JP2018531027A - 多能性幹細胞からのヒト皮膚オルガノイドの誘導 - Google Patents
多能性幹細胞からのヒト皮膚オルガノイドの誘導 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018531027A JP2018531027A JP2018520393A JP2018520393A JP2018531027A JP 2018531027 A JP2018531027 A JP 2018531027A JP 2018520393 A JP2018520393 A JP 2018520393A JP 2018520393 A JP2018520393 A JP 2018520393A JP 2018531027 A JP2018531027 A JP 2018531027A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、その全容を述べるが如く参照により本明細書に組み込まれている、2015年10月21日に出願された米国仮出願第62/244,612号の利益を主張するものである。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所によって与えられたDC013294およびDC015624の下で政府の支援によってなされた。米国政府は本発明において確固たる権利を有する。
本明細書で提供するのは、毛幹を含むヒト皮膚オルガノイドへのヒト多能性幹細胞の分化を誘導するための方法である。より詳細には、本明細書で提供するのは、機能的毛包を含有するヒト多能性幹細胞由来表皮および真皮層を含む三次元培養物を得るための方法である。
本明細書中に言及する全ての刊行物、特許、および特許出願は、それぞれ個々の刊行物、特許、および特許出願が参照により組み込まれていることが具体的かつ個別に示されるが如く、それらの全容が参照により本明細書に組み込まれている。
本明細書に記載するように、本開示は、ヒト多能性幹細胞から皮膚組織を生成するための方法を提供する。例示的実施形態では、本明細書で提供する方法は、in vivoの組織構造編成、複雑性、機能的分化、化学的および機械的シグナルを再現した皮膚オルガノイド培養物を生成し、したがって、初代または不死化細胞の2D培養より生理学的に適切であり得る。本明細書で使用する用語「皮膚オルガノイド」は、臓器全体に類似し、多能性幹細胞、胎児神経幹細胞、および単離臓器前駆細胞だけには限られないが、これらを含めた様々な細胞型の個別添加および自己組織化によってin vitroで構築される(すなわち、特定組織型の構造特性を示す)組織様構造を指す。例えば、Lancaster and Knoblich, Science 345(6194)(2014)を参照。本開示の方法によって得られる皮膚オルガノイドは、組織学的にも機能的にも天然皮膚にほぼ対応する(例えば、ヒト表皮と真皮を含む)多層in vitro皮膚モデルであることが好ましい。以下の段落中に記載するように、本開示の方法は、ヒト多能性幹細胞を、多能性幹細胞の分化を促進する条件下において、非神経上皮と頭部神経堤細胞、および次に毛髪生成移植片に適した表皮と真皮組織層に分化させることによって、ヒトの皮膚および毛幹の複雑性および組織化を再現する皮膚オルガノイド培養物を生成する。幾つかの場合、本開示の方法によって得られる皮膚オルガノイドは、皮脂腺、エクリン腺、メラノサイト、感覚ニューロン、皮下脂肪と類似した脂肪細胞、毛包バルジ幹細胞、およびメルケル前駆細胞などの1つまたは複数の特化した細胞区画または細胞型を有する毛包をさらに含む。
別の態様では、本明細書で提供するのは、本明細書で提供する方法に従って得る、三次元の、多層in vitro誘導皮膚オルガノイドである。本明細書で記載するように得た皮膚オルガノイドおよび工学操作物質を含む、三次元(3D)組織構築物または組織組成物も提供する。例えば、3D組織構築物は、コラーゲンベースの基質において本開示中に記載する方法に従い多能性幹細胞の凝集体を分化させることによって得ることができ、このような培養条件下で分化する細胞は、互いに接触し毛髪を生成し得る皮膚および表皮層に自己組織化する。幾つかの場合、本発明の3D組織構築物は単離した生物成分をさらに含む。本明細書で使用する「単離した」生物成分(タンパク質またはオルガネラなど)は、他の染色体および染色体外DNAおよびRNA、タンパク質、およびオルガネラなどの、成分が本来存在する生物の細胞中の他の生物成分から実質的に分離または精製されている。本明細書で使用する用語「単離タンパク質」は、標準的な精製法により精製されたタンパク質を含む。この用語は、宿主細胞中での組換え発現により調製されたタンパク質、および化学合成タンパク質、またはこれらの断片も包含する。
