WO2004063797A1 - 分散補償素子、光学結晶、分散補償システム、分散補償方法 - Google Patents
分散補償素子、光学結晶、分散補償システム、分散補償方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004063797A1 WO2004063797A1 PCT/JP2004/000170 JP2004000170W WO2004063797A1 WO 2004063797 A1 WO2004063797 A1 WO 2004063797A1 JP 2004000170 W JP2004000170 W JP 2004000170W WO 2004063797 A1 WO2004063797 A1 WO 2004063797A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/015—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction
- G02F1/025—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction in an optical waveguide structure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2513—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion
- H04B10/25133—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion including a lumped electrical or optical dispersion compensator
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
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- G02F1/0131—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, elasto-optic effects based on photo-elastic effects, e.g. mechanically induced birefringence
- G02F1/0134—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, elasto-optic effects based on photo-elastic effects, e.g. mechanically induced birefringence in optical waveguides
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
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- G02F1/0147—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on thermo-optic effects
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/015—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction
- G02F1/0151—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction modulating the refractive index
- G02F1/0152—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements having potential barriers, e.g. having a PN or PIN junction modulating the refractive index using free carrier effects, e.g. plasma effect
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
- G02F1/0322—Arrangements comprising two or more independently controlled crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/10—Materials and properties semiconductor
- G02F2202/105—Materials and properties semiconductor single crystal Si
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/05—Function characteristic wavelength dependent
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/26—Pulse shaping; Apparatus or methods therefor
Definitions
- Dispersion compensation element optical crystal
- dispersion compensation system dispersion compensation method
- the present invention relates to a dispersion compensator, a dispersion compensation system, and the like for compensating chromatic dispersion generated during optical pulse transmission.
- the speed at which light travels through a substance is determined by the refractive index of the substance.
- the refractive index changes according to the frequency of light (wavelength in air), so that the speed of light depends on the wavelength. It is known that the wavelength dependence of the refractive index distorts the waveform of an optical pulse while the optical pulse travels through a substance, which causes the pulse width to be widened.
- wavelength dispersion Such a characteristic that the light speed varies depending on the wavelength of light.
- the waveform of the optical pulse is distorted and the time width of the optical pulse is expanded while traveling in the optical fiber, but the time width of the optical pulse is large at the conventional transmission speed. This is not a major problem.
- the data transmission speed If the intensity increases, crosstalk and transmission errors occur due to interference between the light pulses before and after. For this reason, simply increasing the transmission speed with the current technology cannot achieve higher-speed data communication.
- a photonic crystal has a structure in which two substances having different refractive indices are periodically arranged, and a specific waveguide is formed by forming a defective waveguide (continuous missing portion) by partially deficient in this arrangement. Only the light of the frequency passes, and a guided mode that gives a specific chromatic dispersion to this light is generated. By using this waveguide mode, the chromatic dispersion of the optical fiber transmission line is compensated (for example, Kazuhiko Hosomi, Toshio Katsuyama, "Light propagation characteristics of photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide (2)"). , "The 3rd Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Applied Physics, 3rd Volume", The Japan Society of Applied Physics, September 24, 2002, p. ) 0
- the chromatic dispersion is caused by the wavelength (or frequency, hereinafter simply referred to as wavelength) dependence of the phase of the optical pulse as described above.
- wavelength or frequency
- the position of the light wave A phase is represented as a polynomial developed by terms of different wavelengths (power exponents) around a certain wavelength.
- the coefficient of the second-order term corresponds to the lowest-order chromatic dispersion, followed by the third-order, fourth-, and fifth-order coefficients (for example, Kensuke Ogawa, Optical pulse measurement ",” Ultrafast Optical Electronics Technology, Handbook “, Cypec Co., Ltd., January 31, 2003, Chapter 2, 2.4. :)
- wavelength dispersion compensation techniques using photonic crystals or optical fiber diffraction gratings can compensate for chromatic dispersion for individual orders such as the second, third, and fourth order.
- the chromatic dispersion could not be compensated for the order of. This makes it impossible to achieve chromatic dispersion compensation for ultra-high-speed, large-capacity optical communications using a wide spectral band.
- an ultrahigh-speed and large-capacity optical fiber transmission line is designed by itself so that the transmission characteristics of an optical pulse are optimized. That is, the chromatic dispersion is configured to be zero for the entire transmission line.
- an optical fiber transmission line laid on the sea floor or the like may deviate from the optimized condition of the optical fiber transmission line due to effects of temperature, pressure, vibration, and the like.
- the chromatic dispersion in an optical fiber transmission line changes constantly between positive and negative.
