WO2001064373A1 - Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue et son procede d'utilisation - Google Patents
Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue et son procede d'utilisation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001064373A1 WO2001064373A1 PCT/FR2001/000263 FR0100263W WO0164373A1 WO 2001064373 A1 WO2001064373 A1 WO 2001064373A1 FR 0100263 W FR0100263 W FR 0100263W WO 0164373 A1 WO0164373 A1 WO 0164373A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- magnetic field
- nozzle
- equipment according
- casting
- molten metal
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/122—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ using magnetic fields
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
- B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
- B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
- B22D11/115—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the continuous casting of metals, in particular steel. It relates more particularly to the arrival of molten metal from above in a continuous casting mold and, more precisely still, the techniques using magnetic fields applied at the level of the mold to modify the flows of molten metal during his arrival in this one
- the molten metal is brought into the mold from a distributor placed at a distance above by a plunging duct, called a "submerged nozzle", the outlet openings of which open substantially in the plane main casting parallel to the large faces under the free surface of the molten steel in the mold conventionally covered by a liquid layer of active slag.
- the steelmaker today has mainly two axes of response - one using the available tools of magnetohydrodynamics adapted to the continuous casting of metals; the other focusing on the very geometry of the pouring nozzle.
- electromagnetic actuators that are developed for this purpose, whether with a static or sliding magnetic field, make it possible to influence the recirculation flows of liquid metal in the ingot mold after it leaves the nozzle to brake or accelerate them. , or to symmetry them on either side of the submerged nozzle
- electromagnetic brakes were initially developed consisting in applying to a determined height level of the interior space of the Imgotiere a through magnetic field which will create braking forces at the sem of the moving metal when it passes through.
- such a sliding magnetic field is generally produced by an inductor having several independent phase windings, of the “polyphase linear motor stator” type (generally two-phase or two-phase) and which is placed opposite a large face of the Imgotiere therefore parallel to the main plane of casting (FR-A-2.324.395; FR-A-2.324.397).
- Each winding is connected to a different phase of a polyphase electrical supply, in an appropriate connection order ensuring the desired sliding of the magnetic field along the active face of the inductor in a direction orthogonal to the conductors.
- the other axis of solutions consists in optimizing the geometry of the submerged part of the casting nozzles, in particular the outlet openings of the molten metal.
- the aim is always the same: to control the distribution of the flows of liquid metal arriving in the ingot mold.
- the recirculation flows of metal in the direction of the free surface of the cast metal can indeed be very attenuated, so much so that we could provide, if necessary, additional openings on the top of the box or on the side for allow the emission of molten metal threads upwards to ensure a regular additional heat supply to the free surface, which we know to be necessary for the smooth running of the casting
- Electromagnetic actuators are by nature more flexible to use, therefore better suited to follow such vanations In return, they are not optimized for any particular operating mode They control the flow of liquid metal once that -here reached ingot mold and then act sometimes accelerator, sometimes in frera of flows But, they do not worry absolutely, contrary to certain nozzles seen previously, of the distribution of the flow of arrival of molten metal between the high region of the mold (towards the free surface) and the bottom (direction of the extraction of the cast product) In addition, they are relatively expensive in investment cost and in cost of consumption of electrical energy, and involve modifications complex and financially burdensome of the ingot mold technology that receives them.
- the object of the present invention is precisely to provide steelmakers with a means of supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mold which easily allows rapid and precise adjustment of the incoming distribution of the metal flow rate between the high and low regions. of the mold.
- the invention relates to equipment for supplying molten metal to a Imgotiere of a continuous casting installation for products with rectangular section, such as slabs, characterized in that it comprises.
- a submerged nozzle provided with outlet openings for molten metal located in, or substantially in, the main plane of casting parallel to the large faces of the ingot mold, these openings being differentiated by their outlet direction into at least two distinct categories;
- a mductnce unit placed on the large faces of the ingot mold to produce magnetic poles of opposite signs facing each other on either side of said main plane of casting and delivering, in its air gap substantially confined to the nozzle, a magnetic field through covering the gills of at least one of said categories;
- said mductnce unit is an electromagnetic unit constituted by at least one electromagnet.
