JP5091080B2 - 膜電極アセンブリーの製造方法 - Google Patents
膜電極アセンブリーの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5091080B2 JP5091080B2 JP2008262165A JP2008262165A JP5091080B2 JP 5091080 B2 JP5091080 B2 JP 5091080B2 JP 2008262165 A JP2008262165 A JP 2008262165A JP 2008262165 A JP2008262165 A JP 2008262165A JP 5091080 B2 JP5091080 B2 JP 5091080B2
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- membrane
- electrode
- water
- polymer
- monomer
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Images
Classifications
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- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
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Description
(b)VP,HEMAなどの親水性であるが、必ずしも電気活性でないコモノマー、を通常に含むモノマー混合物の溶液からの重合により形成されうる。
(c)アリルメタクリレート又はエチレングリコールジメタクリレートなどの化学架橋剤、及び、
(d)AIBN(アゾイソブチロニトリル)又はアゾビスシクロヘキサンカルボニトリルなどの化学開始剤。
(e)親水性ポリマーのマトリックス内に保持された電気活性分子、又は、
(f)電気活性コモノマー。
(a)重合に対する温度の効果、例えば、発泡を抑制するための化学開始剤の使用及びモノマーの冷却がレオロジーの制御及び隣接材料の可溶性をもたらすときのγ線照射の使用、
(b)熱、UV又はγ線を使用した一工程の使用、又は、熱/熱、γ/γ、熱/γ、γ/熱又はUVなどを用いたプレポリマーを介した二工程の使用、及び、
(c)充填プロセスを改良し、使用時の触媒又は電極紙の湿潤/侵入性を制御するためのモノマー混合物又はプレポリマーの特性のレオロジー制御。
(a)モノマーからの一工程でのγ線の使用、
(b)バブルを回避するためのモノマーからの一工程での熱開始剤の使用、
(c)レオロジー制御又は特殊界面特性のためのプレポリマーを介した二工程の使用。
(a)重合の際の触媒の包含(一体化触媒)
(b)重合の際の炭素繊維の包含(一体化電極)
(c)膜中への複合材の触媒/電極の包含
(d)燃料電池又は電気分解器の各側で異なって触媒/電極/イオノマー表面を最適化することが可能である、延在表面(extended surface)の使用。
(a)最終の水和時の1D又は2D膨張を抑制するために繊維補強(1D又は2D)を用いる、
(b)触媒/電極構造と接触して組み立てられたときに膨張を制御しそして離層を抑制するために、補強材を入れないが、二軸プレ応力負荷を用いる、
(c)触媒及び/又は炭素繊維を表面層に取り込み、化学活性でかつ電気伝導性ガス界面を形成し、従来の触媒/電極構造に依らない、有効な最終のMEAとする、
(d)「構造付き」表面に対してポリマー表面をキャスティングし、広い表面積のポリマー/触媒反応体表面を製造し、そして向上した性能となりうる。
(a)図1に示すように、γ照射を用いたモノマーからの一工程法、
(b)熱開始剤を用いたモノマーからの一工程法、及び、
(c)レオロジー制御又は特殊界面特性のためのプレポリマー段階。
(a)液体モノマー又はプレポリマーの重合、
(b)適切なキャリア中での溶液でのモノマー又はプレポリマーの重合、
(c)溶液重合法、
(d)溶液中の液体ポリマーをキャスティングし、溶剤を抽出してポリマーを堆積させること、
(e)粉末としての適切なポリマーの導入で、粉末は圧縮され又は焼結される、及び、
(f)溶融状態での適切なポリマーの導入で、MEAが通常の操作温度に戻るときに材料が固化する。
(a)図1に示すように、γ線照射を用いたモノマーからの一工程法、
(b)熱開始剤を用いたモノマーからの一工程法、
(c)レオロジー制御又は特殊界面特性のためのプレポリマー経由での二工程法。
マルチセルスタックを製造するときに、モノマーがガスマニホールド構造をフラッディングすること(セルスタックの操作を妨げる)を防止することが望ましいことがある。従来のブロッキング材料の使用の代わりとして、プレ応力負荷された親水性材料はマニホールド通路をブロックするために使用されうる。マニホールド通路の材料は取り外すことができる、もとの形状に回復するものである(焼結された粉末又は形状変化)。または、「スマート」回復材料金属又はプラスティックを用いてマニホールド自体を製造することができる。セルは製造されそしてモノマーで充填されそして重合されて膜を形成し、その後に、マニホールド材料は活性化されてガス通路を再生することができる。
疎水性モノマー:
メチルメタクリレート(MMA)、
アクリロニトリル(AN)、
メタクリルオキシプロピルトリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン(TRIS)、
2,2,2−トリフルオロエチルメタクリレート(TRIF)、
親水性モノマー:
メタクリル酸(MA)、
2−ヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート(HEMA)
エチルアクリレート(EA)、
1−ビニル−2−ピロリジノン(VP)、
プロペノン酸2−メチルエステル(PAM)
モノメタクリロイルオキシエチルフタレート(EMP)、
アンモニウムスルファトエチルメタクリレート(SEM)
−SO3H部分:
トルエンスルホン酸(TSA)、
1−メチル−1−ベンズイミダゾール−2−スルホン酸、
イセチオン酸Na塩、
ヒドロキシレン−O−スルホン酸、
共重合のためのスルホン酸サイト含有モノマー:
2−アクリルアミド−2−メチル−1−プロパンスルホン酸(AMPSA)、
ビニルスルホン酸(VSA)、
スチレンスルホン酸(SSA)、
2−スルホエチルメタクリレート(SOMA)、
3−スルホプロピルメタクリレートNa塩(SPM)
アクリロニトリル−ビニルピロリドン(AN−VP;1:1)混合物モノマーを購入し、購入したものを精製しそして使用した。
メチルメタクリレート(MA)(99% Aldrich)を使用前に蒸留した。
1−ビニル−2−ピロリジノン(VP)(99% Aldrich)を凍結し、そして解凍して使用した。
使用した架橋剤はアリルメタクリレート(AMA)(98% Acros)であった。
2−アクリルアミド−2−メチル−1−プロパンスルホン酸(AM)(99%)、ビニルスルホン酸(ナトリウム塩、25wt%水溶液)(VSA)及び4−スチレンスルホン酸(SSA)ナトリウム塩水和物を全てAldrichから購入した。
ナトリウムスルホプロピルメタクリレートを米国特許第1299155号明細書にしたがって合成した。
脱イオン水(DDW)中のAM,AMA及びAN−VPの種々の組成の8つの異なる溶液を表1に示すように製造した。
種々のスルホン酸を蒸留水中に溶解してから、AN−VPに加えた(1:1)。その後、混合物にAMAを添加し、そして攪拌した。溶液をPTFEでライニングされたアルミニウムセルに入れてそしてシールするか又はプラスティックプレートを備えた容器に入れた。
単一工程照射を0.125Mrad/hrの照射速度で20時間行い、合計で2.50Mradの照射を行った。
2工程照射も用いた。配合物がORである場合には、初期照射は0.01Mrad/hrで29時間(=0.29Mrad)であり、次いで、第二の照射は0.03Mrad/hrで80時間(=0.24Mrad)であった。配合物が1.5ORである場合には、最初の照射は0.01Mrad/hrで20時間(=0.25Mrad)であり、次いで、第二の照射は0.03Mrad/hrで6.83時間(=1.7075Mrad)であった。
膜の一部を室温で24時間脱イオン水に浸漬し、拭き取り紙で乾燥して表面の水を除去し、計量した。その後、膜を60℃で一定重量になるまで真空炉内で乾燥した。水の吸収量は[(Mh−Md)/Mh]×100%(式中、Mh及びMdは水和された膜の重量及び乾燥された膜の重量である。)
膜のサンプルを24時間、周囲温度でHCl(0.1M)(50ml)中で水和させた。その後、サンプルをティシューで拭き取り乾燥し、NaOH(0.1M)(50ml)中に入れて、24時間、交換を行なう。このNaOH溶液の3つのアリコート(10ml)を、その後、HCl(0.1M)で滴定した。指示薬としてフェノールフタレインを使用した。その後、サンプルをティシューで乾燥し、そしてHCl(0.1M)(50ml)に一晩戻し、その後、サンプルを110℃の真空炉に8時間入れ、デシケータ中で冷却した。
IECを以下のとおりに計算した。
交換後のNaOHのモル濃度=[HClのモル濃度×平均力価]÷10
モル濃度の変化(X)=(交換前のNaOHのモル濃度)−(交換後のNaOHのモル濃度)
100mlは(X)モルのNa+を含み、
50mlは(X/1000)×50モルNa+=Yを含む。
YモルのNa+イオンはZグラムの乾燥膜で交換された。
Y/Z=モルNa+/グラム
=Y/(Z×1000)ミリ当量/グラム乾燥膜。
水和された膜の抵抗をPhillips Model PM6303RCL抵抗計を用いて室温でセル内で測定した。サンプルをティシュー乾燥し、電極ゲルの薄い層で被覆し、同様に電極ゲルの薄い層で被覆された乾燥電極の間に配置した。その後、その厚さ及び面積(1cm×1cm)からその導電率を計算した。
本発明を具現化する材料を以下に関して試験した。
(a)重量手段により及びサンプルの既知の乾燥サイズの線膨張比を測定することにより平衡時の水吸収性。
(b)生体医学膜での使用のために設計された同軸酸素プローブを用いたガス透過性(ISO9913 Part1)。従来の親水性材料に対してはよく確立された方法であるが、スルホン酸含有材料は正確な測定を困難にする。しかしながら、同等の水吸収性の従来の親水性材料の値の15%以内のガス透過率値は確立されており、測定の困難さを考えると合理的である。
(c)ERA Report 5231(1969), G. Moleに記載された急速過渡熱伝導性測定装置を用いた、完全に水和された状態で測定される熱伝導率。伝導率値は水吸収性の関数であることが判った。55%水吸収率の材料についての0.45W/m.K(水の伝導率の78%に相当する)から85%水吸収率の材料についての0.58W/m.K(純水の伝導率の95%に相当する)に増加した。
