction temperature is lowered (reaching the boundary value of the preferred range), it is not conducive to particle collision and condensation, so the discharge specific capacity is reduced.
  • Example 15 because the calcination temperature is reduced (reaching the boundary value of the preferred range), the solid phase reaction is not particularly sufficient, so the cycle stability is slightly reduced.
  • thermoelectric material in Example 16 is different from that of Example 1, and its product performance is also different from that of Example 1.
  • Example 17 because the calcination temperature is relatively low, no thermoelectric material is formed, so the cycle stability is poor.
  • Example 18 because the calcination time is too short, the thermoelectric material is not fully formed, so the cycle stability is poor.
  • Example 19 due to the lack of n-type thermoelectric materials, the coating is uneven and the cycle stability is poor.
  • Example 20 the specific capacity of the first cycle of discharge is low because there are too many n-type thermoelectric materials.
  • Comparative Example 1 because there is no composite n-type thermoelectric material, the cycle stability of the material is poor.
  • the present application illustrates the detailed method of the present application through the above-mentioned examples, but the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned detailed method, that is, it does not mean that the application must rely on the above-mentioned detailed method to be implemented.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池。所述正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,核心包括富锂正极材料,包覆层包括n型热电材料。所述方法包括:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料进行复合得到复合正极材料;复合的方法包括方法一:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料混合进行处理得到复合正极材料;或方法二:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料的原料分散并进行处理得到复合正极材料。

Description

一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 技术领域
本申请属于电池技术领域,涉及一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池。
背景技术
随着人们对能源需求的日益增大,目前市场上主流的锂离子电池的正极材料如LiCO 2、LiNiO 2、三元材料、LiMn 2O 4和LiFePO 4等,在未来将无法满足人们的需要。因此迫切需要寻找具有高能量密度的锂电正极材料。富锂正极材料xLi 2MnO 3·(1-x)LiAO 2(A=Co,Ni,Cr,Fe)比容量高,工作电压高,价格低廉和对环境友好,被广泛研究。但是,富锂正极材料本身的稳定性能差,使其不能满足市场上对于快充快放得需求。通过研究发现,在高的充电平台下,富锂材料由于锂离子的脱出,氧的损失而发生过渡金属的迁移,向能量更低,更稳定的尖晶石结构转变,消耗的电功将以热量的形式消散(Assat,2019,Nature Energy)。电池热量的产生使电池的安全性降低,同时消耗过多的电功,降低能效。最重要的是耗散的热量会加速体系层状结构向尖晶石结构的转变,降低材料电化学性能的稳定性。
研究人员通过各种努力,试图将产生的热量及时导出,如CN106229580A公布了一种锂离子动力电池的散热材料,这种方法虽然可以缓解锂离子电池局部热的产生,但由于低的离子电导率,会降低锂离子得扩散效率。CN105185966A公开了用于锂离子动力电池的散热材料,这种方法将锂离子动力电池的正负极分别与p型和n型热电材料复合,虽然起到了散热的作用,但产生的热电势阻碍了锂离子的扩散,同时专利中那个所用的热电材料易被氧化,分解出含有对环境有害的重金属。左妍妍等人(左妍妍,2020,电源技术研究与设计)设计了相变材料-导热介质-强迫空气对流的锂电池复合散热系统,张晓光等人(张晓光,2020,机械与电子)建立了相变材料耦合单体锂电池的散热模型,胡尚尚等人(胡尚尚,2020,化工进展)利用有机醇相变材料(十四醇)对软包方形锂电池放电过程的散热,这些设计和改性虽然使电池更好地散热,保持正常工作温度和温度均匀性,但是无法从根本上改变锂电正极材料的结构问题。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池。本申请提供的复合正极材料可以提高锂离子扩散速率,提高稳定性能,同时抑制电解液对富锂正极材料的腐蚀,提高电池的循环稳定性。
为达此目的,本申请采用以下技术方案:
第一方面,本申请提供一种复合正极材料,所述正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心包括富锂正极材料,所述包覆层包括n型热电材料。
本申请提供的复合正极材料将富锂正极材料与热电材料进行复合,富锂正极材料在高压平台下由于亚稳路径消耗的电功以热量的形式消散,在富锂正极材料的表面包覆一层n型热电材料,将消耗的热量转变为与外电场方向一致的局部电场,可以提高锂离子扩散速率,提高稳定性能。同时抑制电解液对富锂正极材料的腐蚀,提高电池的循环稳定性。
以下作为本申请可选的技术方案,但不作为对本申请提供的技术方案的限制,通过以下可选的技术方案,可以更好的达到和实现本申请的技术目的和有益效果。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述富锂正极材料的结构式为xLi 2MnO 3·(1-x)LiMO 2,其中M为Co、Ni、Fe、K、V、Cr、Ge、Nb、Mo、Zr、Al、Sr、Mg或Ti中任意一种或者一种以上的组合,0<x≤1,例如x为0.1、0.2、0.5、0.8或1等。
可选地,所述M为Co、Ni和Mn的组合。
可选地,所述n型热电材料具有锂离子扩散通道。所述锂离子扩散通道是指锂离子的传输通道。
