WO2009099115A1 - 電子写真用現像部材、その製造方法、電子写真用プロセスカートリッジ、及び電子写真用画像形成装置 - Google Patents
電子写真用現像部材、その製造方法、電子写真用プロセスカートリッジ、及び電子写真用画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009099115A1 WO2009099115A1 PCT/JP2009/051913 JP2009051913W WO2009099115A1 WO 2009099115 A1 WO2009099115 A1 WO 2009099115A1 JP 2009051913 W JP2009051913 W JP 2009051913W WO 2009099115 A1 WO2009099115 A1 WO 2009099115A1
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- Prior art keywords
- developing member
- electrophotographic
- surface layer
- average
- electrophotography
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
- G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
- G03G15/0806—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller
- G03G15/0818—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller characterised by the structure of the donor member, e.g. surface properties
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/08—Details of powder developing device not concerning the development directly
- G03G2215/0855—Materials and manufacturing of the developing device
- G03G2215/0858—Donor member
- G03G2215/0861—Particular composition or materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/08—Details of powder developing device not concerning the development directly
- G03G2215/0855—Materials and manufacturing of the developing device
- G03G2215/0858—Donor member
- G03G2215/0863—Manufacturing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49544—Roller making
- Y10T29/4956—Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element
- Y10T29/49563—Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element with coating or casting about a core
Definitions
- Electrophotographic developing member method for producing the same, electrophotographic process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic developing member (hereinafter also simply referred to as a developing member) used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus and a method for producing the same. Furthermore, the present invention
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic process cartridge including the electrophotographic developing member and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-235941 discloses that the developing member is uniformly brought into contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member by setting the hardness of the surface layer of the developer carrying member higher than that of the inner layer, and the developing dip width It is disclosed that a uniform image with good contrast can be formed. In particular, this technology can form images with good image quality in the halftone area.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic developing member capable of achieving both stable suppression of developer adhesion and suppression of deformation by a contact member and stable image formation over a long period of time. .
- the electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention is an electrophotographic developing member having a shaft core and a surface layer containing a urethane resin provided around the shaft core, from the surface of the surface layer.
- the average crosslink density in each region of depth 100 nm, depth 100 nm to 200 nm, and depth 200 nm to 300 nm is C 1, C2 and C3 [mo 1 / cm 3 ] respectively, It is characterized by satisfying the relations (1) to (3):
- the method for producing an electrophotographic member according to the present invention is a method for producing the electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention, comprising: plasma-treating a coating film of the raw material liquid of the surface layer under atmospheric pressure. It is characterized by having.
- the electrophotographic process cartridge according to the present invention includes at least a photosensitive member for forming an electrostatic latent image and an electrophotographic developing member, and is detachable from the electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
- the electrophotographic developing member is the electrophotographic developing member of the present invention.
- an electrophotographic image forming apparatus is an electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising at least a photosensitive member for forming an electrostatic latent image and an electrophotographic developing member.
- the developing member for electrophotography is the developing member for electrophotography of the present invention.
- an electrophotographic developing member capable of achieving both stable suppression of developer and suppression of deformation by an abutting member and stable image formation over a long period of time. JP2009 / 051913
- an electrophotographic process cartridge and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus capable of forming an image stably over a long period of time.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are examples of the electrophotographic developing member of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A shows a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction
- FIG. 1B shows a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
- 2A and 2B are examples of the electrophotographic developing member of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A shows a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction
- FIG. 2B shows a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram of an atmospheric pressure plasma processing apparatus.
- 4A and 4B are schematic diagrams for explaining a plasma generation region with respect to the longitudinal direction of the plasma processing member in the atmospheric pressure plasma processing apparatus.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an example of a process force trough for electrophotography and an image forming apparatus for electrophotography according to the present invention.
- the inventors of the present invention have made it possible to fix the developer by controlling the crosslink density in the region of 300 nm from the surface of the electrophotographic developing member on which the surface layer containing the urethane resin is formed within the range of the present invention. It was found that both suppression and suppression of deformation by the contact member can be achieved.
- the fixing of the developer is caused by the developer being crushed by the pressure between the photosensitive drum and the developing blade in contact with the developing member. For this reason, reducing the average crosslink density of the surface layer containing the urethane resin is effective in suppressing the fixing of the developer.
- the average crosslink density of the surface layer containing the urethane resin is effective in suppressing the fixing of the developer.
- it is effective to increase the average covering density of the surface layer and reduce the deformation amount due to the abutting photosensitive drum or developing blade. Therefore, in the past, the developer was fixed and deformed by the contact member. It was necessary to set the average crosslink density in consideration of the process, and the design freedom was limited.
- the electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention has a shaft core and a surface layer containing urethane resin provided around the shaft core.
- C1, C2, C3 [mo 1 Z cm 3 ] the following formulas (1) to (3) are satisfied:
- the crosslink density in the region of ⁇ 300 nm corresponds to the crosslink density of the urethane resin in the deep layer region.
- Equation (1) is obtained from the surface of the surface layer according to the present invention in the depth direction.
- Equation (2) represents the degree of increase in the crosslink density of the urethane resin in the region of 100 nm from the surface with respect to the crosslink density in the deep layer region.