- said mductnce unit is constituted by inductors with plun-windings of the "sliding field" type facing each other on either side of said main casting plane, and by an associated electrical supply. supplying direct current to each of said windings separately, and the means for adjusting the relative intensity of the magnetic field comprise means for moving the location of the magnetic poles in 1 air gap of said electromagnetic unit
- the magnetic pole of the inductor must always deliver a magnetic field dinge perpendicular to the wall of the ingot mold opposite which the inductor is mounted Otherwise, the desired effect is not obtained
- the opposite magnetic poles are of opposite signs in order to create a traversing magnetic field, that is to say the lines of force connecting the two poles extending perpendicular to the main plane of flow in which the jets of metal through the outlet openings of the nozzle placed in the air gap of the two inductors
- a magnetic pole of an inductor is defined as the region of the active face of the inductor where the magnetic field it produces is maximum
- the pole is the often protruding end of the wound metallic ferromagnetic mass which characterizes the device
- the magnetic pole has no fixed material representation attached to a given ferromagnetic mass of the cylinder head, but can move on the active face of the inductor as a function of the instantaneous intensity of the alternating phase currents which supply the conductors and of their phase shift.
- a magnetic field "covers" the nozzle openings, when those -These are located in a region of the space containing the ingot mold where there is the maximum magnetic induction produced by this field.
- the displacement of the magnetic pole will be obtained by a mobile mounting of the electromagnet on a frame integral with the casting machine provided with means which make it possible to move it on the face of the Imgotiere on which it is mounted and immobilize it on the chosen er
- the main outlet openings will be covered by the magnetic field, namely those with the highest output rate of molten metal (generally those driven downwards), because the vanations of the action of this field on the outlet flows will be more sensitive to it than on those where the metal flow rate is lower.
- the magnetic field covers the main outlet openings which are dinged downwards.
- the invention uses a traversing magnetic field, displaceable in height at the level of the nozzle, but produced by a fixed mductnce unit a couple of inductors facing one of the 'other, each of the type "linear motor stator with sliding magnetic field", appanées to be in phase opposition and thus each produce a magnetic field whose forces of forces are onentent in the same direction (condition specific to obtaining a so-called "through” magnetic field), but whose phase windings are connected to individual direct current supplies, adjustable independently of one another.
- a mductnce unit is then suitable, as we know, to generate magnetic poles of opposite signs, therefore a static magnetic field crossing.
- the invention also relates to a method of implementing the preferred equipment defined above, which consists in adjusting the intensity of the magnetic field, either by moving the position of the poles of the mductnce unit, or by modifying the intensity of the electric current supplying the mductnce unit
- FIG. 1 shows schematically, front view in vertical section along the pnncipal casting plane, a continuous casting mold of steel slabs provided at its upper part with a supply of molten metal equipment in accordance with invention according to an embodiment with a single inductor per face of the mold,
- FIG. 2 in thumbnail of Figure 1, is a diagram explaining the structure of a plane inductor of known type which may be suitable for the implementation of the invention. and connected for this purpose to a DC power supply;
- FIG. 3 is a diagram from a vertical section view along the vertical plane R-R of Figure 1 and illustrating, seen from the side of the mold, the operating mode "through field” of the invention.
- Figure 4 is a diagram from a view in honzontal section along the honzontal plane Q-Q of Figure 1 and illustrating, seen along the casting axis, the operating mode "through field” of the invention;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view similar to that of Figure 1. but illustrating a vanante embodiment of the invention with two inductors side by side by face of the mold. In these figures, the same elements are designated by identical references
- An ingot mold 1 made of copper or a copper alloy vigorously cooled by a circulation of water on its outer wall, receives from the top a certain flow rate of molten metal 2 which it discharges downwards in the form of a half - steel product 3, which we will admit to be here a slab of steel.
