RU2326520C2 - Crops cultivation with fertilizers application and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes soil processing, crops sowing and chemical fertilizers application. The soil processing is carried out by cutting it in a horizontal plane at a depth less than depth of hemicarp incorporation at some height with the formation of a horizontal surface. Three furrows should be ploughed. The central furrow is performed by cutting the soil and sealing the walls. The side furrows with a less depth are placed at the left and right of the central one at a distance equal to half of the spacing width. These furrows are formed by the excavation of soil and laying it in the ridges. The central furrow is fertilized in the form of vertical strips. The seeds are applied to the side furrows with a start dose of fertilizer and covered by the ground. The earlier raised loose soil is covered then and it is rammed over its side furrows. While ramming the distance from the furrow bottom to the surface level should be kept equal to the depth of seed incorporation. The device contains duckfoot, drill tube, left and right seed deflector and a wedge. The seed deflector's length equals to the half width of spacing. The wedge and bottom part of drill tube are located below the cutting edge of the duckfoot. The ditchers are installed on both sides of the axis at a distance equal to the half width of spacing. The stilts are made in the form of boxes, divided into three cavities. The first cavity at the front of the desk is equipped with the stilt, at the bottom of which a wedge is mounted. The seed deflectors are attached to the bottom of the second and third-seed cavities of the drill tube. The ditchers have a cutting edge located below the cutting edge of the duckfoot. There are left and right shellboards at the back side of the duckfoot at a distance from the centre line, exceeding the width of spacing. The lower parts of shellboard are located at the cutting edge duckfoot. The roller is attached to the back side of the sock, executed in the form of axis with two discs, the distance between which equals to the width of spacing.

EFFECT: improving the quality of crop yields.

5 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for sowing grain crops with simultaneous local application of solid mineral fertilizers, and can be used on grain fertilizer seeders for sowing on a stubble background.

A known method of sowing grain [RU 2070370 C1, A01B 79/02, A01C 7/00; 12/20/1996]. The essence of the invention is as follows: the soil for sowing is preliminarily prepared to a depth of 15-17 cm. Next, with the combined working body of the seeder, the seed tapes are scattered together with the starting dose of fertilizers, and the distance between the midpoints of the tapes is 30 cm. The coulters moving between the tapes form furrows 6-8 cm deep, at the bottom of which a vertical slit is made to a depth of 15-17 cm, where the main dose of fertilizers is portioned and wedged in the soil in the form of an intermittent vertical ribbon. Soil extracted during the formation of furrows, seed tapes are covered with a starting dose of fertilizers. Sowing seeds and starter fertilizers on the walls of the furrows, which are below the level of seed tapes with a starting dose. Compaction of the soil above the tape, its partial pouring into the furrow and compaction of the walls of the furrows. The disadvantage of this method is that the main dose of fertilizers is not applied and the soil is treated too deeply, which is irrational.

A known method of sowing grain and a device for its implementation [RU 2099918 C1, A01C 7/00; 12/27/1997]. The essence of the invention is as follows: sowing is carried out in a scatter manner, together with a starting dose of fertilizers in the form of tapes, covered with soil removed from furrows in the inter-tape spaces with local application of the main dose of fertilizers in the form of an intermittent vertically located tape, with simultaneous sowing of seeds and starting fertilizers on the walls furrows in the crumbling layer of soil and compaction of it over the ribbons of seeds and on the walls of the furrows, as well as the introduction of the main dose of fertilizers in the form of intermittent vertically arranged UNT is located under the bottom of the furrows. A feature of the device for implementing this method is that the seed tubes with distributors are located in front of the openers between their center lines, and the additional ones are installed behind the openers, and the openers are equipped with dumps on the sides, and pipelines are rigidly fixed to them, rollers are pivotally attached. The device is also equipped with a box-type ductwork and cultivators in the form of plow dumps.

The disadvantage of this method and device is the uncontrolled depth of seed placement and the complexity of the design.