別の態様では、本明細書で提供するのは、三次元(3D)、多層in vitro皮膚組成物を得るのに有用な1つまたは複数の成分を含むキットである。キットの成分は、TGFβシグナル伝達経路などのシグナル変換経路の1つまたは複数の小分子阻害剤、および/または標準的Wntシグナル伝達経路などのシグナル変換経路の1つまたは複数小低分子アゴニストを含み得る。キットは、本明細書で記載する支持構造体(例えば、人工皮膚マトリックス)中またはその表面上に提供されたかまたは組み込まれた3D多層工学操作皮膚構築物を形成するための成分も含有し得る。一実施形態では、キットは本明細書で記載する皮膚組成物と使用するための1つまたは複数の支持構造体を含む。支持構造体は、組織工学操作足場、マトリックス(例えば、人工皮膚マトリックス)、またはマトリックス形成材料であってよい。キットは、皮膚線維芽細胞をトランスフェクトして目的の治療用タンパク質を分泌させる物質も含有し得る。幾つかの実施形態では、キット内の皮膚線維芽細胞を遺伝子工学操作して目的の治療用タンパク質を発現させる。
[実施例]
内耳オルガノイドの誘導を調べていた最中、本発明者らは表皮ケラチノサイトの存在に気付いた。Koehler, K.R., Mikosz, A.M., Molosh, A.I., Patel, D., and Hashino, E.(2013).Generation of inner ear sensory epithelia from pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nature, 500(7461),217-221を参照。培養第3日までに、骨形成タンパク質−4(BMP4)、およびトランスフォーミング増殖因子β(TGFβ)阻害剤、SB−431542(「SB」)を加えて上皮における非神経誘導を促進した。BMP4/SB処理は、各凝集体のコア内で中胚葉細胞の層も誘導したことを観察した(図2A)。第4〜5日に、凝集体をFGF−2(「FGF」)とBMP阻害剤(LDN−193189;「LDN」)で処理した。驚くことに、培養の約8〜10日後に、中胚葉細胞は凝集体の表面に移動して組織の層を形成し、その中では特定条件下において内耳オルガノイドが発生し得る。本発明者らは、BMP4濃度およびBMP4への露出時間の増大によって、凝集体の内耳感覚組織から皮膚への発達軌跡が変わり得ると判定した(図2A)。さらに、幾つかのマウス多能性幹細胞(mPSC)株は皮膚生成の素因をつくったと思われる。生成した皮膚オルガノイドは、毛包を開始する毛乳頭細胞を含有する表皮の内側層と真皮組織の外側層を含有していた(図2B〜C)。培養中第25〜30日までに、毛包は逆方向の組織層を反映する内生毛幹を生成した(図2D〜2E)。
本発明者らは、皮膚オルガノイドを作製可能である、新規のヒト非神経誘導プロトコールを開発しようと努めた。WA25細胞株のヒト多能性幹細胞をEssential8(E8)培養培地中で単細胞に解離した。約5000個の細胞を、96ウエルV底プレートの各ウエル中に平板培養した。培養24時間後、形成された多能性幹細胞凝集体を96ウエルU底プレートに移し、Matrigelの存在下において分化培地中で培養した。これを分化の「第0日」と考えた(図1参照)。
実施例3は実施例2中の表皮誘導法には基づかない。頭部の皮膚は、身体の他の部分の皮膚と異なり、表面外胚葉と頭部神経堤細胞(CNCC)の間の相互作用から発生中に生じる。本発明者らのhPSCの3D培養において、本発明者らは、低分子および組換えタンパク質処理に培養細胞を曝す時間を注意深く測定して、TGFβ、BMP、FGF、およびWnt経路を調節し、これによって頭部表面外胚葉の発生を模倣した(図3a〜3f)。皮膚オルガノイドを誘導するため、本発明者らは、分化第4日にFGF−2とBMP阻害剤で(実施例2からの)非神経誘導凝集体を処理した(図5A〜5D)。この処理によって、発達中頭部の後頭部領域のそれと類似したPAX8+ECAD+上皮を誘導した(図5C)。処理しなかった非神経誘導凝集体は、前頭部表面上皮を示すPAX6+ECAD+PAX8−上皮を有していた(図5B)。したがって、FGF/LDN処理濃度の調整は、前頭部/後頭部軸に沿って様々な組織型の表面上皮を生成するのに適した方針であり得る(図5D)。