可选地,所述n型热电材料包括Li aP bNbO 2、(Nd 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3、(La 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3或Ca eBi fMnO 3中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;所述Li aP bNbO 2中0<a<0.4,0<b<0.2;所述(Nd 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3以及(La 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3中,0.2<c<2/3;所述Ca eBi fMnO 3中,0.5<e≤1,0≤f<0.5;
可选地,所述n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为(0.01-0.5):1,例如0.01:1、0.05:1、0.1:1、0.2:1、0.3:1、0.4:1或0.5:1等。本申请中,如果n型热 电材料过多,会导致比容量降低;如果n型热电材料过少,会导致包覆不均匀,反应过程中放出的热量无法高效转化成电能。
第二方面,本申请提供一种如第一方面所述复合正极材料的制备方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料进行复合,得到所述复合正极材料;所述复合的方法包括方法一:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料混合,进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料;
或方法二:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料的原料分散并进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料。
本申请提供的制备方法操作简单,流程较短,适于进行产业化大规模生产。其中,方法一的优势在于可实现包覆量的精准定量;方法二的优势在于包覆均匀。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,所述富锂正极材料的制备方法包括:向含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中加入螯合剂,得到混合溶液,加热并搅拌得到溶胶,将所述溶胶干燥、煅烧,得到所述富锂正极材料。
可选地,所述富锂正极材料的制备方法中,锂源:锰源:M源的摩尔比为(1+x):x:(1-x),其中0<x≤1,例如x为0.1、0.2、0.5、0.8或1等。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述M源包括钴、镍、铁、钾、钒、铬、锗、铌、钼、锆、铝、锶、镁或钛中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
可选地,所述M源为硫酸盐、氯化盐、醋酸盐或硝酸盐中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锂源包括碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、硝酸锂或醋酸锂中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锰源包括氯化锰、硝酸锰、草酸亚锰、醋酸亚锰、硫酸锰或高锰酸钾中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中,溶剂包括水、乙醇或双氧水中的任意一种或至少两种的组合。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述螯合剂为胺、酰胺或柠檬酸中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,可选为胺和酰胺的组合。本申请中,在制备富锂正极材料的过程中使用螯合剂的目的在于形成三维网络结构,使材料的粒度 均匀。
可选地,所述胺包括N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺、环六亚甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶中的至少一种。
可选地,所述酰胺为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、丁二酰亚胺或苯甲酰胺中的至少一种。
可选地,所述胺和酰胺的组合中,胺和酰胺的体积比为1:3-3:1,例如1:3、1:2、1:1、1:2或1:3等。所述胺和酰胺的组合中,胺过多会导致溶液碱性过大,生成沉淀;酰胺过多会导致无法形成三维网络结构。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述加热的温度为40-100℃,例如40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃或100℃等,可选为60-80℃。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌为磁力搅拌和/或机械搅拌。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌的转速为200-500rpm/min,例如200rpm/min、300rpm/min、400rpm/min或500rpm/min等。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌的时间为4-8h,例如4h、5h、6h、7h或8h等。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥和/或真空干燥。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述干燥的温度为80-150℃,干燥时间为5-20h。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锻烧为升温到200-700℃,例如200℃、300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃或700℃等,烧结1-15h,例如1h、5h、10h或15h等,升温速率为1-10℃/min,例如1℃/min、2℃/min、5℃/min、8℃/min或10℃/min等,再升温至800-1000℃,例如800℃、900℃或1000℃等,烧结10-24h,例如10h、15h、20h或24h等,升温速率为3-8℃/min,例如3℃/min、4℃/min、5℃/min、6℃/min、7℃/min或8℃/min等。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锻烧为升温到350-650℃烧结2-l0h,升温速率为1-2℃/min,再升温至800-950℃烧结10-24h,升温速率为3-8℃/min。
可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述煅烧的气氛为空气气氛和/或氧 气气氛。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,方法一中,所述n型热电材料的制备方法包括:将n型热电材料的原料球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧,得到所述n型热电材料。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min,例如200rpm/min、500rpm/min、1000rpm/min、1500rpm/min或2000rpm/min等。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,例如2h、10h、20h、30h、40h或48h等,可选为2-12h。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,例如60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃、110℃或120℃等,干燥时间为8-24h,例如8h、10h、15h、20h或24h等。