- FIGS. 1 and 5 are precisely in the main casting plane P
- the other analogous plane, but parallel to the small lateral faces 13 of the ingot mold, is it called a secondary casting plane
- Figures 3a and 3b are in the secondary casting plane
- a unit mductnce consisting of a couple of electromagnetic inductors 14, 15, is arranged opposite the terminal part of the nozzle
- These two inductors are appaned so as to each produce a magnetic pole facing each other, of opposite sign in order to create a crossing magnetic field, perpendicular to the large faces 22
- this crossing field is located at "M” in the lower part of the air gap in order to "cover” the gills of category 7 located at the lower end of the body of the nozzle 6
- these inductors are designed so that their magnetic poles can be moved together in the air gap.
- the inductor shown here is a flat inductor of the "linear motor stator” type and two-phase (therefore with two phase windings). Its conductors are rectilinear copper bars 16, 17, 16 ', 17', four in number, mutually parallel, spaced and arranged horizontally.
- Each winding is made up of two bars connected to each other in a dais-opposition so that the electric current flows through them in directions opposite
- the connected bars can be either immediately adjacent bars, such as 17 with 16 'and 16 with 17' (inductor with adjacent poles), or offset, such as 16 with 16 'and 17 with 17' (inductor with distributed poles) , as shown in the figure.
- each phase winding is connected to an elementary electrical supply with direct current (or rectified) and to it alone and which is independent of that of the other winding.
- These elementary supplies, symbolized by 18 and 19 in FIG. 2 can have their neutral pooled for reasons of convenience.
- T inductor -plan 14 (15) will no longer be able to create a sliding field as it ordinarily does, but a static magnetic field, the pole of which m agnetic which delivers it can be moved on the active face of the inductor in a direction orthogonal to the conductors, simply by suitably modifying the current intensities in the two windings
- the low position "M" of the magnetic pole corresponds to a maximum current in the winding 16.16 ', associated with a zero current in the winding 17.17'
- the high position " N "in FIG. 3 corresponds to a maximum current in the winding 17,17 'associated with a zero current in the winding 16,16'
- the two appanate plane inductors 14 and 15 are configured so that their magnetic poles respective opposite each other have opposite polantes In this way, the magnetic field of one adds to the magnetic field of the other at any point in the air gap between the two inductors
- the configuration is "through field" type as illustrated by the lines arrows B, the lines of force join the magnetic poles from one inductor to the other by crossing perpendicularly the main plane of casting P, therefore the direction of the jets of molten metal leaving the nozzle.
- the nozzle must have outlet openings in the main plane of the ingot mold for the invention to be applicable, it can also be provided with other openings placed elsewhere, for example diagonally towards the angles of the mold.
- the invention gives better results in the case of nozzles of the "box" type seen above, it also accommodates straight nozzles, the main thing being that the submerged nozzles which are used for casting have outlet openings differentiated into at least two categories by the directions - most often upwards and downwards - that they impinge on the jets of molten metal which exit parallel to the large faces
- the invention is also applies for example to straight nozzles having differentiated up-down side vents on the barrel of the nozzle.
- the intensity B of the magnetic field remains constant
- the inductor 14 (likewise of course the inductor 15) can be split into two identical parts 14a and 14b placed side by side on the same face of the ingot mold on either side. other of the casting axis S on which, moreover, is conventionally centered the pouring nozzle.
- each inductive part 14a and 14b is supplied with current by its own elementary supply (not shown) so as to be able to practice, if necessary, different height adjustments of the magnetic pole on each of them, as well as separate modifications of the current intensities. who run through them
- inductors of the "sliding field” type we can opt not only for electromagnets, as already mentioned, but also for permanent, natural or industrial magnets.
- the inverter type with adjustable chopping threshold are ordinarily used to activate electric motors with rotating or sliding magnetic field.