(d)(i)ブロックとして製造されそして膜材料と並べて照射された材料のサンプル及び(ii)MEAプロパー(下記参照)を超える「過剰」の材料から取られた膜材料のサンプルで行うイオン交換能。材料のサンプルをHCl(0.1M)溶液中で24時間水和する。その後、サンプルをNaOH(0.1M)にさらに24時間入れて交換し、得られたNaOH溶液をHClに対して滴定する。
(e)熱重量分析(TGA)及び水和時のウォッシュアウトを用いた熱安定性。材料はNafionと比較したときに加熱に対して顕著に安定であることが判った。AN−VP−AMPSコポリマーは150℃で質量が4%しか失わず(Nafionと同等)、800℃でさえ42%も保持した(Nafionでは500℃を超える温度で残留物0)。
材料
アクリロニトリル(蒸留された) 75g(35.38%)
ビニルピロリドン 75g(35.38%)
2−アクリルアミド−2−メチル−1−プロパンスルホン酸 30g(14.15%)
水(HPLCグレード) 30g(14.15%)
アリルメタクリレート 2g(0.94%)
1.アクリロニトリル及びビニルピロリドンを一緒に混合してシールされた容器内に貯蔵する。
2.酸をゆっくりと水に添加する。酸の完全な溶解を確保するために混合物を連続攪拌する必要がある。このプロセスは20分までかかることがある。
3.工程2から得られた混合物を工程1から得られた混合物にゆっくりと添加する。このプロセスの間に冷水中でアクリロニトリル−ビニルピロリドン混合物を冷却することが重要である。というのは、ある程度の熱が酸−混合物の初期添加とともに発生されうるからである。突然の発熱を回避するために、このプロセスの間に混合物を連続的に攪拌することも重要である。
4.アリルメタクリレートを工程3から得られた混合物に添加し、そしてよく攪拌する。
各cMEAでは、2つの適切なサイズの炭素紙電極片を薄い不織布ポリエステルシートの両側に配置する。炭素紙片は完全に重なり、ポリエステルシートに対して白金化面を有しなければならない。ポリエステルシートの役割は2つある。第一に、炭素紙電極どうしの接触及び短絡を防止し、第二に、得られるcMEAの水和時の膨潤挙動を抑制する。薄いポリエチレンシートを両面のパーティションとして用い、多重cMEAを1ショットで製造することが可能である。単一又は多重cMEAをシール可能なポリエチレンバッグに入れる。
アセンブリーを表2に示す2段階γ照射に付す。
ポリエチレンバッグを切って開き、cMEAのアセンブリーを取り出す。cMEAはポリエチレンパーティションから容易に剥離されうる。しかしながら、モノマー混合物がパーティションの縁周囲にしみでて重合して、それらを結合することがある。この場合には、縁から離れたこの領域を切断することで分離がずっと容易になる。炭素紙電極が非常に脆いので、取り外し時にcMEAを曲げないように注意をしなければならない。
単一MEAに適切な装置においてcMEAを燃料電池として評価することができる。この場合に使用されるこのような装置の基本的な部品は以下のとおりである。
1.cMEAの面積よりも大きい面積の2つのグラファイトマニホールド。両方のマニホールドは片側に機械加工された複数のガスチャンネルを有し、それらが覆う面積はcMEA上の炭素紙の面積に等しい。マニホールド間にはさまれたMEAであり、アセンブリーは燃料電池と呼ばれる。
2.制御可能な圧力の水素及び酸素をそれぞれのマニホールドのガスチャンネルに連結する適切なパイプ。
3.燃料電池に並列の電圧計
4.ユーザー規定電流(user-defined current)を引き出すことができる燃料電池に並列の電子的負荷。
燃料電池として試験したのと同様にcMEAを2つのマニホールドに固定し、ガスチャンネルをとおして窒素をフラッシュし、残りの水素及び酸素を除去した。キャピラリーチューブを両方のマニホールドにあるガスインレット及びアウトレットポートに連結し、水を導入してガスチャンネルをフラッディングさせた。マニホールドを横切る電圧(2.5V)の印加時に、両方のマニホールドのガスチャンネルからキャピラリーチューブをガスが上がってくるのが見えた。電力供給源の負極側に連結されたマニホールドから、より多量のガスが発生したように観測された。このことは、化学量論による負電極での水素の発生及び正電極での酸素の発生と一貫したものである。
上記の手順を繰り返したが、ビニルベンジルトリメチルアンモニウムクロリド(BV)をAMPSAの代わりに用い、カチオンサイトを導入した。
Claims (3)
- 分離して配置された電極の間にイオン交換膜を形成することができる材料を導入し、その場でイオン交換膜を形成することを含む、電極とイオン交換膜を含む膜電極アセンブリーの製造方法。
- 前記イオン交換膜はポリマーであり、イオン交換膜の形成はその場での成分モノマーもしくはプレポリマーの重合を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記膜電極アセンブリーは、電極と、強イオン性基を含む親水性ポリマーを含むイオン交換膜とを含む、請求項2記載の方法。
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