- the surface layer formed so that the crosslink density increases toward the surface side as defined by the formulas (1) and (2) with respect to the crosslink density in the deep layer region has the contact member at the same position. Even when it is abutted for a long time, permanent deformation hardly occurs. In spite of this, it also has the flexibility of not overly stressing the developer.
- the surface layer satisfying the above conditions (1) to (3) is formed by forming a cured film (urethane resin film) of the urethane resin raw material liquid for forming the surface layer, and then subjecting the urethane resin film to atmospheric pressure. It can be obtained by performing plasma treatment. That is, the crosslink density on the surface of the urethane resin film and in the vicinity thereof can be further increased by the plasma treatment. On the other hand, the crosslink density in the deep part away from the surface of the urethane resin film is hardly changed by the plasma treatment. Therefore, the urethane resin film after the plasma treatment has a cross-linking density that decreases in the depth direction from the surface, and can be a surface layer that satisfies the above conditions (1) to (3).
- the plasma treatment of the surface layer of the urethane resin film is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, specifically, for example, in an atmosphere of nitrogen 95 vo 1% or more. According to such plasma treatment, oxidation of the surface of the urethane resin film is suppressed. As a result, the ratio of carbon atoms / oxygen atoms on the surface (O / C atomic ratio), the OZC atomic ratio in the region from 200 nm to 300 nm deep from the surface that is hardly affected by plasma treatment.
- the value of 1 is in the numerical range of 0.27 or more and 0.44 or less. be able to. In other words, it is possible to avoid introducing a large amount of oxygen atoms on the surface of the urethane resin film even by plasma treatment. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the acquisition of excessive charge imparting ability to the developer, which may occur when the surface layer contains a large amount of oxygen atoms.
- the electrophotographic developing member 10 preferably satisfies the following conditions (4) and (5):
- each of 01, 02, and O 3 has a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the surface layer 13, a depth of 100 nm to 200 nm, and a depth of 200 nm to 300 nm.
- O l is 0.8 to 1.1 times 03, it is easy to suppress a decrease in the crosslinking density of the surface layer.
- Ol is 0.27 or more, it is easy to obtain charge imparting property to the developer, and when Ol is 0.44 or less, it is easy to make charge imparting property to the developer uniform. .
- the most basic configuration of the electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention includes a shaft core and a surface layer containing urethane resin formed around the shaft core. Further, a configuration in which a surface layer is formed on the surface of a resin layer having desired elasticity formed on the peripheral surface of the shaft core body is also included in the scope of the present invention. In such a configuration, the resin layer may be a multilayer.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B and FIGS. 2A and 2B Examples of the electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B and FIGS. 2A and 2B.
- Figures 1A and 2A in Figures 1A, IB, and 2A, 2B show cross sections parallel to the longitudinal direction of the electrophotographic developing material.
- Figures 1B and 2B Represents a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the developing member for electrophotography.
- an electrophotographic developing member 10 has a resin layer 12 and a surface layer 13 formed as a coating layer around a cylindrical shaft core 11.
- the electrophotographic developing member 10 has only a surface layer 13 formed as a coating layer around a cylindrical shaft core 11.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B The electrophotographic developing member shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B will be described in detail below.
- the material of the shaft core 11 is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive, and can be appropriately selected from carbon steel, alloy steel, pig iron, and conductive resin.
- the alloy steel include stainless steel, nickel chrome steel, nickel chrome molybdenum steel, chrome steel, chromium molybdenum steel, nitriding steel to which Al, Cr, Mo and V are added.
- the shaft core material can be plated and oxidized as a countermeasure against fouling. Use either electro plating or electroless plating as the plating type. 9 051913
- electroless plating is preferable from the viewpoint of dimensional stability.
- the types of electroless plating used here are nickel plating, copper plating, gold plating, force dip plating, and other various types of alloy plating.
- the types of nickel plating include N i—P, N i—B, N i—W—P, and N i—P—P T F E.
- the film thickness is preferably 0.05 mm or more, but more preferably 0.10 to 30.0 / m.
- Natural rubber, isoprene rubber, styrene rubber, butyl rubber, butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, urethane rubber, and silicone rubber can be used as the material of the resin layer 12. These materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Furthermore, foams of these materials may be used.
- the thickness of the resin layer 12 is preferably 0.5 to 10 mm to give sufficient elasticity to the electrophotographic developing member 10.
- the developing member 10 can have sufficient elasticity and wear of the photosensitive drum can be suppressed.
- the cost of the electrophotographic developing member 10 can be reduced by making the thickness of the resin layer 12 10 mm or less.
- the hardness of the resin layer 12 is preferably 10 to 80 degrees in terms of A s kerr — C hardness.
- a s k e r — C hardness of the resin layer 12 By setting the A s k e r — C hardness of the resin layer 12 to 10 degrees or more, it is possible to prevent the oil component from oozing out from the rubber material constituting the resin layer 12 and to suppress contamination of the photosensitive drum.
- a ske r-C hardness of the resin layer 12 to 80 degrees or less, abrasion of the photosensitive drum can be suppressed.
- a filler may be added to the resin layer 12 within a range that does not impair the properties of low hardness and low compression set.
- Filler materials include quartz fine powder, fumed silica, wet silica, diatomaceous earth, zinc oxide, basic magnesium carbonate, activated calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate, titanium dioxide, talc, mica powder, sulfuric acid Examples include aluminum, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, glass fiber, organic reinforcing agent, and organic filler.