可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,例如500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃或900℃,煅烧2-10h,例如2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h、8h、9h或10h等。
具体来讲,所述的Li aP bNbO 2的制备方法为将Li源、P源、Nb源球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧。
所述的(Nd 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3的制备方法为将Li源、Nd源、Ti源球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧。
所述的(La 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3的制备方法为将Li源、La源、Ti源球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧。
所述的Ca eBi fMnO 3的制备方法为将Ca源、Mn源,Bi源球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧。
可选地,所述的Li源为碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、硝酸锂、醋酸锂和草酸锂中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的P源为五氧化二磷、三卤化磷、五卤化磷中的一种。
可选地,所述的Nb源为金属铌、五氧化二铌、氟化铌、氯化铌、硝酸铌 酰中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的Nd源为氧化钕、氯化钕、氢氧化钕、氟化钕中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的La源为氧化镧、硝酸镧、草酸镧、碳酸镧中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的Ti源为氧化钛、氯化钛、钛酸钠、钛酸锂中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的Ca源为碳酸钙、氧化钙、氢氧化钙、氯化钙、硝酸钙中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的Mn源为氯化锰、硝酸锰、草酸亚锰、醋酸亚锰、硫酸锰和高锰酸钾中的一种或几种。
可选地,所述的Bi源为氧化铋、硝酸铋、硫酸铋的一种或几种。
可选地,方法一中所述进行处理为进行球磨、干燥和煅烧。
可选地,方法一中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种。
可选地,方法一中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min,例如200rpm/min、300rpm/min、400rpm/min或500rpm/min等。
可选地,方法一中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,例如2h、10h、20h、30h、40h或48h等,可选为2-12h。
可选地,方法一中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种。
可选地,方法一中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,例如60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃、110℃或120℃等,干燥时间为8-24h。
可选地,方法一中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,例如500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃或900℃,煅烧2-10h,例如2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h、8h、9h或10h等。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,方法二所述分散并进行处理包括:将富锂正极材料超声分散得到分散液后,将n型热电材料的原料溶于所述分散液中,加入螯合剂,加热搅拌,干燥后煅烧得到所述复合正极材料。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述螯合剂包括柠檬酸、蔗糖、司班或草酸中的至少一种。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述分散液的溶剂包括水、乙醇或双氧 水中的至少一种。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述加热的温度为40-100℃,例如40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃或100℃等,可选为50-80℃。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌包括磁力搅拌和/或机械搅拌。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌的转速为200-500rpm/min,例如200rpm/min、300rpm/min、400rpm/min或500rpm/min等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌的时间为2-8h,例如2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h或8h等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥和/或真空干燥。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥的温度为80-150℃,例如80℃、100℃、120℃、140℃或150℃等,干燥时间为5-20h,例如5h、10h、15h或20h等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为升温到400-800℃,例如400℃、500℃、600℃、700℃或800℃等,烧结2-15h,例如2h、5h、10h或15h等,升温速率为1-5℃/min,例如1℃/min、2℃/min、3℃/min、4℃/min或5℃/min等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为升温到400-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-5℃/min。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧的气氛为空气气氛和/或氧气气氛。
作为本申请可选的技术方案,方法二所述分散并进行处理包括:将n型热电材料的原料加入富锂正极材料中,球磨后,干燥,煅烧,得到所述复合正极材料。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min,例如200rpm/min、500rpm/min、1000rpm/min、1500rpm/min或2000rpm/min等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,例如2h、10h、20h、30h、40h或48h等,可选为2-12h。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,例如60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃、110℃或120℃等,干燥时间为8-24h,例如8h、10h、15h、20h或24h等。