- the present invention has been made based on such a technical problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide a dispersion compensating element, a dispersion compensating system, and the like that can realize a high transmission speed of an optical pulse. Disclosure of the invention
- the dispersion compensating element of the present invention compensates for chromatic dispersion of an optical pulse incident from the outside, and a waveguide for guiding an optical pulse from an incident end to an output end; And a dispersion varying means for varying the absolute value and the sign of the chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse.
- any configuration may be adopted, but for example, the following configuration is suitable.
- the waveguide can be formed by an optical element such as a photonic crystal.
- a photonic crystal is formed by alternately and periodically arranging two substances having different dielectric constants, and a waveguide is formed by continuously removing the other substance present in one substance. Can be formed.
- the signs of the chromatic dispersion with respect to the optical pulse are made different from each other, and positive and negative regions can be provided.
- the wavelength for the light pulse The order of the variances can also be different. In this way, dispersion compensation can be performed for positive or negative or multi-order chromatic dispersion.
- regions having different signs of chromatic dispersion are provided for each order of chromatic dispersion with respect to the optical pulse, it is possible to cope with positive and negative fluctuations in each order. In such a case, if the dispersion compensating element compensates for chromatic dispersion up to the nth order, 2 (n ⁇ 1) regions are provided.
- the plurality of regions provided in this manner are preferably provided in an array that minimizes the reflection of the light pulse at the boundary between the adjacent regions.
- an energy applying member for independently applying energy such as electricity, heat, and pressure from the outside is provided, so that the light pulse is given. It is possible to configure a dispersion varying means for freely varying the absolute value and the sign of the chromatic dispersion.
- the carrier density of the waveguide can be changed, and the refractive index of the waveguide can also be changed.
- An energy applying member for applying a voltage is electrically connected to the terminal.
- the crystal element of the photonic crystal may be an integrated crystal or a combination of a plurality of separate crystals.
- the present invention relates to a waveguide for guiding an optical pulse from an input end to an output end, and a carrier having a different carrier density from the waveguide.
- Such a dispersion compensating element can be formed by using a photonic crystal in which a plurality of regions having different combinations of sizes and intervals of the other substance existing in one substance are arranged along a direction in which the waveguide is continuous. Good, but photonics with only one region where the combination of size and spacing of the other material in one material is single A lock crystal may be used.
- the present invention can be considered as an optical crystal alone such as a photonic crystal. That is, the optical crystal of the present invention includes a periodic array layer formed by alternately and periodically arranging two substances having different dielectric constants. A plurality of regions where the other material arranged in a row is continuously missing and a continuous missing portion is formed, and in the direction in which the continuous missing portion is continuous, the periodic arrangement characteristics of the other material in one material are different. The feature is that is formed.
- the periodic arrangement characteristics include the size and the interval of the other substance arranged in one substance.
- the plurality of regions have different absolute values or signs of chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse when the optical pulse passes through the continuous missing portion.
- An optical crystal can also be formed by laminating, on the periodic array layer, another layer formed of a material having a different refractive index from one of the substances forming the periodic array layer.
- the continuous missing portion may be formed three-dimensionally in the periodic array layer, but is preferably formed two-dimensionally in order to enhance the easiness of design and manufacture. For the same reason, it is preferable that the continuous missing portion is formed linearly from one end to the other end of the periodic array layer.
- a different-density region having a carrier density different from that of the continuous missing portion may be formed in the periodic array layer.
- the different density region has a higher carrier density than the continuous missing portion.
- An electrode for applying a voltage to the periodic array layer is connected to such a different density region. That is, this different density region functions as a terminal portion. In this case, in order to suppress electric resistance, it is preferable that the different density region has a larger area than the plurality of regions.
- the present invention relates to a dispersion compensation system for an optical pulse propagating through an optical pulse transmission line. You can also catch it.
- the dispersion compensation system extracts an optical pulse propagated through the optical pulse transmission line at an optical pulse extraction unit provided on the optical pulse transmission line, and outputs the optical pulse propagated through the optical pulse transmission line.
- the chromatic dispersion is compensated by giving chromatic dispersion to the dispersion compensator.
- the absolute value and sign of the chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse are feedback-controlled by the dispersion compensating unit based on the optical pulse extracted by the optical pulse extracting unit by the control unit.
- the dispersion compensator includes a waveguide having a plurality of regions having different wavelength dispersions given to the optical pulse incident from the optical pulse transmission line, and energy for changing a refractive index of the waveguide for each region of the waveguide. And an energy applying unit for applying the energy independently from the outside.
- the controller controls the absolute value and sign of the chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse by the dispersion compensator by controlling the amount of energy applied by the energy applying unit.