- the surface of these fillers is It may be hydrophobized by treatment with an organosilicon compound such as polydiorganosiloxane.
- the resin layer 12 preferably contains a conductive agent and is made of a rubber material having a volume resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 1 ⁇ 10 1 () ⁇ ⁇ cm.
- the volume resistivity of the resin layer material is a 1 X 10 4 ⁇ 1 X 10 ⁇ ⁇ * cm, it is possible to obtain a uniform charge controllability to the developer. More preferably, 1 X 10 4 to 1 X 10 9 ⁇
- Examples of the means for making the material of the resin layer 12 conductive include a method of making the material conductive by adding a conductivity-imparting agent based on an ionic conduction mechanism or an electronic conduction mechanism to the material.
- Examples of the conductivity imparting agent based on the ion conduction mechanism include the following. Li CF 3 S 0 3 , N a C 10 4 , L i C 10 4 , L i A s F 6 , L i BF 4 , N a S CN, KS CN, Na CI, etc. Metal salts; Ammonium salts such as NH 4 C 1, (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , NH 4 N0 3, etc. Periodic table of C a (C 10 4 ) 2 , B a (C 10 4 ) 2 etc.
- Salts of Group metals complexes of these salts with polyhydric alcohols such as 1,4-monobutanediol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycolol, propylene darricolene, polypropylene glycol, and their derivatives; Complexes with monools such as polyethylene glycolenomonomonoethyle / ieriole, polyethylene glycolenomonomonomethylate / le, polyethylene glycolenomonomonoethyl ether; quaternary Cationic surfactant such as ammonium salt; aliphatic sulfonate, alkyl Amphoteric surfactants such as betaine; sulfates, anionic surfactants such as alkyl phosphate ester salt.
- polyhydric alcohols such as 1,4-monobutanediol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycolol, propylene darricolene, polypropylene glycol, and their derivatives
- Carbon-based materials such as carbon black and graphite; metals or alloys of aluminum, silver, gold, tin-lead alloy, copper-nickel alloy; zinc oxide, titanium oxide, oxide Three
- These conductivity-imparting agents based on the ion conduction mechanism and the electron conduction mechanism can be used alone or in combination of two or more in the form of powder or fiber.
- carbon black is preferably used from the viewpoint of easy control of conductivity and economy.
- the volume resistivity of the resin layer material can be measured by the following method. First, a flat test piece is produced by curing the material of the resin layer 12 under the same conditions as the molding of the resin layer 12 to the same thickness as the resin layer 12. Next, a test piece having a diameter of 3 O m m is cut out from the test piece. One side of the cut specimen is provided with a vapor-deposited film electrode (back electrode) by performing Pt—Pd vapor deposition on the entire surface, and the other surface is also made of Pt—Pd vapor-deposited film with a diameter of 1 A 5 mm main electrode film and a guard ring electrode film with an inner diameter of 18 mm and an outer diameter of 28 mm are provided concentrically.
- a vapor-deposited film electrode back electrode
- the Pt-Pd vapor-deposited film is obtained by using a mild sputtering E10 30 (trade name, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.) and performing a vapor deposition operation at a current value of 15 mA for 2 minutes. The sample after the vapor deposition operation is used as the measurement sample.
- the volume resistance of the measurement sample is measured under the following conditions using the following apparatus.
- the main electrode is placed so that it does not protrude from the main electrode film of the measurement sample.
- place the guard ring electrode so that it does not protrude from the guard ring electrode film of the measurement sample. Measurements should be performed in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C and humidity of 50% RH. Prior to measurement, the measurement sample should be left in that environment for at least 12 hours.
- Sample box for ultra-high resistance meter measurement T R 4 2 (trade name, manufactured by adobantest), • Main electrode: Metal with a diameter of 1 O mm and a thickness of 10 mm,
- 'Guard ring electrode metal with an inner diameter of 20 mm, outer diameter of 26 mm, thickness of 10 mm,' resistance meter: ultra-high resistance meter R 8 3 4 0 A (trade name, manufactured by Advantest),
- the volume resistivity RR ( ⁇ cm) of the resin layer material can be obtained by the following equation.
- the surface layer 13 satisfies the above conditions (1) to (3), preferably the above conditions (1) to (5), particularly preferably the above conditions (1) to (7).
- a constituent material of such a surface layer 13 it is preferable to use a urea resin which is a nitrogen-containing compound. This is because the developer can be stably charged.
- the binder resin of the surface layer 13 is more preferably made of a urethane resin obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound and a polyol.
- isocyanate compound examples include the following. Diphenylmethane 4, 4, Diisocyanate, 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate, 3, 3, Monodimethyl bifurole 4, 4, Diisocyanate, 4, 4, Dicyclohexane Hexinomethane Isocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, carbodiimide-modified MDI, xylylene diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, naphthylene diene Isocyanate, Parafuji dirange isocyanate, to Polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate. Moreover, these mixtures can also be used and the mixing ratio may be any ratio.
- divalent polyols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycolol, propylene glycolol, dipropylene glycolol, 1,4 1-butanediol / re, hexanediol Nore, Neopentinoleglycol, 1,4-SiC Hexandiol, 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol, Xylene Glycol Nore, Triethylene Glycol Nore;
- polystyrene resin As trivalent or higher polyols, 1,1,1,1trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, sorbitol. Furthermore, polyols such as a high molecular weight polyethylene glycol obtained by adding ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to diol or triol, polypropylene glycol or ethylene oxide / propylene oxide block glycol can also be used. Moreover, these mixtures can also be used and the mixing ratio may be any ratio.