可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,例如500℃、600℃、700℃、800℃或900℃,煅烧5-20h,例如5h、6h、7h、8h、9h、10h、12h、15h、18h或20h等。
作为本申请所述制备方法的可选技术方案,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)向含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中加入螯合剂,得到混合溶液,60-80℃加热并以200-500rpm的转速搅拌4-8h得到溶胶,将所述溶胶以80-150℃干燥5-20h,升温到350-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-2℃/min,再升温至800-950℃烧结10-24h,升温速率为3-8℃/min,得到所述富锂正极材料;
(2)将n型热电材料的原料以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨混合2-12h后,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h,得到所述n型热电材料;将步骤(1)所述富锂正极材料与n型热电材料混合,以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨混合2-12h,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h,得到所述复合正极材料;
或将步骤(1)所述富锂正极材料与n型热电材料的原料分散并进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料;
所述分散并进行处理包括:将富锂正极材料超声分散得到分散液后,将n型热电材料的原料溶于所述分散液中,加入螯合剂,50-80℃加热并以200-500rpm/min的转速搅拌2-8h,80-150℃干燥5-20h后,升温到400-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-5℃/min,得到所述复合正极材料;
或所述分散并进行处理包括:将n型热电材料的原料加入富锂正极材料中,以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨2-12h后,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧5-20h,得到所述复合正极材料。
第三方面,本申请提供一种锂离子电池,所述锂离子电池包含如第一方面所述的复合正极材。
与现有技术相比,本申请具有以下有益效果:
(1)本申请提供的复合正极材料对富锂正极材料进行n型热电材料的包覆,同时富锂正极材料因亚稳路径产生的热量转化成局部电场,减缓富锂锰基正极材料在循环过程中结构转变的驱动力,提高结构的稳定性,进而提高电化学性能的稳定性。本申请提供的复合正极材料的首圈放电比容量最高可达285mAh·g -1,容量保持率最高可达91%。
(2)本申请提供的制备方法首先利用溶胶凝胶法,通过调节螯合剂中胺和酰胺的比例,调控富锂正极材料暴露更多的(010)面以利于锂离子的扩散。
具体实施方式
为更好地说明本申请,便于理解本申请的技术方案,下面对本申请进一步详细说明。但下述的实施例仅仅是本申请的简易例子,并不代表或限制本申请的权利保护范围,本申请保护范围以权利要求书为准。
以下为本申请典型但非限制性实施例:
实施例1
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.6Ni 0.15Co 0.05O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.6:0.15:0.05称量硝酸锂、硝酸锰、硝酸镍、硝酸钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=1:2,加入N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,将反应温度调节为70℃,在转速为200rpm磁力搅拌下反应5h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至600℃,保温1h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)利用球磨法制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 0.3P 0.1NbO 2将硝酸锂、五氧化二磷、硝酸铌酰与步骤(1)中的富锂正极材料按包覆量5wt.%进行混合,加入乙醇,在1000rpm/min球磨10h后,在900℃煅烧12h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.6Ni 0.15Co 0.05O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的Li 0.3P 0.1NbO 2。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为 3%。
实施例2
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.55Ni 0.15Co 0.1O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.55:0.15:0.1称量醋酸锂、醋酸锰、醋酸镍和醋酸钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺:N,N-二甲基乙酰胺=1:3,加入N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,将反应温度调节为80℃,在转速为500rpm/min磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至850℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式(Nd 1/3Li)TiO 3将硝酸锂、氧化钕、二氧化钛与步骤(1)中得富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在500rpm/min球磨20h后,在800℃煅烧10h得到得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.55Ni 0.15Co 0.1O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的(Nd 1/3Li)TiO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为3%。
实施例3
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.57Ni 0.08Co 0.15O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.57:0.08:0.15称量醋酸锂、醋酸锰、醋酸镍和醋酸钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=2:3,加入N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,将反应温度调节为80℃,在转速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至850℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式Ca 0.99Bi 0.01MnO 3配制将碳酸钙、硝酸锰,硝酸铋混合,将n型Ca 0.99Bi 0.01MnO 3材料与步骤(1)中得富锂正 极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在液氮中500rpm/min球磨5h后,在700℃煅烧10h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.57Ni 0.08Co 0.15O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的Ca 0.99Bi 0.01MnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为3%。
