JP2012530146A - ナノエマルションワクチン - Google Patents
ナノエマルションワクチン Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012530146A JP2012530146A JP2012516271A JP2012516271A JP2012530146A JP 2012530146 A JP2012530146 A JP 2012530146A JP 2012516271 A JP2012516271 A JP 2012516271A JP 2012516271 A JP2012516271 A JP 2012516271A JP 2012530146 A JP2012530146 A JP 2012530146A
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- chloride
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- FVEFRICMTUKAML-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium tetradecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)CCC(CC(C)C)OS([O-])(=O)=O FVEFRICMTUKAML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WDFRNBJHDMUMBL-OICFXQLMSA-M sodium;(4r)-4-[(3r,5s,7r,8r,9s,10s,13r,14s,17r)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoate Chemical compound [Na+].C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC([O-])=O)C)[C@@]2(C)CC1 WDFRNBJHDMUMBL-OICFXQLMSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- HNFOAHXBHLWKNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-bromoethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CCBr HNFOAHXBHLWKNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XQCHMGAOAWZUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;butane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCS([O-])(=O)=O XQCHMGAOAWZUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- HRQDCDQDOPSGBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;octane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O HRQDCDQDOPSGBR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- QBQVXXQXZXDEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;propane-1-sulfonate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].CCCS([O-])(=O)=O QBQVXXQXZXDEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
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- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本発明は免疫応答を刺激する方法および組成物を提供する。本発明はパラミクソウイルス科に属する病原性ウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス、ルブラウイルスおよび/またはモルビリウイルス)および/またはニューモウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば呼吸器合胞体ウイルス))に対する免疫応答(例えば、免疫(例えば防御免疫))を誘導するための、免疫原性組成物、およびこれを用いた方法を特に提供する。本発明の組成物および方法には、なかでも臨床用途(例えば、治療薬および予防薬(例えばワクチン接種))および研究用途について見出されている。
免疫化は、人々の健康を向上させるための重要な機序である。多くの一般的な病気に対して功を奏する種々のワクチンを利用可能であるにもかかわらず、感染症は依然として保健の問題および死亡の主因である。既存のワクチンに固有の重要な問題は、反復した免疫化の必要、および広範な疾患に対する既存のワクチン送達系の非効率性を包含している。
本発明は、免疫応答の刺激のための方法および組成物を提供する。本発明は、パラミクソウイルス科に属する病原性ウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス、ルブラウイルスおよび/またはモルビリウイルス)および/またはニューモウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば呼吸器合胞体ウイルス))に対する免疫応答(例えば、免疫(例えば、防御免疫))を誘導するための免疫原性組成物およびそれを用いた方法を特に提供する。本発明の組成物および方法は、とりわけ臨床医学(例えば、治療薬および予防薬(例えば、ワクチン))および研究への応用における用途について見出されている。
されない。種々の溶媒が意図されており、当該溶媒としては、アルコール(例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、およびオクタノールが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)、グリセロール、ポリエチレングリコール、および有機リンに基づく溶媒が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。ナノエマルションの成分(油および溶媒などが挙げられる)のさらなる詳細について以下に記載されている。
以下の図は、本明細書の一部を構成し、本発明のある局面および実施形態をさらに説明するために組み込まれている。本発明は、本明細書に示した特定の実施形態の記載と組み合わせてこれらの図面の1つ以上を参照することによって、より良く理解され得る。