- control unit refers to the data storage unit based on the characteristics of the light pulse extracted by the light pulse extraction unit, that is, the characteristics of the light pulse before compensation obtained by monitoring this light pulse, and the energy application unit Obtain data on the amount of energy to be applied. Then, based on this energy amount data, the dispersion compensator controls the absolute value and sign of the chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse.
- the present invention provides an optical pulse extracting unit provided on an optical pulse transmission line and extracting an optical pulse propagated through the optical pulse transmission line, and an optical pulse extracting unit provided on the optical pulse transmission line and propagated through the optical pulse transmission line In order to change the refractive index of the dispersion compensator by changing the carrier density of the dispersion compensator based on the dispersion compensator that gives chromatic dispersion to the optical pulse and the optical pulse extracted by the optical pulse extractor, And a voltage control unit that controls the voltage applied to the dispersion compensating unit, and can be regarded as a dispersion compensating system for the optical pulse propagating through the optical pulse transmission line.
- the present invention provides a switch for extracting an optical pulse propagated through an optical pulse transmission path. Determining the absolute value and the sign of the chromatic dispersion given to the optical pulse propagated through the optical pulse transmission line based on the extracted optical pulse; and Fluctuating the chromatic dispersion applied to the optical pulse propagated through the pulse transmission line.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the configuration of the dispersion compensating element according to the present embodiment
- FIG. 2 (a) is a cross-sectional view of the dispersion compensating element
- FIG. 2 (b) is a plan view of (a)
- FIG. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the core layer.
- Fig. 4 is a frequency-wavenumber characteristic curve.
- Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the differences in the waveguide modes in the regions (1) and (II).
- Fig. 5 is the normalized wavenumber.
- (A) is a diagram showing the case where the branch of the waveguide mode is closest at zero wavenumber
- (b) is a diagram showing the case where the branch is closest at the Brillouin zone boundary
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a dispersion compensating element when performing multi-order dispersion compensation.
- FIG. 6 (a) is a plan view of a core layer
- FIG. 6 (b) is a diagram showing a difference in a waveguide mode in each region
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the principle of compensation when performing multi-order dispersion compensation
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a dispersion compensation system
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a dispersion compensating element that varies the refractive index by changing the carrier density of the defect waveguide.
- FIG. 10 is a dispersion compensation having the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a plan view showing an example of the element
- FIG. 11 is a plan view showing another example of the dispersion compensating element having the cross-sectional structure shown in FIG. 9, and
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional structure shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing a further example of the dispersion compensating element having the following.
- FIG. 13 is a view showing another example of the dispersion compensating element.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a schematic configuration of a dispersion compensating element constituting a dispersion compensation system according to the present embodiment.
- the dispersion compensating element (dispersion compensating section) 10 X is composed of a photonic crystal section 20 and an electrode (dispersion) provided on one surface of the photonic crystal section 20. (Variation means, energy applying member).
- the photonic crystal part 20 is formed by laminating a cladding layer (other layer) 22 and a core layer (periodic array layer) 23 on a substrate 21.
- the cladding layer 22 is formed of a silicon oxide film (Si 2 ) or a silicon nitride film
- the core layer 23 is formed of a silicon crystal (S i) as a dielectric.
- the core layer 23 has holes 24 formed periodically.
- the core layer 23 is made of a material (for example, gas such as air, or may be filled with another substance) that fills the hole 24 with the base material (for example, Si) of the core layer 23. It is formed by alternately and periodically arranging two types of substances having different dielectric constants (refractive indexes).
- the holes 24 are formed not only in the core layer 23 but also in the clad layer 22, but this is due to manufacturing reasons, and at least only in the core layer 23. What is necessary is just to be formed.
- the holes 24 formed in the core layer 23 have a predetermined radius (size) r, are arranged in a triangular lattice shape having an equilateral triangle as a unit cell, and the holes 24 in each unit cell are at a predetermined interval. (The length of one side of an equilateral triangle.) Separates a.
- the core layer 23 has regions (1) and (II) in which the radius r of the hole 24 and the interval a are set differently.
- the cladding layer 22 on the lower surface and air on the upper surface exists on the upper and lower surfaces of the core layer 23
- Light incident from the incident end on one end side of the defective waveguide 25 propagates while being reflected on the upper and lower surfaces of the core layer 23 and exits from the exit end on the other end side of the defective waveguide 25.
- an electrode 30 is provided on one side of the photonic crystal part 20, specifically, on the side facing the core layer 23 instead of the substrate 21. .
- the electrode 30 is for externally applying energy for changing the refractive index of the core layer 23.
- electrodes 30A and 30B are provided independently as electrodes 30 corresponding to regions (I) and (II).