- the surface layer 13 can be used with conductivity imparted.
- As a method for imparting conductivity it is possible to use the same method as that for the resin layer 12 described above.
- the thickness of the surface layer 13 is preferably from 1 .. 0 to 500. 0 im. Further, the thickness of the surface layer 13 is more preferably 1.0 to 50.0 ⁇ . When the surface layer 1 3 is 1.0 ⁇ or more, durability can be provided. Also 500.
- MD-1 hardness can be lowered and fixing of the developer can be suppressed.
- the MD-1 hardness of the electrophotographic developer member 10 is measured using a micro rubber hardness tester (MD-1 capa type A (trade name; manufactured by Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) in peak hold mode at a temperature of 23 ° C.
- MD-1 capa type A (trade name; manufactured by Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) in peak hold mode at a temperature of 23 ° C.
- the MD-1 hardness of the electrophotographic developing member 10 is 25.0 ° or more and 40.40.
- the angle of 0 ° or less is preferable because the fixing of the developer and the deformation caused by the contact member can be effectively suppressed.
- ⁇ 0— The hardness is more preferably 3 2 ° to 38 °.
- the surface roughness of the electrophotographic developing member 10 greatly affects the developer conveying force. Therefore, the table specified in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) B 06 0 1: 1 9 94 It is preferable that the center line average roughness R a in the 13 surface roughness standard is 0.0 5 to 3. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- the center line average roughness R a in the 13 surface roughness standard is 0.0 5 to 3. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- the surface layer 13 contains particles having a desired particle size. It is also possible to form a desired surface roughness by performing an appropriate polishing treatment before and after forming the surface layer. In that case, when only the surface layer is formed, polishing treatment may be performed after the surface layer is formed. In the case of forming a plurality of surface layers alone, the polishing treatment may be performed after forming a part of the plurality of layers, or the polishing treatment may be performed after forming all of the plurality of layers. In the case where the resin layer and the surface layer are formed, a polishing process may be performed after the resin layer is formed, or a polishing process may be performed after the surface layer is formed.
- metal particles and resin particles having a particle diameter of 0.1 to 30.0 ⁇ m can be used.
- resin particles that are highly flexible, have a relatively low specific gravity, and are easy to obtain coating stability are more preferable.
- the resin particles include urethane particles, nylon particles, acryl particles, and silicone particles. These resin particles can be used singly or as a mixture of plural kinds. In the case of forming a plurality of surface layers, all of the plurality of layers may contain particles, or at least one of the plurality of layers may contain particles.
- the outermost surface The surface layer located at is preferably within the above range. More preferably, 3. 0 X 1 0- 4 mo 1 / cm 3 or more 5. 0 X 1 0- 4 mo 1 Zc m 3 Ru following ranges der.
- the surface layer contains a primary binder resin as a main component.
- a polyurethane prepolymer having a weight average molecular weight of 400 to 1 1 00 and 0 as a polyol and isocyanate is mixed at a ratio of ⁇ 00 equivalent of 1.1 to 1.5 and reacted.
- One resin Specifically, a polyurethane prepolymer having a hydroxyl group at the terminal can be used as the polyurethane prepolymer, and a block isocyanate can be used as the isocyanate.
- the NCO equivalent represents the ratio ([NCO] / [OH]) between the number of moles of isocyanate group in the isocyanate compound and the number of moles of hydroxyl group in the polyol component.
- the surface layer having an average OZC atomic ratio in the range of 0.25 to 0.55 it is preferable to perform atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. If it is 0.25 or more, it is easy to obtain a charge imparting property to the developer after plasma processing. If it is 0.5 or less, it is easy to make the charge imparting property to the developer uniform after the plasma treatment.
- the surface layer located on the outermost surface is preferably within the above range. More preferably, it is in the range of 0.28 to 0.40.
- the developing member for electrophotography of the present invention is preferably manufactured by forming a cured film of a coating solution of the raw material liquid of the surface layer around the shaft core, and then performing plasma treatment under atmospheric pressure. Can do.
- An outline of an apparatus used for atmospheric pressure plasma processing applicable to the present invention is as follows. This will be explained with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an atmospheric pressure plasma processing apparatus for realizing the electrophotographic developing member manufacturing method of the present invention.
- the plasma processing apparatus 30 in FIG. 3 includes a chamber 3 1, a plasma electrode 3 2, a high frequency power source 3 3, a gas inlet 3 4, a gas exhaust 3 5, and a pulse generator 3 9.
- a corona discharge surface processing apparatus manufactured by Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd.
- Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd. can be mentioned.
- a material that is subjected to atmospheric pressure plasma treatment comprising a shaft core body, an elastic layer formed around the shaft core, and a urethane resin film that covers the surface of the elastic layer (hereinafter referred to as “processed object 3 1 0”)
- processed object 3 1 0 both ends of the mandrel are supported by support portions 36 installed in the chamber 31 and arranged in parallel with the electrodes at a desired interval.
- the shaft core body of the workpiece 3 10 is grounded via the support portion 36 and connected to the rotation drive portion 37.