A known method of sowing crops [RU 2219695 C2, A01C 7/00, A01B 79/02, 05/20/2001]. The method includes the formation of a comb profile of the soil, laying on top of the crests of the seeds, embedding them under the mulching layer, and fertilizing the lateral surfaces of the crest profile to the left and right of the row to a different depth, starting 1-2 cm below the seeds. An erosion relief is formed on the surface of the latter in the form of trapezoidal grooves located at an angle to the rows of sown seeds. The method is performed by a device including fertilizer and vas deferens, paired openers - left and right - for fertilizing, an anchor opener for seeds, a spiral roller with leashes and a mechanism for adjusting the depth of the erosion relief. When the device is operating, twin coulters, the front part of which is made in the form of a ploughshare, loosen the soil, form ridges and evenly distribute fertilizers to the side walls of the ridges. An anchor opener strictly sows the seeds coming through the vas deferens to the top of the ridges. The spiral roller with trapezoidal cross-sections forms an erosion relief.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of control of the depth of seeding and the destruction of the stubble background.

Known combined opener [SU 820700, AC 7/20; 04/15/1981], containing the rack-material pipeline and the upper and lower legs fixed on it. The wings of the legs are mounted symmetrically on the rack-material pipeline. Diffusers are installed inside the paws to distribute the seed.

The disadvantage of the combined opener is that it does not provide separate sowing of fertilizers and seeds.

Known combined plow opener for simultaneous sowing of seeds and fertilizing [SU 1145590, AC 7/20; 12.23.1988], having a housing in front of which a knife, a furrow cutter, seed tube, a fertilizer pipe with seed and fertilizer spreaders are fixed.

The disadvantage of the coulter is that it provides continuous sowing of grain and is quite difficult to perform.

Known combined opener [RU 2224402 C1, AS 7/20; 02/27/2004], comprising a fertilizer rack, a lancet paw with dumps, an arm, a wedge, soil compactors, two seed guides and safety valves.

The disadvantages of the combined opener are that the wedge during operation of the opener contributes to its deepening; The coulter is designed for use on well-prepared soil.

The objective of the invention is to reduce the traction resistance of the device and increase the field germination of seeds by laying them on a solid sowing bed, followed by compaction of the soil above them, as well as increasing the efficiency of fertilizers due to their simultaneous main and sowing local application.

Figure 1 presents a diagram of a method of sowing grain, figure 2 shows the mounting of the device to the frame of the seeder, figure 3 is a design and technological scheme of the device (side view); figure 4 is a design and technological scheme of the device (top view), figure 5 is a design and technological scheme of mounting the roller, figure 6 is a diagram of the working edge of the roller.

The method of sowing crops with fertilizer is as follows.

The soil is cut in a horizontal plane to a depth less than the depth of seeding, and raised to a certain height (Fig. 1, a), forming a horizontal surface, then three grooves are made on the formed horizontal surface, the central one being made by cutting soil and compaction of the walls, and two other furrows of lesser depth, spaced left and right of the central one at a distance equal to half the row spacing, - by digging the soil and laying it in the ridges (Fig. 1, b), fertilizers in the form of vertes are laid in the central furrow ical tape (Fig. 1, c), and seeds are placed in the lateral grooves with the starting dose of fertilizers (Fig. 1, c), the laid seeds are covered with soil removed from the furrows (Fig. 1, d), and the soil raised is laid on top of loose soil earlier (Fig. 1, e), then the soil is rolled over the lateral grooves, and the distance from the bottom of the furrow to the soil surface level is kept equal to the depth of seed placement (Fig. 1, f).

The device comprises a stand-seed-fertilizer pipe 1, consisting of a bracket 2 (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4), to which a front strut 3 is attached, the lower end of which is made in the form of a wedge facing with a sharp end in the direction of movement, and there are also two cheeks 4, by means of which a cavity is formed, divided by partitions 5 and 6 into three cavities: the front cavity A is for supplying the main fertilizer, and the other two cavities B and C are for feeding seeds with a starting dose of fertilizer. Fertilizer receivers 7 are attached to the upper part of the cheeks 4. Two seed guides 8 are attached to the lower end of the cheeks 4 under the cavities B and C, the ends of which are bent to the right and left, respectively, by half the row spacing, and the seed boxes are installed in the upper part of the cheeks 4 9. On the front post 3 in its lower part by means of support plates a lancet paw 10 is fixed so that the ends of the seed guides 8 are in the sublap space. From the bottom to the paw 10, at a distance equal to half the row spacing from the center line, two furrow former 11 are rigidly attached so that their cutting edges are below the cutting edge of the lancet paw. In the rear part of the paw 10, left and right dumps 12 are made at a distance from the center line exceeding half the row spacing, with their lower parts located at the level of the cutting edge of the paw. A roller 14 in the form of an axis 15 with two disks 16, the distance between which is equal to the row spacing (see Fig. 4), is attached to the rear leg 13 of the paw by means of articulation, the disks 16 being placed strictly above the rows. In this case, the working edges of the disks are made at an angle to the horizontal α smaller than the angle of repose of dry soil β (see Fig. 5). The roller is connected to the frame of the seeder 17 by means of an adjustment mechanism 18.