- a power supply (not shown) and a controller (not shown) for controlling the voltage applied by the power supply are externally connected to the electrodes 30A and 30B.
- the dispersion variation means is configured.
- the controller separately controls the voltage applied from the power supply to the electrode 30 in the region (I) and the electrode 30B in the region (1 I), thereby giving the voltage in the regions (I) and (II).
- the chromatic dispersion is varied independently, and optimal dispersion compensation is thereby performed.
- the substrate 21 of the photonic crystal 20 impurities formed of silicon containing (S i) in order to have conductivity
- the cladding layer 22 is a silicon oxidation film (S i 0 2) or
- the silicon nitride and the core layer 23 were formed of silicon crystal (Si) as a dielectric.
- the thicknesses of the cladding layer 22 and the core layer 23 were 100 nm and 220 nm, respectively.
- the thicknesses of the cladding layer 22 and the core layer 23 are under the condition that the transverse mode of the defect waveguide 25 is single (23 nm or more and 240 nm or less with respect to transverse electric (TE) polarized light).
- a resist is applied on a material forming the core layer 23, and a pattern of predetermined holes 24 is formed on the resist by a technique such as photolithography. Then, a pattern of holes 24 for forming the defect waveguide 25 is formed on the material for forming the core layer 23 by dry etching. Here, the portion of the hole 24 was air.
- the arrangement of the holes 24 was a triangular lattice having an equilateral triangle as a unit cell, and the period was different between the regions (I) and (II).
- a 493 nm
- & 473 nm.
- the interval d (see FIG. 1) between the adjacent holes 24 at the boundary between the regions (I) and (II) is set to be shorter than the larger value of the period of the triangular lattice, that is, 473 nm.
- the defect waveguide 25 through which light propagates has a linear shape formed along the line segment Pi-Ps, and the defect waveguide 25 is filled with one hole 24 in the region (I) ( Defective).
- the width of the defect waveguide 25 in the region (I I) is equal to the width of the region (I).
- the length of the defect waveguide 25 is 100 m, and the total length of the defect waveguide 25 in the dispersion compensating element 10X is 200 / im.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the principle of dispersion compensation in the dispersion compensating element 10X.
- the regions (I) and (II) of the photonic crystal part 20 each have the band characteristics that characterize the light wave propagation shown in FIG.
- the waveguide modes of branches 1 and 2 having different signs of curvature are formed in the photonic gap.
- the vertical axis and the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 4 are the frequency and frequency of light normalized by 1 a.
- the guided mode is in the transverse electric (TE) polarization state.
- TE transverse electric
- the defect waveguide 25 light propagates in a branch 1 or branch 2 mode.
- the center frequency of the incident light pulse is a specific frequency
- the mode of the upper branch 2 occurs in the region (I) of the defect waveguide 25, and the lower branch 2 occurs in the region (II).
- the radius r and the interval a of the holes 24 in the regions (1) and (II) are set to be different from each other so that the mode 1 occurs.
- the guided mode is divided into two cases: the case where branches 1 and 2 are closest at zero wave number, and the case where the branches are closest at the Brillouin zone boundary as shown in Fig. 5 (b). Yes, both cases are applicable, but the present embodiment is directed to a photonic crystal having the characteristics shown in FIG. 5 (a).
- the relationship between frequency and wavenumber is important. From this relationship, the speed at which light propagates through the material is determined. This speed refers to the speed at which the center of gravity of the light pulse moves, and is called the group speed.
- the group velocity is given as the slope (differential coefficient) of the frequency-wavenumber characteristic curve. In vacuum or air, the frequency-wavenumber characteristics are linear, and the group velocity is constant regardless of frequency.For materials such as glass, semiconductor, and metal, the frequency-wavenumber characteristics are not linear, and the group velocity is It changes according to the frequency. Therefore, when light incident from the air passes through a substance, the group velocity changes according to the frequency (which may be referred to as a wavelength) of the light incident from the air.
- an optical pulse contains not only a single wavelength but also various wavelength components
- the group velocity depends on the wavelength
- the width of the optical pulse increases as it propagates through a substance, and the waveform is distorted.
- the group velocity depends on wavelength or frequency
- the dependence is called chromatic dispersion.
- the rate at which the group velocity changes according to the wavelength (or frequency) is called group velocity dispersion.
- Group velocity dispersion is equal to the second derivative of the frequency-wavenumber characteristic curve.
- the signs of the group velocity dispersion are inverted from each other in branches 1 and 2. Therefore, the curve is varied by adjusting the bias voltage applied to the regions (I) and (II), so that the defect waveguide 25 as a whole including the regions (I) and (II) has positive, It is possible to generate zero or negative group velocity dispersion.