皮膚オルガノイドが2層に再構成され得るかどうか試験するため、本発明者らは、毛包発生前にマウス皮膚オルガノイドを解離させ、気体−液体界面培養においてオルガノイド細胞を平板培養した。重要なことであるが、本発明者らは、典型的には必要とされる表皮集団と皮膚集団との分離を行わなかった。自己組織化するオルガノイド細胞の能力は経時的に低下するはずなので、解離のタイミングはおそらく重要である。本発明者らは、表皮中でのKRT5発現の開始直後に、第9日皮膚オルガノイドの解離を選択した。簡単に言うと、第9日において(条件あたり)45オルガノイドを、AccuMax(EMD Millipore、Darmstadt、ドイツ)を使用して単細胞に完全に解離させた。解離した細胞は、トランスウエル多孔質膜培養インサート(MilliCell、PTFE、0.4μm孔;条件1)内のMatrigel層の表面上に、または細胞とMatrigel混合物の小滴としてトランスウエル膜上に直接平板培養し(条件2)、ROCK阻害剤を含有するオルガノイド培地の存在下で培養した(図15A〜B)。第12日に使用済み培地を補充し、トランスウエル内の培地を除去して気体−液体界面培養環境をもたらし、細胞が皮膚の異なる層に再編および組織化すると予想した。第23日までに、厚さ約1mmの細胞層が条件1と2の両方で形成され、これらを免疫組織化学法用に固定し処理した。条件1で形成された層は、KRT5+ケラチノサイト層とPDGFRa+(CD140a+)線維芽細胞層が並んで構成されていた。条件2で形成された層は、KRT5+ケラチノサイト嚢胞とPDGFRa+線維芽細胞で満たされていた。重要なことに、オルガノイド細胞は生存し、これらの条件下で自己組織化することができた。合わせて考えると、第9日でオルガノイドを完全に解離させ、解離した細胞を層中に再度平板培養するこの方法は、異なる層、およびおそらく皮膚付属器を有する完全な厚さの皮膚を生成する可能性を示す。
頭顔面部の発達は生存および社会とのコミュニケーションに必須であるが、しかしながら数百万の個体が、遺伝子突然変異、皮膚腫瘍の除去、または重度の火傷が原因の、不適切に発生したかまたは手術により再構築された顔面部の特徴に悩んでいる。顔面部の発達をさらによく知り、顔面部欠陥に関する新規な細胞療法を特定するため、本発明者らは、胎児において頭顔面部コンプレックスが生じるメカニズムをモデル化したin vitro系から恩恵を得る。ヒトの顔と口は、外胚葉、内胚葉、中胚葉、および頭部神経堤細胞(CNCC)の混合から形成する。具体的には本発明者らは、顔面部真皮および軟骨などの顔面部の特徴への、CNCCの自己組織化を指示するメカニズムに興味を持った。本発明者らは、多能性幹細胞(PSC)を使用する三次元(3D)培養系を開発して、内耳オルガノイド、ならびに軟骨、皮膚、および筋肉などの多様な群の間葉系組織を得た。ここで本発明者らは、頭顔面部コンプレックスの2つの重要な成分、表面外胚葉とCNCCを3D培養においてヒトPSC(hPSC)から同時誘導できることを示す。本発明者らは、小分子および組換えタンパク質を使用して、分化中のhPSC凝集体におけるBMP、TGF−β、およびFGFシグナル伝達を制御した。図16中に示したように、TGFβ阻害および内在BMPシグナル伝達によって、分化の第3〜6日までにTFAP2+ECAD+表面外胚葉の形成が促進される。これらの凝集体は中胚葉を欠いており、一方中胚葉はBMP単独処理により凝集体中の(BRA+)細胞で誘導される。図17中に示したように、FGFの時間処理およびBMPの阻害はCNCCと表面外胚葉の同時誘導を促進した。BMPシグナル伝達の阻害はFGF処理と共に、TFAP2+およびPDGFRa+CNCCとTFAP2+およびECAD+表面外胚葉を同時誘導する。最終的に、このような同時誘導は、軟骨および皮膚オルガノイドを含めたCNCC由来組織型を誘導した。
Claims (23)
- 三次元多層皮膚組成物を得る方法であって、
(a)骨形成タンパク質4(BMP4)およびトランスフォーミング増殖因子β(TGFβ)シグナル伝達の阻害剤を含む培養培地内で約8〜約10日間ヒト多能性幹細胞凝集体を培養し、それによって凝集体内で非神経上皮を形成すること、
(b)細胞外マトリックス成分を含む多孔質基質中に(a)の培養凝集体を包埋すること、および
(c)(b)の包埋凝集体を、包埋凝集体内の細胞の自己集合を促進し、表皮層、皮膚層、および機能的毛包を形成することができる複数の細胞を含む三次元多層組成物が得られる条件下で少なくとも約25〜約120日間培養すること