- the setting in function of such an electric supply to supply the windings of the inductor 14, at the rate of a phase by winding consists in adjusting the inverter at zero frequency, by carrying out such adjustments at selected times so that the intensities of the currents in each phase are, at these times, those which one wishes to obtain in the windings connected to these phases
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002398724A CA2398724C (fr) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue et son procede d'utilisation |
AU31925/01A AU771606B2 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Equipment for supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mould and method for using same |
BRPI0108754-1A BR0108754B1 (pt) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | equipamento para alimentar com metal em fusão uma lingoteira de lingotamento contìnuo e seu processo de operação. |
AT01903983T ATE248672T1 (de) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Vorrichtung zur beschickung von flüssigem metall in eine stranggusskokille und verfahren zu deren verwendung |
EP01903983A EP1259343B1 (fr) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue et son procede d'utilisation |
JP2001563258A JP4580135B2 (ja) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | 連続鋳造インゴットモールドに溶融金属を供給する装置、及びその使用方法 |
DE60100707T DE60100707T2 (de) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Vorrichtung zur beschickung von flüssigem metall in eine stranggusskokille und verfahren zu deren verwendung |
US10/673,171 US6929055B2 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2003-09-30 | Equipment for supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mould |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR00/02501 | 2000-02-29 | ||
FR0002501A FR2805483B1 (fr) | 2000-02-29 | 2000-02-29 | Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue, et son procede d'utilisation |
Related Child Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10149388 A-371-Of-International | 2001-01-29 | ||
US10/149,388 A-371-Of-International US20020179281A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Equipment for supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mould and method for using same |
US10/673,171 Continuation-In-Part US6929055B2 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2003-09-30 | Equipment for supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mould |
US10/673,171 Division US6929055B2 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2003-09-30 | Equipment for supplying molten metal to a continuous casting ingot mould |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001064373A1 true WO2001064373A1 (fr) | 2001-09-07 |
Family
ID=8847496
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2001/000263 WO2001064373A1 (fr) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-01-29 | Equipement pour alimenter en metal en fusion une lingotiere de coulee continue et son procede d'utilisation |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20020179281A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1259343B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4580135B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100751021B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1192833C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE248672T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU771606B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR0108754B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2398724C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE60100707T2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2206399T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2805483B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2248859C2 (fr) |
TW (1) | TWI290070B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001064373A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4585504B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-05 | 2010-11-24 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 溶融金属の連続鋳造方法 |
ES2780350T3 (es) * | 2010-07-02 | 2020-08-25 | Vesuvius U S A Corp | Buza de entrada sumergida |
JP5669509B2 (ja) * | 2010-07-16 | 2015-02-12 | 高橋 謙三 | 攪拌装置付き連続鋳造用鋳型装置 |
RU2741611C1 (ru) * | 2020-02-27 | 2021-01-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "КнАГУ") | Устройство для подачи и перемешивания стали в кристаллизаторе установки непрерывной разливки |
CN112276025B (zh) * | 2020-10-28 | 2022-03-08 | 安徽工业大学 | 一种通过加入电磁场抑制钢包水口形成旋涡的装置及方法 |
RU2760696C1 (ru) * | 2021-02-09 | 2021-11-29 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "КнАГУ") | Устройство для подачи и перемешивания стали в кристаллизаторе установки непрерывной разливки |
CN113102686B (zh) * | 2021-04-01 | 2022-11-29 | 杭州红山磁性材料有限公司 | 铝镍钴整体磁钢取向铸造方法 |