- the bias voltages (I) and (I) are generated so that the group velocity dispersion of the optical fiber transmission line is opposite in sign to the group velocity dispersion of the same absolute value. II) to change the chromatic dispersion of the target optical fiber transmission line. Remove it.
- FIG. 6 is for realizing dispersion compensation for multiple-order terms, while the dispersion compensating element 1 OX shown in FIG. 1 is for realizing positive and negative dispersion compensation.
- the dispersion compensating element (dispersion compensating unit) 10Y is basically the same as the dispersion compensating element 10X shown in FIG. 1, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals and the description thereof will be omitted.
- the photonic crystal part 20 is formed by laminating a clad layer 22 and a core layer 23 on a substrate 21.
- the radius r and the interval a of the holes 24 formed periodically are set to be different for each force region.
- the dispersion compensating element 10Y corresponding to multi-order dispersion compensation has 2 (n ⁇ 1) regions if dispersion compensation of terms up to n-order is realized.
- the radius r and the interval a of the hole 24 are set.
- FIG. 7 is for explaining the case where such dispersion compensation of terms up to the third order is performed.
- the area (IV) is positive for the second-order term
- the area (I) is negative for the second-order term
- the area (III) is positive for the third-order term
- the area (II) is positive.
- each equation represents the frequency-wavenumber characteristic curve near the center frequency by approximation by a power of V.
- k wave number
- C positive number
- V frequency expressed with the center frequency as the origin.
- the coefficient of the second-order term (c, 2 -c2 + c '''' 2 — c,, 2 ) gives the second-order dispersion compensation value in the dispersion compensation element 1OY
- the above-described dispersion compensating element 10Y has, for example, a configuration including four regions (1) to (IV).
- the arrangement is such that light attenuation due to reflection caused by a difference in the refractive index is minimized at the boundary between adjacent regions.
- FIG. 8 shows a configuration of a dispersion compensation system 50 configured using the above-described dispersion compensation element 1OX or 1OY.
- the dispersion compensation system 50 is provided on the optical fiber transmission line 100.
- the optical fiber transmission line 100 is laid, for example, over a long distance on the sea floor or the like, so that an optical pulse train incident from the incident side 101 of the transmission server or the like passes through the optical fiber transmission line 100. And is emitted from the emission unit 102 side of the receiving server or the like.
- the dispersion compensation system 50 is provided in the vicinity of the emission unit 102, and includes a power brush (pulse extraction unit) 51, a monitor device 52, and a control device (control unit, voltage control unit) 53. And a dispersion compensating element 1 OX or 10 Y (hereinafter simply referred to as 1 OX).
- the coupler 51 extracts an optical pulse from the optical fiber transmission line 100.
- the monitoring device 52 receives the optical pulse extracted by the coupler 51 via an optical fiber 54 as short as possible, while ignoring the effect of chromatic dispersion, and monitors the waveform of the optical pulse. Specifically, the waveform of the optical pulse taken out of the optical fiber transmission line 100 is monitored (measured) on the time-spectrum plane, and the waveform control is performed. The chromatic dispersion of the target optical pulse is decomposed into coefficients for each order and obtained, and this is output as chromatic dispersion information.
- This monitoring device 52 is described in, for example, K 0gawa, 'Real-time intuitive spectrogram measurement of ultrashort optica ⁇ pulses using two-photon absorption in a semiconductor', [online], 2004 (2000) March 11, 2011, Optics Express, Vol. 10, No. 5, p. 262-267, Optical Society of America, [Searched in January 2003, January 14, 2003]
- URL: http: //Temporary.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI 0PEX-10-5-262>
- the control device 53 receives the chromatic dispersion information output from the monitor device 52 via the short optical fiber 55.
- the control device 53 includes a database (data storage unit) 56.
- the database 56 stores the electrodes 30A of the dispersion compensating element 10X according to the sign and the absolute value of the chromatic dispersion. Data of the voltage application amount at 30 B is stored.
- the chromatic dispersion information (coefficient of chromatic dispersion) received from the monitor device 52 is absolutely referred to by referring to the database 56.
- Data on the amount of voltage applied to the electrodes 30 A and 30 B for generating the chromatic dispersion having the same value and the inverted sign is generated by the dispersion compensating element 10 X. Then, the obtained voltage application amount data is output to the dispersion compensating element 10 X.
- the defective waveguide 25 is interposed on the optical fiber transmission line 100, and the optical pulse propagating through the optical fiber transmission line 100 It is provided so that it enters from one end of the incident end and exits from the emission end on the other end to the optical fiber transmission line 100.
- a power supply (not shown) for applying a voltage to the electrodes 30 A and 30 B of the dispersion compensating element 10 X and a controller (not shown) for controlling the amount of voltage applied by the power supply are provided.