实施例4
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.64Ni 0.08Co 0.08O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.64:0.08:0.08称量氯化锂、氯化锰、氯化镍和氯化钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比环六亚甲基甲酰胺:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=1:3,加入环六亚甲基甲酰胺和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,将反应温度调节为70℃,在转速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于120℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式CaMnO 3配制将碳酸钙、硝酸锰混合,在500rpm/min球磨5h后,在800℃煅烧10h得到n型CaMnO 3材料,将n型CaMnO 3材料与步骤(1)中得富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在500rpm/min球磨5h后,在500℃煅烧5h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.64Ni 0.08Co 0.08O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的CaMnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为5%。
实施例5
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)第一次溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.48Ni 0.16Co 0.16O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.48:0.16:0.16称量氯化锂、氯化锰、氯化镍和氯化钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比环六亚甲基甲酰胺:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=1:5,加入环六亚甲基甲酰胺和N,N-二甲基甲酰 胺,将反应温度调节为60℃,在转速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)利用第二次溶胶凝胶法制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:将上述富锂分散于去离子水中超声30min,包覆量为5.wt%,按分子式CaMnO 3配制硝酸钙、硝酸锰的混合溶液,硝酸钙:柠檬酸=1:3,搅拌30min后,加入到富锂材料分散液中,控制反应温度为80℃,磁力搅拌2h,将混合溶液置于真空烘箱中,120℃干燥10h,然后将干燥后的粉末放置于管式炉中,升温至500℃,保温5h,得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.48Ni 0.16Co 0.16O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的CaMnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为5%。
实施例6
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)第一次溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.48Ni 0.16Co 0.16O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.48:0.16:0.16称量氯化锂、氯化锰、氯化镍和氯化钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶:丁二酰亚胺=1:3,加入N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶和丁二酰亚胺,将反应温度调节为60℃,在转速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应5h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于120℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至100℃,再以2℃/min升温至300℃,再以1℃/min升温至400℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂。
(2)利用第二次溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:将上述富锂分散于去离子水中超声30min,包覆量为5.wt%,按分子式Ca 0.95Bi 0.05MnO 3配制将碳酸钙、硝酸锰、氧化铋与步骤(1)中的富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在500rpm/min球磨5h后,在800℃煅烧10h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.48Ni 0.16Co 0.16O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道 的Ca 0.95Bi 0.05MnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为1%。
实施例7
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.6Ni 0.15Al 0.05O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.6:0.15:0.05称量硝酸锂、硝酸锰、硝酸镍、硝酸铝,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再加入柠檬酸,将反应温度调节为70℃,在转速为200rpm磁力搅拌下反应5h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至600℃,保温1h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)利用球磨法制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 0.1P 0.2NbO 2将硝酸锂、五氧化二磷、硝酸铌酰与步骤(1)中的富锂正极材料按包覆量5wt.%进行混合,加入乙醇,在1000rpm/min球磨10h后,在900℃煅烧12h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.6Ni 0.15Al 0.05O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的Li 0.1P 0.2NbO 2。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为5%。