Citations (5)
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EP0321206A1 (fr) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-06-21 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Tube de coulée immergé pour la coulée continue |
WO1992012814A1 (fr) * | 1991-01-21 | 1992-08-06 | Asea Brown Boveri Ab | Procede et dispositif de coulage dans un moule |
EP0685282A1 (fr) * | 1994-05-30 | 1995-12-06 | DANIELI & C. OFFICINE MECCANICHE S.p.A. | Tube plongeur pour coulée en continu |
JPH08257692A (ja) * | 1995-03-24 | 1996-10-08 | Nippon Steel Corp | 連鋳鋳片の製造方法および連続鋳造用浸漬ノズル |
JPH11197807A (ja) * | 1998-01-08 | 1999-07-27 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 複層鋳片鋳造用浸漬ノズルおよび複層鋳片の製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2773154B2 (ja) * | 1988-09-30 | 1998-07-09 | 日本鋼管株式会社 | 鋼の連続鋳造方法 |
LU88034A1 (fr) * | 1991-11-13 | 1993-05-17 | Centrem Sa | Procédé de brassage électromagnétique en coulée continue |
JP3410607B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-23 | 2003-05-26 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 連続鋳造方法及び連続鋳造用浸漬ノズル |
IT1290931B1 (it) * | 1997-02-14 | 1998-12-14 | Acciai Speciali Terni Spa | Alimentatore di metallo fuso per lingottiera di macchine di colata continua. |
JPH10263777A (ja) * | 1997-03-26 | 1998-10-06 | Nkk Corp | 鋼の連続鋳造方法 |
JPH1147897A (ja) * | 1997-07-31 | 1999-02-23 | Nippon Steel Corp | 薄肉広幅鋳片連続鋳造用浸漬ノズル |
FR2772294B1 (fr) * | 1997-12-17 | 2000-03-03 | Rotelec Sa | Equipement de freinage electromagnetique d'un metal en fusion dans une installation de coulee continue |
-
2000
- 2000-02-29 FR FR0002501A patent/FR2805483B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-01-29 DE DE60100707T patent/DE60100707T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-29 AU AU31925/01A patent/AU771606B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-01-29 US US10/149,388 patent/US20020179281A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-01-29 CA CA002398724A patent/CA2398724C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-01-29 RU RU2002122721/02A patent/RU2248859C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-01-29 BR BRPI0108754-1A patent/BR0108754B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-01-29 AT AT01903983T patent/ATE248672T1/de active
- 2001-01-29 ES ES01903983T patent/ES2206399T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-29 EP EP01903983A patent/EP1259343B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-29 WO PCT/FR2001/000263 patent/WO2001064373A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 2001-01-29 CN CNB01803134XA patent/CN1192833C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-01-29 JP JP2001563258A patent/JP4580135B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-01-29 KR KR1020027011345A patent/KR100751021B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-02-16 TW TW090103510A patent/TWI290070B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0321206A1 (fr) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-06-21 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Tube de coulée immergé pour la coulée continue |
WO1992012814A1 (fr) * | 1991-01-21 | 1992-08-06 | Asea Brown Boveri Ab | Procede et dispositif de coulage dans un moule |
EP0685282A1 (fr) * | 1994-05-30 | 1995-12-06 | DANIELI & C. OFFICINE MECCANICHE S.p.A. | Tube plongeur pour coulée en continu |
JPH08257692A (ja) * | 1995-03-24 | 1996-10-08 | Nippon Steel Corp | 連鋳鋳片の製造方法および連続鋳造用浸漬ノズル |
JPH11197807A (ja) * | 1998-01-08 | 1999-07-27 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 複層鋳片鋳造用浸漬ノズルおよび複層鋳片の製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1997, no. 02 28 February 1997 (1997-02-28) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 12 29 October 1999 (1999-10-29) * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2206399T3 (es) | 2004-05-16 |
CA2398724C (fr) | 2008-10-07 |
BR0108754B1 (pt) | 2010-06-15 |
ATE248672T1 (de) | 2003-09-15 |
US20020179281A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
AU771606B2 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
EP1259343B1 (fr) | 2003-09-03 |
DE60100707T2 (de) | 2004-07-29 |
RU2002122721A (ru) | 2004-02-20 |
FR2805483B1 (fr) | 2002-05-24 |
EP1259343A1 (fr) | 2002-11-27 |
CN1392810A (zh) | 2003-01-22 |
CA2398724A1 (fr) | 2001-09-07 |
DE60100707D1 (de) | 2003-10-09 |
RU2248859C2 (ru) | 2005-03-27 |
BR0108754A (pt) | 2002-12-10 |
AU3192501A (en) | 2001-09-12 |
JP4580135B2 (ja) | 2010-11-10 |
CN1192833C (zh) | 2005-03-16 |
KR20020086913A (ko) | 2002-11-20 |
KR100751021B1 (ko) | 2007-08-22 |
JP2003525129A (ja) | 2003-08-26 |
TWI290070B (en) | 2007-11-21 |
FR2805483A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 |
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