- the dispersion compensation element is connected to 10X.
- the data of the applied voltage output from the controller 53 is light:
- the data is transferred to the controller (not shown) of the dispersion compensating element 1 OX via.
- the controller changes the refractive index of each of the regions (1) and (II) by applying a predetermined voltage from the power supply to the electrodes 30A and 3OB based on the received voltage application amount data.
- the optical pulse extracted from the optical fiber transmission line 100 is monitored by the monitor device 52, and based on the chromatic dispersion information, the voltage applied by the dispersion compensation element 10X The amount of application was controlled by the controller 53. This makes it possible to always perform optimal dispersion compensation in the optical fiber transmission line 100 even when conditions change due to temperature, weather, and the like.
- the dispersion compensating element 100X has a configuration in which positive and negative dispersion compensation can be performed by changing the sign of the chromatic dispersion compensation independently of the absolute value of the chromatic dispersion. Even if the chromatic dispersion at the point continuously changes between positive and negative, dispersion compensation can be performed.
- the dispersion compensating elements 10 X and 10 ⁇ ⁇ only differ in the radius r and the interval a of the holes 24 in each region, they do not have a particularly complicated structure and have a relatively low cost. The above effects can be realized.
- the control device 53 controls the amount of voltage applied to the electrodes 30A and 30B by referring to information stored in the database 56 in advance. Since there is no need to perform any complicated processing, the control device 53 itself can be manufactured at low cost.
- the dispersion compensating element 1 OX or 10 Y is configured to change the refractive index of the photo-Yuck crystal part 20 by applying a bias voltage using the electrode 30.
- the absorption spectrum (imaginary part of the refractive index) of the photonic crystal part 20 can be changed by injecting holes and applying a bias voltage.
- FIG. 9 is an example of such a dispersion-capturing element 10 mm.
- the dispersion compensating element 10Z has a cladding layer 22 and a core layer 23 laminated on a substrate 21, and a cladding layer 60 is laminated on the core layer 23 as a whole. It has a configuration.
- Substrate 21 is, for example, silicon (S i)
- the cladding layer 22, 60 is a silicon Sani ⁇ (S i 0 2) or a silicon nitride film
- the core layer 23 is formed of silicon crystal is a dielectric (S i) I have.
- the substrate 21 has a thickness of, for example, about 500 ⁇
- the cladding layers 22 and 60 have a thickness of, for example, 200 nm to 1 ⁇ m, specifically, 300 nm
- the core layer 23 has a thickness of about 250 nm. have.
- the dispersion compensating element 10 Z has a cross section orthogonal to the direction in which the defect waveguides 25 are continuous, that is, in the cross section shown in FIG. 9, the substrate 21, the cladding layer 22, the core layer 23, the cladding layer 60 and the force hole 24. (Hereinafter referred to as a photonic crystal region) is formed so as to extend laterally beyond R1. That is, there is a photonic crystal region R1 in which holes 24 are formed on both sides of the defect waveguide 25, and an extended region R2 in which the holes 24 are not formed. It is.
- the core layer 23 sandwiched between the upper and lower cladding layers 22 and 60 is formed in the extension region R 2 and as a region (different density region) having a carrier density different from that of the defect waveguide 25 in the center (f-terminal region 70). ing.
- an electrode (dispersion variation means, energy applying member) 80 for applying a voltage is electrically connected to the terminal portion 70, and the bottom side of the substrate 21 is Is electrically connected to a reference electrode 81 for supplying a reference potential.
- the terminal portion 70 has a carrier density different from that of the defect waveguide 25 by doping or undoping impurities (electrons or holes) contained in the core layer 23.
- the electrode 80 is electrically connected to the terminal portion 70 and a bias voltage is applied, electrons or holes move due to a difference in carrier density between the portion of the defective waveguide 25 and the portion of the terminal portion 70, As a result, the carrier density of the defective waveguide 25 changes, and the absorption spectrum changes.
- the carrier density of the terminal portion 70 may be lower than that of the defective waveguide 25, but the carrier density of the terminal portion 70 may be higher than that of the defective waveguide 25, that is, It is preferable to dope impurities by ion implantation or the like.
- the carrier density of the terminal portion 70 is higher than that of the defective waveguide 25, the electric resistance is reduced at the terminal portion 70 to which the electrode 80 is connected, and the electric power of the defective waveguide portion 25 is further reduced. This is because the resistance is increased and the electric field is concentrated and chewy.