- the plasma electrode 32 is insulated from the chamber 31 and is further connected to a high frequency power source 33 that outputs high frequency power of a desired frequency.
- a pulse generator 39 is connected to the high frequency power source 33, and the high frequency power can be pulse-modulated as necessary.
- the plasma electrode 32 is preferably composed of a metal conductor for supplying high-frequency power and a ceramic covering the periphery thereof in order to suppress the occurrence of sparks.
- the gas inlet 3 4 is connected to a gas cylinder (not shown) via a regulator, and the gas exhaust 3 5 is connected to a vacuum pump (not shown).
- a purge port 38 for purging the inside of the chamber 1 3 is installed.
- the workpiece 3 10 is placed at a desired position.
- the inside of the chamber 31 is evacuated from the gas exhaust port 35 by operating the vacuum pump.
- the desired vacuum level is reached, stop the exhaust and introduce gas.
- the workpiece 3 10 is rotated. Thereafter, desired high-frequency power is supplied from the high-frequency power source 33 to the plasma electrode 32, plasma is generated between the workpiece 310 and the plasma electrode 32, and processing is started. When the desired processing time has elapsed, the supply of electric power and rotational driving are stopped, the processing is completed, and the electrophotographic developing member 10 is obtained.
- the plasma treatment time and plasma generation conditions are selected so that the surface layer obtained by the plasma treatment satisfies the above conditions (1) to (3).
- the plasma treatment time is preferably 1 to 30 seconds. Setting it for 1 second or more is preferable because a uniform processing effect can be obtained in the circumferential direction. Further, it is preferable to set it to 30 seconds or less because it is possible to suppress a decrease in the crosslinking density due to excessive temperature rise by plasma.
- the pressure in the chamber 31 when generating the plasma is around 9 2 00 0 to 1 1 1 0 0 0 Pa at atmospheric pressure in order to increase the density of charged particles in the plasma for efficient processing. It is preferable to form the plasma under the treatment.
- the frequency and input power of the high frequency power supplied to the plasma electrode 32 are appropriately selected according to the pressure in the chamber. Specifically, a frequency of 1 kHz to 3 GHz is preferable. In particular, when atmospheric pressure plasma is generated, the plasma can be stably formed, so that 1 kHz to 15 MHz is preferable, and 5 to 100 kHz is more preferable.
- the input power is not particularly limited because it depends on the apparatus configuration and the plasma generation region. However, it is preferable to increase the input power within a range in which the occurrence of sparks and the overheating of the developing member does not occur, because the processing can be performed efficiently.
- the duty ratio is preferably in the range of 50% to 80%.
- the duty ratio is the ratio of the time during which power is applied to one cycle of pulse-modulated high-frequency power. By setting the duty ratio to 50% or more, sufficient energy can be given to increase the crosslink density. In addition, by setting the duty ratio to 80% or less, it is possible to suppress a decrease in cross-linking density caused by an excessive temperature rise due to plasma.
- the duty ratio is more preferably in the range of 60% to 75%.
- the distance between the plasma electrode 32 and the electrophotographic developing member 10 is not particularly limited as long as it is substantially uniform in the longitudinal direction.
- An appropriate range may be selected according to the power supply frequency to be used so that the plasma is uniformly formed, but in general, an interval of 1 to 10 mm is preferable.
- a thickness of 1 mm or more is preferable because the occurrence of sparks can be suppressed. Further, the thickness is preferably 10 mm or less because the plasma can be formed uniformly.
- the amount of nitrogen in the chamber 31 may be controlled for processing.
- the amount of nitrogen in the chamber 1 can be controlled by supplying nitrogen gas after evacuating the chamber 31 once.
- the plasma generation region can be arbitrarily controlled by the apparatus configuration.
- plasma 40 can be formed and processed over the entire area of the workpiece 3 10 in the axial direction.
- the locally formed plasma 40 is moved in the longitudinal direction of the workpiece 3 10 indicated by the arrow. 2009/051913
- the entire region in the axial direction of the electrophotographic developing member 10 may be processed by scanning.
- a plasma processing apparatus for generating plasma as shown in Fig. 4B, a plasma irradiation surface modification apparatus (trade name: PS-601 C; manufactured by Kasuga Denki Co., Ltd.) can be mentioned.
- the rotation speed of the electrophotographic developing member 10 is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the rotation speed of 1 to 300 rpm can be uniformly processed.
- the average cross-linking density 2. 0 X 10- 4 mo 1 / cm 3 or more 7. 0 X 10 4 mo 1 Z cm 3 or less in the range [Condition ( 3) Control so that This control can be performed by selecting the raw material of the urethane resin film and adjusting the curing conditions when producing the urethane resin film. At this time, the average OZC atomic ratio of the urethane resin film is also measured.
- plasma generation conditions are determined. In particular, the input power and the amount of nitrogen in the chamber are determined so that the average O / C atomic ratio in the vicinity of the surface after the plasma treatment can satisfy the conditions (4) and (5) without lowering the crosslinking density. .
- the average crosslink density from the surface to a depth of 100 nm is 1.3 to 5.0 times [Condition (2)] before plasma treatment, preferably 1.5 to 3.0 times [Condition (6)].
- And condition (1) Plasma treatment is performed to satisfy [and condition (7) if necessary].
- the image forming apparatus for electrophotography of the present invention comprises at least a photoconductor for forming an electrostatic latent image and an electrophotographic developing member.