本発明は、免疫応答の刺激のための方法および組成物を提供する。本発明は、パラミクソウイルス科に属する病原性ウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば、パラミクソウイルス、ルブラウイルスおよび/またはモルビリウイルス)および/またはニューモウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば呼吸器合胞体ウイルス))に対する免疫応答(例えば、免疫(例えば防御免疫))を誘導するための免疫原性組成物およびそれを用いた方法を特に提供する。本発明の組成物および方法には、なかでも臨床用途(例えば、治療薬および予防薬(例えばワクチン接種))および研究用途について見出されている。
本発明の理解を容易にするために、多くの用語および語句を以下に定義する。
2歳以下の幼児のほぼすべてが呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(RSV)に感染しており、RSVは世界規模において小児における細気管支炎の主な原因である。合衆国における毎年125000の小児科における入院件数はRSVによるものであり、年間の入院費用が300000000ドルを超えると、CDCは推定している(1)。RSVに特異的な適応的免疫応答の生起に関わらず、RSVは防御免疫をもたらさず、生涯を通じて再発を繰り返す(2,3)。RSVは、気道が狭く容易に閉塞されてしまう生後間もない乳児にとって致命的であり、RSVは、移植受容者、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)の患者、高齢者、および他の慢性肺疾患(特に喘息)の患者にとって重大な病原体として広く認識されてきている。すべての年齢について合計した死亡率は1990〜2000年において約30/100000であり、合衆国における年間の死亡者数の平均は17000を超えていることを、最近のデータは示している(4,5)。一定の方法において成人について綿密に試験されていないため、これらの数字は非常に低く見積もられていると思われる。したがってRSVは、若年者および高齢者における、増悪化した深刻な肺疾患の原因であるだけでなく、死亡率の有意な数値に直接的に繋がっている。抗RSV抗体は、有効であり、重篤な疾患を緩解させるようだが、それらは予防的に投与されたときにのみ機能し、易感染患者の集団におけるRSV感染に有効な他の選択肢はわずかに存在するのみである(6−10)。
ナノエマルション(NE)によって不活性化されているパラミクソウイルス科に属するウイルス(例えばパラミクソウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えばパラミクソウイルス、ルブラウイルスおよび/またはモルビリウイルス)および/またはニューモウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば呼吸器合胞体ウイルス)))を含んでいる組成物の免疫は、哺乳類(例えば、マウス、ラット、ウサギ、テンジクネズミ、サルまたはヒト)において、ポリクローナル抗体を産生させる免疫化に使用され得る。必要に応じてニューモウイルス亜科のウイルス(例えば呼吸器合胞体ウイルス)抗原は、キャリアタンパク質(例えば、ウシ血清アルブミン、チログロブリン、キーホールリンペットヘモシアニンまたは本明細書に記載の他のキャリア)と抱合され得る。宿主の種によって、種々の免疫賦活剤が免疫原性応答の増強に使用され得る。そのような免疫賦活剤としては、フロイントアジュバント、ミネラルゲル(例えば水酸化アルミニウム)、および活性基質表面(例えばリゾレクチン、プルロニックポリオール、ポリアミン、ペプチド、本明細書に記載のナノエマルション、スカシガイヘモシアニンおよびジニトロフェノール)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。ヒトに使用される免疫賦活剤のなかでも、BCG(ウシ型弱毒結核菌ワクチン)およびCorynebacterium parvumが特に有効である。
本発明のナノエマルションワクチン組成物は、任意の特定のナノエマルションに限定されない。任意の数の好適なナノエマルション組成物は、本発明のワクチン組成物に利用され得、当該ナノエマルション組成物としては、表1、表2、図4および9に示されている組成物、ならびにHamouda et al., J. Infect Dis., 180:1939 (1999); Hamouda and Baker, J. Appl. Microbiol., 89:397 (2000);およびDonovan et al., Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 11:41 (2000)に開示されている組成物が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。本発明の好ましいナノエマルションは、病原体の死滅または不活性化に有効な、動物にとって無毒なナノエマルションである。したがって、好ましいエマルションは、無毒な溶媒(例えばエタノール)を利用し、低濃度のエマルションにおいてより有効な死滅を実現する。好ましい実施形態において、本発明の方法に使用されるナノエマルションは、安定であり、長い貯蔵期間(例えば1年またはそれ以上)の後にさえ分解されない。したがって、好ましいエマルションは、高温および凍結にさらした後にさえ安定性を維持している。これは、特に極端な条件の下に(例えば戦場などにおいて)使用される場合に有効である。いくつかの実施形態において、表1に記載のナノエマルションが利用されている。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、水相を含んでいる。好ましい特定の実施形態において、エマルションは、(他の濃度も意図されているが)約5〜50、好ましくは10〜40、より好ましくは15〜30容積%の水相を含んでいる。好ましい実施形態において、水相は、4〜10、好ましくは6〜8のpHの水相を含んでいる。水は好ましく脱イオン化されている(以下において「DiH2O」とする)。いくつかの実施形態において、水相はリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)を含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、水相は、滅菌されており、発熱物質を含んでいない。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、油相を含んでいる。好ましい特定の実施形態において、本発明のエマルションの油相(例えば、キャリアオイル)は、エマルションの総容積を基準にして、30〜90、好ましくは60〜80、より好ましくは60〜70容積%の油を含んでいる(が、より高い濃度およびより低い濃度が本明細書に記載のエマルションにおける用途について見出されている)。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、界面活性剤または界面活性物質をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、約3〜15%、より好ましくは約10%の1つ以上の界面活性剤または界面活性物質を含んでいる(が他の濃度も考えられる)。