JP2017531013A - グルココルチコイドおよびミネラル・コルチコイドレセプターアンタゴニストを使用する脂肪肝疾患の処置 - Google Patents
グルココルチコイドおよびミネラル・コルチコイドレセプターアンタゴニストを使用する脂肪肝疾患の処置 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
- A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
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- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本願は、2014年12月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/092,041号、および2014年10月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/064,358号の優先権を主張する。前述の仮出願の内容全体は、本明細書中に参照によって組み込まれる。
肝臓障害は、アルコール誘発性脂肪肝疾患(AFLD)、非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患(NAFLD)、薬物もしくはアルコール関連肝疾患、ウイルス性疾患、免疫媒介性肝疾患、代謝性肝疾患、ならびに肝不全および/もしくは肝移植に関連する合併症などの、疾患の様々な群に分類され得る。非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患は、ほとんどもしくは全くアルコールを消費しない個体において、アルコール誘発性脂肪肝疾患と類似した、組織学的特徴を有する、一般的な肝障害である。脂肪肝疾患は、肝細胞内に脂質(脂肪)が異常滞留したことによる。
一実施形態において、本発明は、脂肪肝疾患を処置する方法を提供する。本方法は、脂肪肝疾患の処置を必要とする被験体に、治療有効量の式Iの化合物を投与し、それによって脂肪肝疾患を処置する工程を包含し、式Iの化合物は構造:
I.(一般)
本発明は、脂肪肝疾患に罹患している患者に、本発明の化合物を投与することによって、脂肪肝疾患を処置するための化合物および方法を提供する。いかなる理論にも拘泥しないが、本発明の化合物がグルココルチコイドレセプターに特異的に結合するという当該分野において容認されている理解とは対照的に、本発明における脂肪肝疾患の処置は、ミネラル・コルチコイドレセプターおよびプロゲステロンレセプターなどの他の核レセプターよりもグルココルチコイドレセプターに特異的に結合するよりもむしろ、グルコルチコイド(glucorticoid)レセプターおよびミネラル・コルチコイドレセプターの両方に結合することによって達成される。
本明細書で使用される略語は、化学分野および生物学分野内のそれらの従来の意味を有する。
脂肪肝疾患(FLD、脂肪肝としても公知)は、脂質が肝細胞に蓄積すると、発生する、広く行き渡っている肝臓状態である。脂質の蓄積により、細胞傷害が引き起こされ、肝臓はさらなる傷害に影響を受けやすくなる。脂肪肝疾患は、肝細胞における、一般に、肝細胞による脂質の異常滞留(すなわち、脂肪変性)によって引き起こされる、肝細胞における過剰脂肪(脂質)の形成によって特徴付けられる。脂肪に加えて、タンパク質および水が肝細胞に滞留し、これにより、肝細胞の膨張をもたらす恐れがある。肝臓における脂肪の蓄積は、肝細胞および脂肪細胞の脂質代謝において、以下:(1)肝臓への遊離脂肪酸送達の増加、(2)肝臓内での遊離脂肪酸合成の増大、(3)脂肪酸のβ−酸化の低下、および(4)超低密度リポタンパク質合成もしくは分泌の低下の工程のうちの1つの逸脱に起因し得る。(Baconら、Gastroenterology、1994年、107巻:1103〜1109頁)。
アルコール関連肝疾患(ARLD)は、アルコール誘発性脂肪肝疾患(AFL)、アルコール性肝炎およびアルコール性肝硬変を含む、アルコール関連もしくはアルコール誘発性の、肝臓病変のファミリーを記載する。アルコールの慢性および多量の消費者である人は事実上全て、AFLを発症するであろう。さらに、一般集団における肥満、糖尿病およびメタボリックシンドロームなどの複雑な因子が高度に広く行き渡っているため、アルコールの慢性的な多量消費者の基準を満たさない多数の個体は、AFLの発症の影響を受けやすい。
NAFLDとしては、肝臓の炎症、脂肪変性、肝細胞の乱れによる壊死および線維症によって特徴付けられる、肝臓脂肪症および非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)を含むある範囲の組織学的形態が挙げられる。NAFLDに関連する状態は様々であり、これには、2型糖尿病、肥満、脂質代謝異常、メタボリックシンドローム、肝毒性薬物による処置、毒素、感染性因子、もしくは他の外因性原因が挙げられる。例えば、NAFLDは、例えば、ガラクトース血症、糖原病、ホモシスチン尿症およびチロシン血症(tyrosemia)などの代謝性障害、ならびに栄養失調、完全非経口高栄養、飢餓および栄養過多などの食事条件に起因し得る。特定の場合において、NAFLDは、空腸のバイパス手術に伴う。他の原因としては、例えば炭化水素溶媒などの特定の化学物質、および例えば、アミオダロン、エストロゲン(例えば、合成エストロゲン)、タモキシフェン、マレート、メトトレキセート、ヌクレオシドアナログおよびペルヘキシリンなどの特定の医薬品への曝露が挙げられる。急性脂肪肝状態は、妊娠中にも発生し得る。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、式Iの化合物:
ここで上記破線は、存在しないかまたは結合である。Xは、OもしくはSである。R1は、1〜3個のR1a基で必要に応じて置換された、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリールもしくはヘテロアリールである。各R1aは、独立して、H、C1−6アルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、C1−6アルコキシ、C1−6アルキル−OR1b、ハロゲン、C1−6ハロアルキル、C1−6ハロアロキシ、−OR1b、−NR1bR1c、−C(O)R1b、−C(O)OR1b、−OC(O)R1b、−C(O)NR1bR1c、−NR1bC(O)R1c、−SO2R1b、−SO2NR1bR1c、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリールもしくはヘテロアリールである。R1bおよびR1cは、各々、HもしくはC1−6アルキルである。R2は、H、C1−6アルキル、C1−6アルキル−OR1b、C1−6アルキル−NR1bR1cもしくはC1−6アルキレン−ヘテロシクロアルキルである。R3は、HもしくはC1−6アルキルである。Arは、1〜4個のR4基で必要に応じて置換されたアリールである。各R4は、H、C1−6アルキル、C1−6アルコキシ、ハロゲン、C1−6ハロアルキルもしくはC1−6ハロアルコキシである。L1は、結合もしくはC1−6アルキレンである。下付文字nは、0〜3の整数である。本明細書に記載される化合物の塩および異性体もまた、含まれる。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、薬学的に受容可能な賦形剤および本発明の化合物を含む薬学的組成物を提供する。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、グルココルチコイドレセプターを調節することを介して、障害もしくは状態を処置する方法を提供し、上記方法は、このような処置を必要とする被験体に、治療上有効な量の式Iの化合物を投与する工程を包含する。
本発明の化合物は、それらの抗グルココルチコイド特性に関して試験することができる。グルココルチコイドレセプター活性を調節し得る化合物をアッセイする方法は、本明細書で提示される。代表的には、本発明の化合物は、GRおよびMRなどの核レセプターに結合することによって、もしくはGRおよびMRのリガンドが、対応するGRおよびMRに結合するのを阻止することによって、核レセプター活性を調節し得る。いくつかの実施形態において、上記化合物は、ほとんどもしくは全く細胞毒性効果を示さない。
いくつかの実施形態において、核レセプター調節因子は、核レセプターのリガンド(例えば、デキサメタゾン)と競合する分子をスクリーニングすることによって同定される。当業者は、競合的結合アッセイを行うために多くの方法が存在することを認識する。いくつかの実施形態において、核レセプターは、標識された核レセプターリガンドとともに予めインキュベートされ、次いで、試験化合物と接触させられる。このタイプの競合的結合アッセイはまた、本明細書において結合置換アッセイといわれ得る。核レセプターに結合したリガンドの量の変化(例えば、減少)は、上記分子が潜在的核レセプター調節因子であることを示す。あるいは、核レセプターへの試験化合物の結合は、標識された試験化合物で直接測定され得る。この後者のタイプのアッセイは、直接結合アッセイといわれる。
細胞ベースのアッセイは、本発明の化合物によって核レセプターの結合もしくは活性の調節をアッセイするために、核レセプターを含む全細胞もしくは細胞画分を必要とする。本発明の方法に従って使用され得る例示的細胞タイプとしては、例えば、任意の哺乳動物細胞(好中球、単球、マクロファージ、好酸球、好塩基球、マスト細胞、およびリンパ球(例えば、T細胞およびB細胞)のような白血球、白血病、バーキットリンパ腫、腫瘍細胞(マウス乳腺腫瘍ウイルス細胞を含む)、内皮細胞、線維芽細胞、心臓細胞、筋細胞、乳房腫瘍細胞、卵巣癌、子宮頸癌、神経膠芽腫、肝細胞、腎臓細胞、および神経細胞が挙げられる)、ならびに真菌細胞(酵母が挙げられる)が挙げられる。細胞は、初代細胞または腫瘍細胞、または他のタイプの不死化細胞株であり得る。当然のことながら、核レセプターは、核レセプターの内因性バージョンを発現しない細胞において発現され得る。
本発明の化合物は、特異性アッセイ(本明細書において選択性アッセイといわれる)に供せられ得る。代表的には、特異性アッセイは、インビトロで、または非核レセプタータンパク質に結合する程度についての細胞ベースのアッセイにおいて核レセプターに結合する化合物を試験することを包含する。選択性アッセイは、上記のように、インビトロでまたは細胞ベースの系において行われ得る。核レセプター結合は、任意の適切な非核レセプタータンパク質(抗体、レセプター、酵素などが挙げられる)に対して試験され得る。例示的実施形態において、上記非核レセプター結合タンパク質は、細胞表面レセプターもしくは核レセプターである。別の例示的実施形態において、上記非核レセプタータンパク質は、ステロイドレセプター(例えば、エストロゲンレセプター、プロゲステロンレセプター、もしくはアンドロゲンレセプター)である。