- the electrophotographic process cartridge of the present invention comprises at least a photoconductor for forming an electrostatic latent image and an electrophotographic developing member, and is configured to be detachable from the main body of the electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
- the electrophotographic image forming apparatus 500 is configured by arranging various members for electrophotography as shown in FIG.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 5 0 1 is charged by the charging roller 5 0 2 with a predetermined polarity and a uniform potential on the surface.
- an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the target image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 50 1 by the exposure light 50 3 modulated by the target image information.
- This electrostatic latent image is visualized as a developer image by a developer 50 5 supplied by a developing roller 50 4 which is an electrophotographic developing member according to the present invention.
- the developing roller 5 0 4 is supplied with developer from the developer storage tank 5 1 4 by the developer supply roller 5 1 3 on the surface, and the developer blade 5 1 5 has a uniform thickness by the developer blade 5 1 5.
- Supply roller 5 1 3 and development blade 5 1 5 are in contact.
- the developer remaining on the developing roller 5 0 4 that is not used when developing the electrostatic latent image on the developing roller 50 4 is temporarily removed from the developing roller 5 0 4 by the developing agent supply roller 5 1 3. Be beaten.
- the visualized developer image is transferred to the recording material 5 0 7 by applying a voltage to the recording material 5 0 7 conveyed by the paper feed slot 1 5 6 by the transfer roller 5 0 8 from the back side. .
- the recording material 50 7 onto which the developer image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing unit constituted by a fixing roller 50 09 and a pressure roller 51 10, undergoes image fixing, and is output as an image formed product.
- the photosensitive drum 51 is cleaned by the cleaning unit 51 1 1 to remove the developer remaining on the photosensitive drum 51, and is discharged by a discharging member (not shown), and proceeds to the charging process again.
- the developer removed by the cleaning unit 5 1 1 is collected in a waste developer container 5 1 2.
- a cleaning roller as a member of the ring portion 5 11. It should be noted that a necessary voltage is applied to the charging roller 50 2, the developing roller 50 4, and the transfer roller 50 8 by a bias application power source.
- the electrophotographic process cartridge is configured such that at least the photosensitive drum and the electrophotographic developing member can be exchanged together, and can be attached to and detached from the main body of the electrophotographic image forming apparatus.
- the electrophotographic process cartridge may be integrated with a charging roller, a cleaning unit, etc., excluding the transfer roller and the fixing unit.
- each developer is transferred to the recording material, and image fixing is performed to output a color image formed product.
- a developing sleeve can be used in place of the developing roller 50 4.
- the average crosslinking density in the vicinity of the surface of the electrophotographic developing member of the present invention is determined by a combination of microsampling mass spectrometry and swelling.
- the average crosslink density can be generally determined by the B ⁇ jun method described later.
- No. 3 has a very thin surface layer of 100 nm, which must be sampled, so it is difficult to determine the average crosslink density using the swelling method. Therefore, in the present invention, the microsampling method is used in combination.
- the surface of the developing member to be measured is cut into thin pieces with a microtome, and a sample is prepared.
- a depth of 100 nm from the surface a depth of 100 nm to 20 nm, a depth of 200 nm to 30 nm, and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m square, thickness A 100 nm thin piece is prepared.
- an ion trap MS device installed in Polaris Q (trade name, manufactured by Thermo Electron) is used. Fix the sample to the filament located at the tip of the probe and insert it directly into the ionized chamber. After that, heat rapidly from room temperature to 1000 ° C at a constant heating rate. The evaporated sample is ionized by electron beam irradiation and detected by a mass spectrometer.
- thermogravimetric-mass analysis a thermal kumatogram similar to the TG-MS (simultaneous thermogravimetric-mass analysis) method with a mass spectrum called total 'ion' chromatogram (TIC) is obtained.
- the temperature (peak temperature) at which the obtained thermochromatogram is maximum shows a very good correlation with the average crosslink density of the sample. Accordingly, a plurality of test pieces of urethane resin hardened material having different crosslink densities made of the raw material liquid for the surface layer are prepared, and the average crosslink density is obtained using a swelling method described later. Next, for each test piece, the peak temperature is determined using the microsampling method described above.
- the average crosslink density in the thickness region can be determined from the peak temperature of the flakes created from the force in each thickness region of the surface layer.
- the calculation method of the average crosslinking density by the swelling method is as follows.
- a plurality of test pieces made of a cured urethane resin having a size of 1 Omm ⁇ 1 Omm and a thickness of 10 m are prepared by curing the surface layer raw material liquid. These specimens are immersed in toluene for 72 hours to swell and swell, and then dried at room temperature for 48 hours. Then, for each test piece, the weight W [g] and the specific gravity p [g / cm 3 ] in the initial state (before immersion), at the time of saturation swelling, and after drying are measured. From these, the average crosslink density V [mo 1 / cm 3 ] of each test piece is calculated by the following formula. The mass and density were measured using a dry automatic densitometer Accupic 1 330 (trade name, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). From these forces, the average crosslink density V [mo 1 / cm 3 ] is calculated by the following formula.
- V v — (V 0 / V s ) (1 n (1 -V r ) + V r + V r 2 ) / (V r 1/3 V. 2/3 — 2 V 4)
- V s molar volume of solvent (toluene) [cm 3 ] (106. 8)
- V Average crosslink density [mo 1 cm 3 ]
- the average OZC atomic ratio in the vicinity of the surface of the electrophotographic developing member of the present invention was measured by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under the following conditions.