- Such impurities include the p-type elements B (boron), A 1 (aluminum), G a (gallium), In (indium), T 1 (thallium), and n, which are also used in semiconductors. There are N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), As (arsenic), Sb (antimony), Bi (bismuth) and the like of the type elements. Of these, B (boron) is particularly suitable for the p-type element, since doping can be easily performed.
- the carrier density (the number of impurity elements) of the defect waveguide 25 is 10 17 Z cm 3
- the carrier density is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 to 5 ⁇ 10 19 Z cm 3 , for example, 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm 3 .
- the substrate 21 preferably has a carrier density equivalent to that of the defect waveguide 25. If the carrier density differs between the substrate 21 and the defective waveguide 25, these This is because charge distribution occurs in between, and the design becomes complicated.
- the surface 21 a to which the reference electrode 81 is connected to the substrate 21 be doped with impurities in order to reduce electric resistance, for example, to have a carrier density equivalent to that of the terminal portion 70. .
- FIG. 10 is an example of a dispersion compensating element 1 O Z having a sectional structure as shown in FIG.
- the dispersion compensating element 102 ⁇ is mounted on the mount 90, and is formed in the extended region R2 on both sides of the area of the photonic crystal region R1.
- the terminal portion 70 is formed so as to have a relatively large area, and has a substantially H-shape in a plan view. This is because the area of the terminal portion 70 is made as large as possible to reduce its electric resistance.
- the dispersion compensating element 10Z has the regions (1), (2), where the radius r of the hole 24 and the interval a are set differently. II). Since a bias voltage is applied to each of the regions (I) and (II) independently, the dispersion compensating element 1 has a terminal portion 70 and an electrode 8 on both sides of the regions (I) and (II), respectively. 0 is provided, and an external electrode 86 provided on the mount 90 is electrically connected to each of the four electrodes 80 via a lead 85.
- a spherical optical fiber F is arranged so as to oppose both ends of the defect waveguide 25 in the photonic crystal region R1, whereby an optical pulse is guided to the defect waveguide 25, and Derived after receiving Okinae.
- FIG. 11 shows another example of the dispersion compensating element 10Z having a sectional structure as shown in FIG.
- the dispersion compensating element 10 Z 2 has a terminal portion 70 and an electrode 80 provided in an extended region R 2 extending on both sides of the photonic crystal region R 1. It is trapezoidal (or fan-shaped). As a result, the area of the terminal portion 70 and the electrode 80 is largely secured while the distance to the photonic crystal region R1 having a smaller area than the terminal portion 70 and the electrode 80 is made as short as possible. can do. This is also effective for reducing the electric resistance of the terminal portion 70.
- FIG. 12 shows still another example of the dispersion compensating element 10 Z having a sectional structure as shown in FIG.
- the dispersion compensating element 10 Z 3 has only a substantially H-shaped surface just like the dispersion compensating element 1 shown in FIG.
- the terminals 70 and the electrodes 80 are formed so that the area of the terminals 70 and the electrodes 80 extending on both sides of the electrode 1 is increased.
- the upper part of the substrate 21 is substantially H-shaped in plan view, and the lower part is substantially rectangular in plan view.
- Such a dispersion compensating element 10 Z 3 is formed by laminating a cladding layer 22, a core layer 23, and a cladding layer 60 on a substrate 21 to form a rectangular block in plan view, and then forming a photonic crystal. It can be obtained by removing both ends of the defective waveguide 25 in the region R1 by etching or the like to form a stepped portion 91. At this time, projecting portions 92 are formed at both ends of the defect waveguide 25 in the photonic crystal region R 1, and the optical fiber F faces the projecting portions 92. For this reason, it is preferable that the depth of the step portion 91 be set according to the outer diameter of the optical fiber F.
- the dispersion compensating elements 10 Z to 10 Z 3 shown in FIGS. 10 to 12 have two regions (1) in which the radius r of the hole 24 and the interval a are set differently. , (II), this may be provided with three or more regions, for example, four, like the dispersion compensating element 10Y shown in FIG. In that case, the terminal portions 70 are provided according to the number of regions.
- the dispersion compensating system 50 shown in FIG. 8 can be configured.
- the controller 53 stores, in the database 56, data on the amount of voltage applied to the electrode 80 to the dispersion compensating element 10Z according to the sign and the absolute value of the chromatic dispersion. Then, the control device 53 obtains data of the voltage application amount at the electrode 80 according to the chromatic dispersion information received from the monitor device 52 by referring to the database 56, and disperses the data. Output to element 10 Z. The data of the voltage application amount output from the control device 53 is transferred to the controller (not shown) of the dispersion compensating element 10Z via the optical fiber 57.
- the controller generates a predetermined voltage from the power supply based on the received voltage application amount data, and applies the predetermined voltage to the terminal portion 70 via the electrode 80, thereby to obtain the region (I) of the defective waveguide 25, (II) Each refractive index is changed.