(実施例1)
SW1353/MMTV−5細胞を使用する、GRレポーター遺伝子アッセイ
SW1353/MMTV−5は、内因性グルココルチコイドレセプターを含む接着性ヒト軟骨肉腫細胞株である。これを、ウイルスプロモーター(マウス乳腺腫瘍ウイルスの長末端反復)に由来するグルココルチコイド応答性エレメント(GRE)の後ろに位置するホタルルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミド(pMAMneo−Luc)でトランスフェクトした。安定な細胞株SW1353/MMTV−5を、ジェネティシン(これは、このプラスミドを維持するために必要とされる)で選択した。従って、この細胞株は、ルシフェラーゼの発現をもたらすグルココルチコイド(デキサメタゾン)に対して感受性である(EC50 dex 10nM)。このデキサメタゾン誘導性応答は、経時的に徐々に失われた。そしてより早い継代に由来する新しい培養を、3ヶ月ごとに(低温保存したアリコートから)開始した。
T47D/MMTV−5細胞を使用する、MRおよびPRレポーター遺伝子アッセイ
T47D/MMTV−5は、内因性ミネラル・コルチコイドおよびプロゲステロンレセプター(PR)を含有する接着性ヒト乳癌細胞株である。上記のSW1353細胞株について記載されるように、T47D細胞に同じpMAMneo−Lucプラスミドをトランスフェクトし、安定株をジェネティシンで選択した。アルドステロン(EC50 100nM)およびプロゲステロン(EC50 10nM)に応答し、ルシフェラーゼの発現をもたらす細胞株T47D/MMTV−5を単離した。MRもしくはPRアンタゴニストを試験するため、T47D/MMTV−5細胞を、EC50の5倍のアゴニストであるアルドステロンもしくはプロゲステロンの存在下で、上記化合物のいくつかの希釈物とともにインキュベートした。各アッセイに関して、アルドステロン(aldostreone)およびプロゲステロンの両方について、用量応答曲線を作製した。
高脂肪餌を給餌したマウスにおける肝脂質の決定
3週間、C57B16/Jマウス(群あたりn=8)に高脂肪餌(60%脂肪)を与え、次いで、犠牲にした。肝臓を採集し、秤量した。肝臓の薄片を調製し、Oil Red O染色により脂質レベルを分析した(図1および3)。マウスの一群は、餌(60mg/kg/日)中に混合された化合物1を摂取した一方、マウスの別の群は、餌中に混合されたビヒクルを摂取した。化合物1を給餌されたマウスの肝臓は、脂肪滴が全くないかもしくは低いレベルを有した(図2A)一方、対照マウスは、より多くの脂質滴を有した(図2B)。別の一群は、餌中にミフェプリストン(RU−486、60mg/kg/日)を摂取した。化合物1は、GRアンタゴニスト活性およびある程度のMRアンタゴニスト活性を有する。これらのデータにより、ミフェプリストンは、対照と比べて、脂肪肝の増大を引き起こすことが示される。化合物1は、反対の作用を有しており、脂肪肝を誘発しなかった。
群1(「CHOW」):6週間の通常の餌
群2(「HF−3週間」):3週間の高脂肪餌
群3(「HF−6週間」):6週間の高脂肪餌
群4(「HF+118335−6週間」):6週間の高脂肪餌および化合物1
群5(「HF−118335 rev」):3週間の高脂肪餌、その後に3週間の高脂肪餌および化合物1
GRタンパク質:タンパク質相互作用アッセイ
タンパク質:タンパク質相互作用アッセイを使用して、試験化合物がグルココルチコイドレセプターおよび/もしくはミネラル・コルチコイドレセプターのアンタゴニストとして作用する能力を決定した。これらのアッセイは、DiscoveRx Corp.(Fremont、CA)によって提供される市販のアッセイプラットフォームを利用するものである。DiscoveRxの技術は、発光生成(luminogenic)基質を使用する、β−ガラクトシダーゼ酵素フラグメントの補完に基づくものである。手短に言うと、チャイニーズハムスターの卵巣細胞(CHO−K1)を遺伝子操作し、PGC1α(ペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化レセプターガンマコアクチベータ1α)と呼ばれるステロイド応答性コアクチベータタンパク質(SRCP)と一緒に、ヒト組換えGRもしくはMRのいずれか一方を発現させた。上記アッセイは、GRもしくはMR活性化の正味の結果、すなわち細胞質からの核転座、および細胞核におけるGRもしくはMRとコアクチベータPGC1αとの相互作用を測定するものである。上記アッセイはアゴニストおよびアンタゴニストのモードのいずれでも構成することができる。
MRタンパク質:タンパク質相互作用アッセイ
細胞(100μl)を96ウェルプレートにプレート培養し、37℃、5%CO2のインキュベータ中に24時間、置いた。インキュベータから細胞を取り出した後に、試験化合物もしくはビヒクル5μlを各ウェルに添加し、これらのプレートを37℃、5%CO2で1時間にわたって、インキュベートした。アルドステロン(88nM溶液を5μl)もしくはビヒクルをプレートの各ウェルに添加し、これらのプレートを37℃、5%CO2で6時間にわたって、インキュベートした。検出用試薬をウェルあたり55μl添加し、これらのプレートを混合することなく、暗所で室温でインキュベートした。プレートは、EnVision(登録商標)(Perkin Elmer、Walthan、MA)プレートリーダー(3時間の読み取り)を使用して、蛍光を読み取った。蛍光値を4nMアルドステロンの阻害率(%阻害)として表し、Ki値をCheng−Prusoff方程式を使用して、実験的に決定したIC50値から算出した。このアッセイでは、化合物1は、125nMのKiを有すると決定した。