- the sample is also a microtome, 100 nm deep from the surface, 10 deep
- a developing roller having a resin layer and a surface layer provided as a coating layer around a cylindrical shaft core was produced.
- mandrel used was plated with nickel to a diameter 6 mm, 3,113,304 made core metal surface length 2791111 1 1.
- liquid silicone rubber As a material for the resin layer, liquid silicone rubber was prepared as follows. First, the following materials were mixed to form a liquid silicone rubber base material.
- Quartz powder as a filler (Pen s y l va n i a G l a s s S a n d, product name: Min—US i l): 7 parts by mass;
- Carbon black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo, trade name: Denka Black, powdered product 8 parts by mass.
- This base material was mixed with a trace amount of a platinum compound as a curing catalyst and 3 parts by mass of organohydrodiene polysiloxane were mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1 to obtain a liquid silicone rubber.
- An axial core is placed in the center of a cylindrical mold with an inner diameter of 12 mm, and it is poured into the cylindrical mold. 9051913
- This liquid silicone rubber was injected from the inlet, heated and cured at 120 ° C for 5 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and then the resin layer integrated with the shaft core was removed. Further, the curing reaction was completed by heating at a temperature of 200 ° C. for 4 hours, and a resin layer containing silicone rubber having a thickness of 3 mm as a main component was provided on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft core.
- urethane resin particles (trade name: C 400 transparent, diameter 14 ⁇ m, manufactured by Negami Kogyo Co., Ltd.) were added, uniformly dispersed, and mixed to obtain a raw material liquid for the surface layer.
- the shaft core on which the resin layer was formed was immersed in the raw material liquid for the surface layer to form a coating film of the raw material liquid, and then pulled up and allowed to dry naturally.
- a heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 140 ° C. for 60 minutes to cure the surface layer raw material liquid, and a urethane resin film having a thickness of about 20 ⁇ was obtained.
- the outer diameter at this time is approximately 12 mm, and the length of the coating layer is 23 5 mm, JISB 0601: 1994 Center line average roughness Ra force 1.
- the average crosslink density of the urethane resin film obtained by the swelling method was 4.4X 1 Cr 4 mol Zcni 3 .
- the average O / C atomic ratio measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was 0.40.
- the average crosslink density of the urethane resin film was changed by changing only the heat treatment time for curing the coating film of the raw material liquid of the surface layer. Then, both the mouth-mouth sampling mass spectrometry and the swelling method were performed, and the relational expression between the peak temperature and the average bridge density at which the thermal chromatogram obtained from the micro-sampling mass spectrometry was the maximum was obtained.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results. From this evaluation result, the following relational expression of peak temperature and average crosslink density was obtained.
- An object to be processed which is made by laminating a resin layer and a urethane resin film on a shaft core, is applied to a plasma processing apparatus installed in a room controlled at a temperature of 23 ° C and a humidity of 50% RH.
- the gap between the surface of the oil film and the electrode was 3 mm.
- the atmosphere in the chamber was an atmospheric atmosphere of nitrogen 78 V 0 1%, and the pressure was 101000 Pa.
- the developing roller was driven to rotate at a rotation speed of 60 rpm, and plasma processing was performed by supplying electric power with a frequency of 35 kHz with a power ratio of 15 OW and a duty ratio of 100%.
- the processing time was 3 seconds.
- image evaluation was performed with an electrophotographic image forming apparatus using another developing roller produced under the same conditions.
- the electrophotographic image forming apparatus Co 1 ol L ase R J ET 3600 (trade name) manufactured by Hew l ett-P a kka rd was used.
- a special cyan cartridge was used for the process cartridge, and only the developing roller was replaced.
- the process cartridge incorporating the developing roller according to this experiment was mounted on the image forming apparatus main body and left in an environment with a temperature of 15 ° (:, humidity of 10% RH for 24 hours. 15000 images were output 25,000 sheets longer than the nominal life, and then a solid white image was output in the same environment, and the fogging value was measured by the following method.
- the fog value is measured using a reflection densitometer TC-1 6DSZA (trade name, manufactured by Tokyo Denshoku Technology Center Co., Ltd.) to measure the reflection density of transfer paper before image formation and the reflection density of transfer paper after solid white image formation.
- the increase in reflection density was taken as the fog value of the developing roller.
- the reflection density was measured over the entire image printing area of the transfer paper, and the minimum value was taken as the reflection density of the transfer paper. The smaller the fog value, the better.
- the obtained results were evaluated based on the following criteria. 2009/051913
- evaluation “A” and the evaluation “B” are levels at which “fog” cannot be recognized on the image by visual inspection.
- the evaluation “C” and the evaluation “D” are levels at which “fogging” can be clearly recognized on the image.
- the developer is hardly transferred onto the transfer paper on which the solid white image is formed, and the fog value is less than 2.0.
- the developing roller with the developer fixed on the surface has insufficient charge amount of the developer on the developing roller. For this reason, even when a solid white image is formed, the developer moves onto the photosensitive member and is further transferred onto the transfer paper to cause fogging. Therefore, the fog value can be used as an index for fixing the developer to the developing roller.