实施例8
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.55Ni 0.15Co 0.1O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.55:0.15:0.1称量醋酸锂、醋酸锰、醋酸镍和醋酸钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺:N,N-二甲基乙酰胺=1:3,加入N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,将反应温度调节为80℃,在转速为500rpm/min磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至850℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)利用球磨法制备高稳定性能的正极材料:按分子式(Nd 0.8Li 1.5)TiO 3将 硝酸锂、氧化钕、二氧化钛与步骤(1)中得富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在500rpm/min球磨20h后,在800℃煅烧10h得到得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.55Ni 0.15Co 0.1O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的(Nd 0.8Li 1.5)TiO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为10%。
实施例9
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.57Ni 0.08Cr 0.15O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.57:0.08:0.15称量醋酸锂、醋酸锰、醋酸镍和硝酸锗,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再按体积比N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=2:3,加入N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,将反应温度调节为80℃,在转速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于140℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至850℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式Ca 0.9Bi 0.1MnO 3将氯化钙、硝酸铋和硝酸锰将n型Ca 0.9Bi 0.1MnO 3材料与步骤(1)中得富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在液氮中500rpm/min球磨5h后,在700℃煅烧10h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.57Ni 0.08Cr 0.15O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的Ca 0.9Bi 0.1MnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为5%。
实施例10
本实施例按照如下方法制备复合正极材料:
(1)利用溶胶凝胶法制备富锂正极材料:按分子式Li 1.2Mn 0.64Ni 0.08Mg 0.04O 2即摩尔比为1.2:0.64:0.08:0.08称量氯化锂、氯化锰、氯化镍和氯化钴,溶于去离子水中形成混合盐溶液,再加入柠檬酸,将反应温度调节为70℃,在转 速为500rpm磁力搅拌下反应6h得到透明黏性溶胶,将其置于120℃干燥12h得到干溶胶,将干溶胶以5℃/min升温至200℃,再以2℃/min升温至400℃,再以1℃/min升温至500℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min升温至900℃,保温12h得到富锂正极材料。
(2)制备高稳定性能的富锂正极材料:按分子式CaMnO 3配制将碳酸钙、硝酸锰混合,在500rpm/min球磨5h后,在800℃煅烧10h得到n型CaMnO 3材料,将n型CaMnO 3材料与步骤(1)中得富锂正极材料按包覆量5.wt%进行混合,在500rpm/min球磨5h后,在500℃煅烧5h得到所述复合正极材料。
本实施例制备得到的复合正极材料包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心为富锂正极材料Li 1.2Mn 0.64Ni 0.08Mg 0.04O 2,外壳为具有锂离子扩散通道的CaMnO 3。所述复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为4%。
实施例11
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(1)的硫酸钴去掉,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
本实施例得到的复合正极材料与实施例1的到的复合正极材料区别在于,富锂正极材料的结构式为Li 1.2Mn 0.6Ni 0.2O 2
实施例12
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(1)的N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=3:1,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
实施例13
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(1)的N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺=1:3,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
实施例14
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(1)的反应温度为60℃,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
实施例15
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(1)的煅烧中最后一步的温度为800℃,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
实施例16
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(2)的分子式为Li 0.2P 0.2NbO 2,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
实施例17
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(2)的煅烧温度为400℃,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
本实施例得到的复合正极材料与实施例1的到的复合正极材料区别在于,未形成均匀的包覆层。
实施例18
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于,步骤(2)的煅烧时间为4h,其他的均与实施例1中的相同。
本实施例得到的复合正极材料与实施例1的到的复合正极材料区别在于,未形成均匀的包覆层。