- the dispersion compensating system 50 always provides the optimum dispersion compensation even if the optical fiber transmission line 100 is subjected to conditions such as temperature and weather. It can be carried out. As a result, it is possible to achieve chromatic dispersion compensation that is compatible with ultra-high-speed, large-capacity optical communication using a wide spectral band, and it is possible to sufficiently achieve a higher transmission speed.
- a heater is provided in each region, and a current is supplied to the heater to increase the temperature of the core layer 23. Due to the temperature dependence of the refractive index, the chromatic dispersion of the photonic crystal waveguide can be changed and used for chromatic dispersion compensation.
- a strain can be applied to change the refractive index.
- the photonic crystal part 20 has only the cladding layer 22 and the core layer 23 on the substrate 21 and the air on one side of the core layer 23.
- a cladding layer (another layer) 26 may be further provided on the upper surface side of the core layer 23 as shown in FIG. 13 (b).
- the cladding layer 2 6, similarly to the cladding layer 2 2 can be used S I_ ⁇ 2.
- the thickness of the cladding layer 22 is 500 nm. The thickness and the like of other parts are the same as described above.
- the core layer 23 has a configuration in which the linear defect waveguide 25 is formed.
- the configuration is not limited to the linear shape, and the core layer 23 may have a bent or curved shape.
- the defect waveguide 25 has a configuration formed two-dimensionally, but it may be configured to be formed three-dimensionally.
- the monitoring device 52 and the control device 53 monitor the optical pulses to control the dispersion compensation, but the optical pulse propagation conditions in the optical fiber transmission line 100 are not so large. If the use environment does not fluctuate, the power brassiere 51, the monitor device 52, and the control device 53 can be omitted, and a configuration in which constant dispersion compensation is always performed can be adopted.
- the servers and various terminals used in the input unit 101 and the output unit 102 normally transmit and receive signals to and from the optical fiber transmission line 100. Since it is preferable that the dispersion compensation system 50 performs dispersion compensation immediately before receiving a signal, it is actually preferable to provide the dispersion compensation system 50 at both ends of the optical fiber transmission line 100. .
- dispersion compensation system 50 may be configured such that the monitor device 52, the control device 53, and the dispersion compensation element 10X, 10Y, or 10Z may be integrated into one device. It may be a separate unit.
- dispersion compensation can be performed by changing the chromatic dispersion in each region, it is possible to change the absolute value and the sign of the chromatic dispersion compensation.
- dispersion compensation can be performed by changing the carrier density of the waveguide by applying a voltage and changing the refractive index of the waveguide.
- wavelength dispersion compensation corresponding to ultra-high-speed and large-capacity optical communication using a wide spectrum band can be realized, and a further increase in transmission speed can be sufficiently realized.
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Abstract
Description
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EP04702048A EP1584969A4 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-01-14 | DISPERSION COMPENSATION ELEMENT, OPTICAL CRYSTAL, DISPERSION COMPENSATION SYSTEM, DISPERSION COMPENSATION METHOD |
JP2005507997A JP4668065B2 (ja) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-01-14 | 分散補償素子、分散補償システム、分散補償方法 |
US10/542,383 US7515785B2 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-01-14 | Dispersion compensation element, optical crystal, dispersion compensation system, dispersion compensation method |
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JP2006276576A (ja) * | 2005-03-30 | 2006-10-12 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 光制御素子及び光制御素子製造方法 |
JP2007047694A (ja) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-02-22 | Bussan Nanotech Research Institute Inc | 光伝送路及び光伝送路を有する光学素子 |
JP5029369B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-09 | 2012-09-19 | 日本電気株式会社 | 光導波路 |
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JP4936313B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-25 | 2012-05-23 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 光変調素子 |
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US10718901B2 (en) * | 2013-06-26 | 2020-07-21 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Photonic device having a photonic crystal lower cladding layer provided on a semiconductor substrate |
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CN110301075B (zh) * | 2016-07-05 | 2021-05-07 | 光引研创股份有限公司 | 基于光栅的光发射机 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2267515A3 (en) | 2012-12-12 |
EP2267515A2 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
JP4668065B2 (ja) | 2011-04-13 |
EP1584969A4 (en) | 2008-07-23 |
US20060051016A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
US7515785B2 (en) | 2009-04-07 |
CN1717612A (zh) | 2006-01-04 |
JPWO2004063797A1 (ja) | 2006-05-18 |
CN100363784C (zh) | 2008-01-23 |
JP2010164989A (ja) | 2010-07-29 |
EP1584969A1 (en) | 2005-10-12 |
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