を含む方法。 - 前記多孔質基質が半固体培養培地からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多孔質基質が三次元(3D)多孔質バイオマテリアルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記三次元(3D)多孔質バイオマテリアルが、化学的に明確なハイドロゲルである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- TGFβ1媒介シグナル伝達の前記阻害剤がSB431542およびA−83−01からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞外マトリックスが基底膜抽出物(BME)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記表皮層が前記皮膚層と直接接触している、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記表皮層がP63+KRT5+表皮ケラチノサイトを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記皮膚層が、毛包を開始する毛乳頭細胞を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記機能的毛包を形成することができる複数の細胞が、間葉系幹細胞、毛乳頭細胞、皮膚鞘細胞、および毛包表皮幹細胞からなる群から選択される細胞を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 表皮免疫細胞、中胚葉由来細胞、および内皮細胞からなる群から選択される1つまたは複数の細胞型を前記多孔質基質に播種することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記表皮免疫細胞がランゲルハンス細胞である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来表皮ケラチノサイトを含む表皮層、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来皮膚線維芽細胞を含む皮膚層、および機能的毛包を形成することができる複数のヒト多能性幹細胞由来細胞を含み、表皮層と皮膚層が直接接触している三次元、多層工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 前記機能的毛包を形成することができる複数の細胞が、間葉系幹細胞、毛乳頭細胞、皮膚鞘細胞、および毛包表皮幹細胞からなる群から選択される細胞を含む、請求項13に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの機能的毛包、機能的皮脂腺、または感覚ニューロンをさらに含む、請求項13に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 足場をさらに含む、請求項13に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 前記足場が生分解性または生体吸収性である、請求項16に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 前記足場が合成マトリックスである、請求項16に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- ヒト対象に生体移植および生着可能である、請求項13に記載の工学操作皮膚組成物。
- 毛髪成長に対する影響に関して化合物を試験する方法であって、
(a)請求項1に記載の方法に従って得た三次元多層皮膚組成物に試験化合物を接触させること、および
(b)接触させた皮膚組成物内の1つまたは複数の細胞型に対する作用物質の影響を検出すること
を含む方法。 - 前記検出が、RNA塩基配列決定、遺伝子発現プロファイリング、トランスクリプトーム解析、およびタンパク質発現解析からなる群から選択される方法の実施を含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記作用物質が、遺伝子発現に対する影響に関してスクリーニングされ、前記検出が、非接触皮膚組成物に対する差次的遺伝子発現に関するアッセイを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 創薬スクリーニングにおける、請求項1に記載の方法に従って得た三次元多層皮膚組成物の使用。
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