实施例19
本实施例提供的复合正极材料与实施例1提供的复合正极材料的区别在于,本实施例的复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为0.008:1。
实施例20
本实施例提供的复合正极材料与实施例1提供的复合正极材料的区别在于,本实施例的复合正极材料中,n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为0.06:1。
对比例1
本对比例仅使用实施例1步骤(1)得到的富锂正极材料作为对照,进行测试。
测试方法
以各实施例和对比例提供的最终产品作为正极活性物质,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和超导炭黑按质量比8∶1∶1均匀混合,加入N一甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)制成浆料,涂敷在铝箔上,真空干燥后得到正极极片。采用金属锂片作为负极,将正极、负极、电解液和隔膜组装成扣式电池。对电池进行充放电测试,测试电压范围为2.0-4.8V,电流密度为25mA g -1,测试电池的首圈放电比容量以及在200圈后的容量保持率,测试结果如下表所示。
表1
Figure PCTCN2021104708-appb-000001
综合上述实施例和对比例可知,实施例1-9提供的复合正极材料具有优良的循环性能。
实施例11因为去除钴,所以材料稳定性降低。
实施例12因为螯合剂中胺偏多(达到优选范围边界值),材料均匀性变差,所以循环稳定性变差。
实施例13因为螯合剂中酰胺偏多(达到优选范围边界值),材料微观组分改变,所以放电比容量和循环稳定性降低。
实施例14因为加热反应温度降低(达到优选范围边界值),不利于颗粒碰撞而凝结,所以放电比容量有所降低。
实施例15因为煅烧温度降低(达到优选范围边界值),固相反应不是特别 充分,所以循环稳定性略有下降。
实施例16中热电材料与实施例1有所不同,其产品性能也与实施例1有所差异。
实施例17因为煅烧温度偏低,热电材料未形成,所以循环稳定性差。
实施例18因为煅烧时间偏短,热电材料未完全形成,所以循环稳定性差。
实施例19因为n型热电材料偏少,导致包覆不均匀,循环稳定性差。
实施例20因为n型热电材料偏多,导致首圈放电比容量低。
对比例1因为没有复合n型热电材料,导致材料循环稳定性差。
申请人声明,本申请通过上述实施例来说明本申请的详细方法,但本申请并不局限于上述详细方法,即不意味着本申请必须依赖上述详细方法才能实施。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种复合正极材料,其包括核心和包覆在核心表面的包覆层,所述核心包括富锂正极材料,所述包覆层包括n型热电材料。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的复合正极材料,其中,所述富锂正极材料的结构式为xLi 2MnO 3·(1-x)LiMO 2,其中M为Co、Ni、Fe、K、V、Cr、Ge、Nb、Mo、Zr、Al、Sr、Mg或Ti中任意一种或者一种以上的组合,0<x≤1。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的复合正极材料,其中,所述n型热电材料具有锂离子扩散通道。
  4. 根据权利要求2或3所述的复合正极材料,其中,所述M为Co、Ni和Mn的组合。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的复合正极材料,其中,所述n型热电材料包括Li aP bNbO 2、(Nd 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3、(La 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3或Ca eBi fMnO 3中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;所述Li aP bNbO 2中0<a<0.4,0<b<0.2;所述(Nd 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3以及(La 2/3-cLi 3c)TiO 3中,0.2<c<2/3;所述Ca eBi fMnO 3中,0.5<e≤1,0≤f<0.5;
    可选地,所述n型热电材料与富锂正极材料的质量比为(0.01-0.5):1。
  6. 一种如权利要求1-5任一项所述复合正极材料的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
    将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料进行复合,得到所述复合正极材料;
    所述复合的方法包括方法一:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料混合,进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料;或方法二:将富锂正极材料与n型热电材料的原料分散并进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其包括:向含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中加入螯合剂,得到混合溶液,加热并搅拌得到溶胶,将所述溶胶干燥、煅烧,得到所述富锂正极材料;
    可选地,所述富锂正极材料的制备方法中,锂源:锰源:M源的摩尔比为(1+x):x:(1-x),其中0<x≤1;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述M源包括钴、镍、铁、钾、钒、铬、锗、铌、钼、锆、铝、锶、镁或钛中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;
    可选地,所述M源为硫酸盐、氯化盐、醋酸盐或硝酸盐中的任意一种或至 少两种的组合;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锂源包括碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、硝酸锂或醋酸锂中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锰源包括氯化锰、硝酸锰、草酸亚锰、醋酸亚锰、硫酸锰或高锰酸钾中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中,溶剂包括水、乙醇或双氧水中的任意一种或至少两种的组合;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述螯合剂为胺、酰胺或柠檬酸中的任意一种或至少两种的组合,可选为胺和酰胺的组合;
    可选地,所述胺包括N-异丙基-2,4-二氯苄基胺、环六亚甲基甲酰胺或N,N-二甲基六氢吡啶中的至少一种;
    可选地,所述酰胺为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、丁二酰亚胺或苯甲酰胺中的至少一种;
    可选地,所述胺和酰胺的组合中,胺和酰胺的体积比为1:3-3:1。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其中,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述加热的温度为40-100℃,可选为60-80℃;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌为磁力搅拌和/或机械搅拌;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌的转速为200-500rpm/min;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述搅拌的时间为4-8h;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥和/或真空干燥;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述干燥的温度为80-150℃,干燥时间为5-20h;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锻烧为升温到200-700℃烧结1-l5h,升温速率为1-10℃/min,再升温至800-1000℃烧结10-24h,升温速率为3-8℃/min;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述锻烧为升温到350-650℃烧结2-l0h,升温速率为1-2℃/min,再升温至800-950℃烧结10-24h,升温速率为3-8℃/min;