The device operates as follows: when moving, the front strut 3, attached to the bracket, creates a gap below the level of the cutting edge of the lancet paw 10, where fertilizers come from the receiver 7 through the cavity A and are fixed with soil in the form of a vertically placed tape. Furrowing agents 11 create grooves on both sides of the slit at a distance of half the row spacing, into which seeds with the starting dose of fertilizers come from the seed box 9 through the seed guide 8 and are closed first with soil directed by dumps 12, and then with soil coming off paw 10. Then the soil discs 16 are rolled over the rows, and the depth of rolling is regulated by the adjusting mechanism 18 so that the distance from the bottom of the furrow to the level of the soil surface is equal to the depth of seed placement.

Using this method of sowing grain with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers allows you to combine the following technological operations: pre-sowing cultivation, sowing grain in an ordinary way on a compacted bed and making the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the form of a vertically located tape, rolling soil over rows of seeds; reduce the dose of mineral fertilizers recommended for spreading by 25-30%; to increase grain yield due to the oriented placement of fertilizers relative to the root system and sowing of grain on a compacted bed and to prevent wind erosion of the soil due to the conservation of stubble.

Information sources

1. RU 2070370 C1, A01B 79/02, A01C 7/00; 12/20/1996.

2. RU 2099918 C1, A01C 7/00; 12/27/1997.

3. RU 2219695 C2, A01C 7/00, A 01 B 79/02, 05.20.2001.

4. SU 1145590, АСС 7/20; 12/23/1988.

5. RU 2224402 C1, A01C 7/20; 02/27/2004.

6. SU 1066479, A01C 7/20; 01/15/1984.

Claims (4)

1. A method of sowing grain crops with fertilizer, including soil cultivation, sowing grain crops and applying mineral fertilizers, characterized in that the soil in the horizontal plane is cut to a depth less than the depth of seed placement, and raised to a certain height with the formation of a horizontal surface, of which three furrows are made, the central furrow being made by cutting the soil and compaction of the walls, and the lateral furrows are of lesser depth, spaced to the left and right of the central one at a distance equal to half the row spacing is formed by digging the soil and laying it in the ridges, fertilizers in the form of a vertical tape are placed in the central furrow, and seeds with a starting dose of fertilizers are introduced into the lateral furrows and they are covered with soil removed from the furrows, after which they are laid on top of previously raised loose soil soil and roll it over the lateral furrows, and when rolling, the distance from the bottom of the furrow to the soil surface level is kept equal to the depth of seed placement. 2. A device for sowing grain crops with fertilizer, containing lancet paw, stand-fertilizer seed line, left and right seed guides, the length of which is equal to half the width of the row spacing, and a wedge, and the wedge and the lower part of the rack-seven-duct are located below the cutting edge of the lancet paw, and below the paws on both sides of the axis of symmetry at a distance equal to half the row spacing, furrow-forming machines are installed in front of the seed guides, characterized in that the stand is made in the form of a box divided into three polo parts, the first of which is equipped with a stand in the front part, in the lower part of which a wedge is mounted, facing with a sharp end in the direction of movement, and seed seed guides are attached to the lower part of the second and third cavities of the seven-pipe rack, while the furrowers have a cutting edge located below the cutting edge lancet paws, and in the rear part of the paw at a distance from the center line exceeding half the row spacing, left and right dumps are fixed, the lower parts of which are located at the level of the cutting edge of the paw, at th to the rear of the opener roller is pivoted, made in the form of two discs with axes spaced equal to aisle width. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the roller is mounted with adjustable height. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the working edges of the roller are made at an angle to the horizontal, less than the angle of repose of dry soil.

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