- the temperature of the process cartridge that incorporates the developing roller of this experiment is 50. C and humidity were left in an environment of 95% RH for 20 days. Thereafter, the developing roller was taken out of the process cartridge, and the deformation amount of the developing blade contact portion was measured.
- the amount of deformation of the developing roller is defined by the depth of the concave shape formed at the developing blade contact portion, and measured using a laser displacement sensor (LT 1950 V (trade name), manufactured by Keyence Corporation). .
- a laser displacement sensor was installed in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the developing roller, the developing roller was driven to rotate, the displacement of the developing roller surface was read, and the amount of deformation at the developing blade contact portion was measured. The amount of deformation was measured at 5 points with a pitch of 43 mm in the longitudinal direction, and the average value of 5 points was used.
- a horizontal streak-like image defect (hereinafter referred to as a set) is formed. Since there is a good correlation between the amount of deformation and image damage, the amount of deformation was used as a set index. The amount of deformation was evaluated according to the following criteria.
- C deformation is greater than or equal to 6. O / m and less than ⁇ ⁇ ,
- “D” Deformation amount is 7.0 im or more.
- evaluation “A” and the evaluation “B” are levels at which the set cannot be visually recognized on the image.
- evaluation “C” and the evaluation “D” are levels at which the set can be clearly recognized on the image.
- developing rollers according to Example 1-1-1-5 and Comparative Example 1-1 1-1_3 were prepared and evaluated under the conditions of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment.
- the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment conditions were changed in the nitrogen concentration (N 2 amount), supply power, treatment time, presence / absence of pulse modulation, and duty ratio in the atmosphere in the chamber.
- the duty ratio is shown as 100% when pulse modulation is not used.
- Table 2 shows the processing conditions at this time and the evaluation results for the resulting developing roller.
- an isocyanate compound mixed with the polyurethane polyol prepolymer was changed to produce a urethane resin film having an average OZC atomic ratio different from that in Experiment 1.
- 100.0 parts by mass of polyurethane polyol precursor and isocyanate (trade name: Takenate B 830; manufactured by Mitsui Takeda Chemical Co., Ltd.) 7.
- Add 2 parts by mass to make ⁇ 00 equivalent to 1.2 I did it.
- the workpiece to be subjected to plasma treatment was manufactured in the same manner as in Experiment 1.
- the above isocyanate is TMP-modified TDI, and f (average number of functional groups) is equivalent to 3.
- Table 2 shows the processing conditions at this time and the evaluation results for the resulting developing roller.
- a developing roller was prepared by changing the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment conditions for the workpiece prepared in Experiment 1 as shown in Table 5 below, and evaluated. As shown in Table 4, the plasma treatment conditions were changed in the nitrogen concentration (N 2 amount) of the atmosphere in the chamber and the duty ratio of pulse modulation.
- fine spark traces may occur after treatment. Therefore, the appearance was evaluated based on the following criteria for the presence of spark marks and the presence of image defects when power was relatively high.
- Table 4 shows the processing conditions at this time and the evaluation results for the resulting developing roller.
- Example 5-6 force to 5_8 the atmospheric pressure plasma was formed by supplying high-frequency power pulse-modulated to a duty ratio of 50% or more and 80% or less by the pulse width modulation method. Image formation was possible.
- the above-described embodiments are merely examples of implementation in carrying out the present invention, and the technical scope of the present invention should not be construed as being limited thereby. . In other words, the present invention can be implemented in various forms without departing from the technical idea or the main features thereof.
- This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2 0 0 8-0 2 7 6 3 3 filed on Feb. 7, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference. As part of the application.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
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CN200980100433.1A CN101802722B (zh) | 2008-02-07 | 2009-01-29 | 电子照相显影构件、其生产方法、电子照相处理盒和电子照相图像形成设备 |
EP09707505.5A EP2244132B1 (en) | 2008-02-07 | 2009-01-29 | Developing member for electrophotography, process for producing the developing member, process cartridge for electrophotography, and image forming apparatus for electrophotography |
KR1020107019241A KR101188052B1 (ko) | 2008-02-07 | 2009-01-29 | 전자 사진용 현상 부재, 그 제조 방법, 전자 사진용 프로세스 카트리지 및 전자 사진용 화상 형성 장치 |
US12/533,201 US7798948B2 (en) | 2008-02-07 | 2009-07-31 | Electrophotographic developing member, process for its production, electrophotographic process cartridge and electrophotographic image forming apparatus |
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EP (1) | EP2244132B1 (ja) |
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- 2009-01-29 KR KR1020107019241A patent/KR101188052B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-01-29 CN CN200980100433.1A patent/CN101802722B/zh active Active
- 2009-01-29 WO PCT/JP2009/051913 patent/WO2009099115A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2009-01-29 EP EP09707505.5A patent/EP2244132B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-02-05 JP JP2009024934A patent/JP4311760B1/ja active Active
- 2009-07-31 US US12/533,201 patent/US7798948B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4311760B1 (ja) | 2009-08-12 |
US20090290907A1 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
JP2009211063A (ja) | 2009-09-17 |
KR20100103886A (ko) | 2010-09-28 |
US7798948B2 (en) | 2010-09-21 |
CN101802722A (zh) | 2010-08-11 |
EP2244132A1 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
CN101802722B (zh) | 2012-08-22 |
KR101188052B1 (ko) | 2012-10-04 |
EP2244132B1 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
EP2244132A4 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
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