JP6472520B2 - 正極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
正極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6472520B2 JP6472520B2 JP2017529380A JP2017529380A JP6472520B2 JP 6472520 B2 JP6472520 B2 JP 6472520B2 JP 2017529380 A JP2017529380 A JP 2017529380A JP 2017529380 A JP2017529380 A JP 2017529380A JP 6472520 B2 JP6472520 B2 JP 6472520B2
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Description
本出願は、2014年12月5日付韓国特許出願第2014−0174080号及び2015年12月4日付韓国特許出願第2015−0172360号に基づいた優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示されている全ての内容は、本明細書の一部として含まれる。
[化学式(1)]
Li1+aNi1−b−cMnbCocO2
前記化学式(1)で、0≦a≦0.33、0≦b≦0.5及び0≦c≦0.5であり、より具体的には0≦a≦0.09で、さらに具体的にはa=0であってよい。前記化学式(1)でaが0.33超過の場合、リチウム複合金属粒子にセラミック系イオン伝導体をコーティングする効果は、通常の金属酸化物をコーティングする場合に比べて寿命特性効果の差異が約10%以内で著しくないことがあり得る。一方、前記化学式(1)でaが0.09以下、特に0の場合、リチウム複合金属粒子に前記セラミック系イオン伝導体をコーティングする効果は、別の金属酸化物をコーティングした場合に比べて寿命特性効果の差異が30から70%までと著しいことがある。
[化学式(2)]
ALi1+aNi1−b−cMnbCoc・(1−A)M’sM’’vO2
前記化学式(2)で、M’は、セラミック系イオン伝導体から由来された金属元素であって、具体的には、Y、Zr、La、Sr、Ga、Mg、Sc、Gd、Sm、Ca、Ce、Co、Mn及びFeからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたはこれらのうち二つ以上の混合元素であってよく、より具体的には、Y、Zr、La、Sr、Ga、Sc、Gd、Sm及びCeからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合元素であってよく、さらに具体的には、Y及びZrからなる群より選択される少なくともいずれか一つの元素であってよい。
製造例1
400gのエチレングリコール(C2H6O2)中に20gのジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート(ZrO(NO3)2・2H2O)と2.7gのイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Y(NO3)3・6H2O)を溶解させたあと、撹拌して混合溶液を準備した。前記混合溶液を撹拌しながら160℃の温度で5時間の間加熱したあと、90℃の温度に冷却し、水を投入して平均粒径(D50)10nmのYSZナノゾル(Zr(1−x)YxO2−x/2、x値=0.094、YSZ内のY:Zrの重量比=9:91)を製造した。
前記製造例1でイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えてカルシウムナイトレートテトラヒドレート(Ca(NO3)2・4H2O)を0.85gの量で用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してCSZナノゾル(CSZ内のCaOの含量=5モル%、Ca:Zrの重量比=2:98)を製造した。
前記製造例1でイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えてスカンジウムナイトレートヒドレート(Sc(NO3)3・H2O)を2.55gの量で用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してSSZナノゾル((ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)X、x値=0.12、SSZ内のSc:Zrの重量比=6:94)を製造した。
前記製造例1でジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート及びイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えて、40gのセリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Ce(NO3)3・6H2O)と6gのガドリニウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Gd(NO3)3・6H2O))を用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してGDCナノゾル(Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95、GDC内のGd:Ceの重量比=14:86)を製造した。
前記製造例1でジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート及びイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えて、10gのランタンナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(La(NO3)3・6H2O)、1.55gのストロンチウムナイトレート(Sr(NO3)2)、6gのガリウムナイトレートヒドレート(Ga(NO3)3・H2O)及び1.55gのマグネシウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Mg(NO3)2・6H2O)を混合して用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してLSGMナノゾル((LaxSr1−x)(GayMg1−y)O3、x=0.75、y=0.78、LSGM内のLa:Sr:Ga:Mgの重量比=58:12:28:2)を製造した。
400gのエチレングリコール(C2H6O2)溶液内に20gのニッケルクロリド(NiCl2)を分散させたあと、撹拌して混合溶液を製造した。前記混合溶液を撹拌しながら160℃の温度で5時間の間加熱したあと、90℃の温度に冷却し、水を投入して平均粒径(D50)10nmのNiナノゾルを製造した。
製造例7
LiOH(H2O)89.46g、平均粒径が5μmであるNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2(OH)2 200gを入れ、実験用ミキサの中心部rpmが18000rpmの速度で、1分間混合して前駆体を製造した。
実施例1−1
前記製造例1で製造した平均粒径(D50)10nmのYSZナノゾルを、最終的に製造される正極活物質の総重量に対して0.2重量%の含量で含まれるよう、前記製造例7で製造したLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2(平均粒径(D50):5μm)50gに入れて混合した。結果の混合物を400℃で6時間の間熱処理したあと、乳鉢及び篩にかけてLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面にYSZを含む正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例2で製造したCSZナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例3で製造したSSZナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例4で製造したGDCナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例5で製造したLSGMナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して正極活物質を製造した。
前記実施例1−1で、YSZナノゾルとともに、リチウム複合金属酸化物の総重量に対してNi含量が0.2重量%になるよう、前記製造例6で製造したNiナノゾルを更に混合して用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で行ってLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、YSZセラミック系イオン伝導体及びNiOを含む表面処理層が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1でYSZナノゾルを投入しないことを除き、前記実施例1と同様の方法で行って正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1で、YSZナノゾルに代えて平均粒径(D50)50nmのYSZパウダー含有水分散液を用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で行って正極活物質を製造した。
実施例2−1
正極の製造
前記実施例1−1で製造した正極活物質94重量%、導電材としてカーボンブラック(carbon black)3重量%、そして、バインダとしてポリビニリデンフルオリド(PVdF)3重量%を溶媒であるN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に添加して正極スラリーを製造した。前記正極スラリーを厚さ約20μmの正極集電体であるアルミニウム(Al)薄膜に塗布し、乾燥して正極を製造したあと、ロールプレス(roll press)を実施して正極を製造した。