Claims (10)
- 治療有効量の式Idの化合物を、脂肪肝疾患の処置を必要とする被験体に投与して、それによって前記脂肪肝疾患を処置する工程を包含する、前記脂肪肝疾患を処置する方法であって、前記式Idの化合物が構造:
各R1aは、独立して、H、C1−6アルキル、ハロゲンもしくはC1−6ハロアルキルであり、
R2は、HもしくはC1−6アルキルであり、
各R4は、H、C1−6アルキル、ハロゲンもしくはC1−6ハロアルキルである)
ならびにその塩および異性体を有する、方法。 - 前記脂肪肝疾患が、アルコール関連肝疾患(ARLD)もしくは非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患(NAFLD)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アルコール関連肝疾患が、アルコール脂肪肝疾患(AFL)、アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(ASH)もしくはアルコール性肝硬変である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患が、非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)もしくは非アルコール性肝硬変である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 各R1aは、C1−6ハロアルキルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 各R1aは、H、Me、Et、F、Cl、または−CF3からなる群より独立して選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 各R1aは、−CF3である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2はHである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
-
- 式:
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JP7474869B2 (ja) | 2020-05-06 | 2024-04-25 | コーセプト セラピューティクス, インコーポレイテッド | ピリミジンシクロヘキシルグルココルチコイド受容体モジュレーターの製剤 |
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CA2964625C (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2023-03-07 | Corcept Therapeutics, Inc. | Fatty liver disease treatment using glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists |
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KR102481705B1 (ko) * | 2020-08-04 | 2022-12-27 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 트리아졸 유도체를 유효성분으로 포함하는 간 섬유증의 예방 또는 치료용 조성물 |
IL303881A (en) * | 2020-12-21 | 2023-08-01 | Corcept Therapeutics Inc | METHOD FOR PREPARING PYRIMIDINE CYCLOHEXYL GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR MODULATORS |
AU2022271209A1 (en) * | 2021-05-05 | 2023-11-09 | Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated | Methods for reducing liver fat and for treating fatty liver disorders |
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JP7474869B2 (ja) | 2020-05-06 | 2024-04-25 | コーセプト セラピューティクス, インコーポレイテッド | ピリミジンシクロヘキシルグルココルチコイド受容体モジュレーターの製剤 |
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