    可选地,富锂正极材料的制备方法中,所述煅烧的气氛为空气气氛和/或氧 气气氛。
  9. 根据权利要求6-8任一项所述的制备方法,其中,方法一中,所述n型热电材料的制备方法包括:将n型热电材料的原料球磨混合后,干燥,煅烧,得到所述n型热电材料;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,可选为2-12h;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,干燥时间为8-24h;
    可选地,n型热电材料的制备方法中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h;
    可选地,方法一中所述进行处理为进行球磨、干燥和煅烧;
    可选地,方法一中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种;
    可选地,方法一中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min;
    可选地,方法一中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,可选为2-12h;
    可选地,方法一中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种;
    可选地,方法一中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,干燥时间为8-24h;
    可选地,方法一中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h。
  10. 根据权利要求6-9任一项所述的制备方法,其中,方法二所述分散并进行处理包括:将富锂正极材料超声分散得到分散液后,将n型热电材料的原料溶于所述分散液中,加入螯合剂,加热搅拌,干燥后煅烧得到所述复合正极材料;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述螯合剂包括柠檬酸、蔗糖、司班或草酸中的至少一种;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述分散液的溶剂包括水、乙醇或双氧水中的至少一种;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述加热的温度为40-100℃,可选为50-80℃;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌包括磁力搅拌和/或机械搅拌;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌的转速为200-500rpm/min;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述搅拌的时间为2-8h;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥和/或真空干燥;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥的温度为80-150℃,干燥时间为5-20h;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为升温到400-800℃烧结2-15h,升温速率为1-5℃/min;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为升温到400-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-5℃/min;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧的气氛为空气气氛和/或氧气气氛。
  11. 根据权利要求6-9任一项所述的制备方法,其中,方法二所述分散并进行处理包括:将n型热电材料的原料加入富锂正极材料中,球磨后,干燥,煅烧,得到所述复合正极材料;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨包括干法球磨,湿法球磨、高能球磨或冷冻球磨中的一种;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨的转速为200-2000rpm/min;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述球磨的时间为2-48h,可选为2-12h;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥包括鼓风干燥、真空干燥或冷冻干燥中的至少一种;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述干燥温度为60-120℃,干燥时间为8-24h;
    可选地,所述分散并进行处理中,所述煅烧为在500-900℃下,煅烧5-20h。
  12. 根据权利要求6-11任一项所述的制备方法,其包括以下步骤:
    (1)向含有锂源、锰源和M源的溶液中加入螯合剂,得到混合溶液,60-80℃ 加热并以200-500rpm的转速搅拌4-8h得到溶胶,将所述溶胶以80-150℃干燥5-20h,升温到350-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-2℃/min,再升温至800-950℃烧结10-24h,升温速率为3-8℃/min,得到所述富锂正极材料;
    (2)将n型热电材料的原料以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨混合2-12h后,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h,得到所述n型热电材料;将步骤(1)所述富锂正极材料与n型热电材料混合,以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨混合2-12h,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧2-10h,得到所述复合正极材料;
    或将步骤(1)所述富锂正极材料与n型热电材料的原料分散并进行处理,得到所述复合正极材料;
    所述分散并进行处理包括:将富锂正极材料超声分散得到分散液后,将n型热电材料的原料溶于所述分散液中,加入螯合剂,50-80℃加热并以200-500rpm/min的转速搅拌2-8h,80-150℃干燥5-20h后,升温到400-650℃烧结2-10h,升温速率为1-5℃/min,得到所述复合正极材料;
    或所述分散并进行处理包括:将n型热电材料的原料加入富锂正极材料中,以200-2000rpm/min的转速球磨2-12h后,60-120℃干燥8-24h,在500-900℃下,煅烧5-20h,得到所述复合正极材料。
  13. 一种锂离子电池,其中,所述锂离子电池包含如权利要求1-5任一项所述的复合正极材。
PCT/CN2021/104708 2021-06-10 2021-07-06 一种复合正极材料及其制备方法和锂离子电池 WO2022257208A1 (zh)

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