負極活物質として黒鉛粉末96.3重量%、導電材としてsuper−p 1.0重量%、及び、バインダとしてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)及びカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を1.5重量%と1.2重量%で混合し、溶媒であるNMPに添加して負極スラリーを製造した。前記負極スラリーを厚さ約10μmの負極集電体である銅(Cu)薄膜に塗布し、乾燥して負極を製造したあと、ロールプレス(roll press)を実施して負極を製造した。
電解質としてエチレンカーボネート及びジエチルカーボネートを30:70の体積比で混合して製造された非水電解液溶媒にLiPF6を添加し、1MのLiPF6非水性電解液を製造した。
前記で製造した正極と負極の間に多孔性ポリエチレンの分離膜を介在し、リチウム塩含有電解液を注入してセルを製造した。
前記実施例1−2から1−6で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ用いることを除き、実施例2−1と同様の方法で実施してリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記比較例1−1及び1−2で製造された正極活物質をそれぞれ用いたことを除き、実施例2と同様の方法で行ってリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記製造例1で製造したセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルを、透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)を利用して観察し、また、X線回折分析(XRD)を行った。
前記実施例1−1で製造した正極活物質の表面を、FE−SEM(Field−Emission Scanning Electron Microscope)を利用して観察し、その結果を図3に示した。
前記実施例1−1で製造した正極活物質に対してXRD分析を実施し、コーティング層内に含まれているYSZの結晶構造を確認した。このとき、比較のため、ZrO2に対してもXRD分析を行った。
スリット:発散スリット=0.5度、受信スリット=9.55mm、散乱スリット=5.89度
測定区域及びステップ角度/測定時間:−10.0度<2θ<90度、0.5秒、0.024度、このとき、2θは回折角度を表す。
<電池サイクル特性の評価>
前記実施例1−1から1−6及び比較例1−1、1−2で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ含むリチウム二次電池(実施例2−1から2−6及び比較例2−1、2−2)に対してサイクル数に応じた容量減少率を調べるため、下記のような方法で電気化学評価実験を行った。
Claims (13)
- リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子をセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルと混合して熱処理し、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子上にセラミック系イオン伝導体を含むコーティング層を形成する段階を含み、
前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルは、グリコール系溶媒中でセラミック系イオン伝導体形成用金属の前駆体を溶解させたあと、水を添加して水酸化させることによって製造されるものであり、
前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、イットリア安定化ジルコニア、ガドリニアドープされたセリア、サマリウムドープされたセリア、ランタンストロンチウムコバルトフェライト、ランタンストロンチウムガレートマグネサイト、ランタンストロンチウムマンガナイト、カルシア安定化ジルコニア、スカンジア安定化ジルコニア及びニッケル−イットリア安定化ジルコニアサーメットからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである、正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、イットリア安定化ジルコニア、カルシア安定化ジルコニア、ガドリニアドープされたセリア、ランタンストロンチウムガレートマグネサイト及びスカンジア安定化ジルコニアからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記イットリア安定化ジルコニアは、Zr(1−x)YxO2−x/2(0.01≦x≦0.30)のものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記カルシア安定化ジルコニアは、カルシア安定化ジルコニアの総重量に対してCaOを1モル%から20モル%で含むものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記スカンジア安定化ジルコニアは、(ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)X、(ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)x−z(Y2O3)z及び(Zr02)1−2x−z(Sc2O3)x(CeO2)z(0.01≦x≦0.2、0.01≦z≦0.1)からなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理前のセラミック系イオン伝導体は、非晶質のものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理前のセラミック系イオン伝導体は、水酸化物形態を有するものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理前のセラミック系イオン伝導体の平均粒径(D50)が1nmから100nmのものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記グリコール系溶媒は、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール及びポリエチレングリコールからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体形成用金属の前駆体の溶解後、水を添加する前に、120℃からグリコール系溶媒の沸点以下の温度で熱処理する工程がさらに行われるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルは、正極活物質の総重量に対して前記セラミック系イオン伝導体の含量が50ppmから300,000ppmになるようにする量で用いられるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルは、アルミニウム(Al)、ニオビウム(Nb)、チタン(Ti)、タングステン(W)、モリブデン(Mo)、クロム(Cr)、銅(Cu)、バナジウム(V)及び亜鉛(Zn)からなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の金属をさらに含むか、または前記金属を含むナノゾルとともに混合して用いられるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理は、100℃から600℃の温度範囲で行われるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
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KR20140174080 | 2014-12-05 | ||
KR10-2014-0174080 | 2014-12-05 | ||
KR1020150172360A KR101777022B1 (ko) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
KR10-2015-0172360 | 2015-12-04 | ||
PCT/KR2015/013267 WO2016089177A1 (ko) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
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JP7104877B2 (ja) | 2017-11-16 | 2022-07-22 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用の正極材料 |
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JP7002433B2 (ja) * | 2018-10-25 | 2022-02-04 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 正極材料とこれを用いた二次電池 |
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CN112968150B (zh) * | 2019-12-12 | 2023-02-10 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种正极材料及其制备方法 |
CN111146456B (zh) * | 2020-01-22 | 2022-05-31 | 福州大学 | 一种燃料电池用复合阴极材料的制备方法 |
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KR101791744B1 (ko) * | 2014-09-30 | 2017-10-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질 및 이의 제조방법 |
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