本発明は任意の特定の機序に限定されないが、界面活性剤がエマルションに存在する場合、エマルションの安定化を助ける。非イオン性(非陰イオン性)およびイオン性の界面活性剤が考えられる。さらに、界面活性剤のBRIJファミリーの界面活性剤は、本発明の組成物における用途について見出されている。界面活性剤は、水相または油相の両方に供給され得る。エマルションをともなった使用に好適な界面活性剤としては、陰イオン性および非イオン性の種々の界面活性剤、ならびに水中油エマルションの形成を促進可能な他の乳化化合物が挙げられる。一般的に、乳化化合物は、相対的に親水性であり、乳化化合物の混合物は、必要な性質をもたらすために使用され得る。いくつかの調合物において、非イオン性の界面活性剤は、イオン性の乳化剤よりも、それらが広範なpH範囲と実質的により適合性であること、より安定なエマルションをしばしば形成することについてイオン性の乳化剤を超える利点を有している。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性の化合物をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、エマルションの総重量に基づいて、約0.5〜1.0重量%のまたはそれ以上のハロゲンを含んでいる化合物を含んでいる(が、他の濃度が考慮されている)。好ましい実施形態において、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性の化合物は、油相とあらかじめ混合されることが好ましいが;ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性の化合物は、異なる組成におけるエマルション組成物との組合せにおいて供給され得ることが理解されるべきである。好適なハロゲンを含んでいる化合物は、塩化物イオン、フッ化物イオン、臭化物イオン、ヨード化物イオンを含んでいる化合物から選択され得る。好ましい実施形態において、好適なカチオン性のハロゲンを含有している化合物としては、セチルピリジニウムハロゲン化合物、セチルトリメチルアンモニウムハロゲン化合物、セチルジメチルエチルアンモニウムハロゲン化合物、セチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウムハロゲン化合物、セチルトリブチルホスホニウムハロゲン化合物、ドデシルトリメチルアンモニウムハロゲン化合物、またはテトラデシルトリメチルアンモニウムハロゲン化合物が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。いくつかの特定の実施形態において、カチオン性のハロゲンを含んでいる好適な化合物としては、塩化セチルピリジニウム(CPC)、塩化トリメチルアンモニウム、塩化セチルベンジルジメチルアンモニウム、臭化セチルピリジニウム(CPB)、臭化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム(CTAB)、臭化セチルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、臭化セチルトリブチルホスホニウム、臭化ドデシルトリメチルアンモニウム、および臭化テトラデシルトリメチルエチルアンモニウムが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。特に好ましい実施形態において、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性の化合物はCPCであるが、本発明の組成物はカチオン性を含んでいる任意の特定の化合物を有している組成に限定されない。
本発明の他の実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、発芽促進剤をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、約1mM〜15mM、より好ましくは約5mM〜10mMの1つ以上の発芽促進化合物を含んでいる(が、他の濃度が考慮される)。好ましい実施形態において、発芽促進化合物は、エマルションの形成前に水相に供給される。本発明は、発芽促進剤がナノエマルション組成物に加えられている場合に、ナノエマルションの殺胞子性の特性が促進されることを考慮している。本発明は、さらに、そのような発芽促進剤は、中性のpH(pH6〜8、好ましくは7)付近において殺胞子活性を示すことをさらに考慮している。そのような中性のpHのエマルションは、例えばリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)を用いて希釈すること、または中性のエマルションの調製によって入手され得る。ナノエマルションの殺胞子活性は、胞子が発芽するときに選択的に生じる。
さらなる他の実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、標的の病原体(例えば、Vibrio、 Salmonella、Shigella およびPseudomonasといったグラム陰性細菌の細胞壁)との、組成物の相互作用を向上可能な1つ以上の化合物(例えば相互作用促進剤)を含んでいる。好ましい実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、油相とあらかじめ混合されることが好ましいが;他の実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、乳化後の組成物と組み合あわせて供給される。好ましいある実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、キレート剤(例えば、緩衝液(例えばトリス緩衝液)におけるエチレンジアミンテトラ酢酸(EDTA)またはエチレンビス(オキシエチレンニトリロ)テトラ酢酸(EGTA))である。キレート剤は、例示的な相互作用を促進する化合物にすぎないことが理解される。実際に、本発明いくつかの実施形態において使用されるナノエマルションの、微生物の因子および/または病原体との相互作用を向上させる他の因子が考慮されている。特に好ましい実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は約50〜約250μMの濃度である。当業者は、特定の因子が相互作用促進剤として作用する所望の機能を有しているか否かを以下の2つによって決定可能である。(1)本発明の組成物との組合せにおける当該因子の標的に対する使用、および(2)上記組合せによって接触させたときの標的の不活性化と、当該因子なしの本発明の組成物によって類似の標的の不活性化との比較。因子の非存在におけるパラメータと比べて、細菌とのエマルションの相互作用を向上させ、これによって細菌の成長を減退させるか、または阻害する任意の因子薬剤は相互作用促進剤と見なされる。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のナノエマルションは、第四級アンモニウムを含有している化合物を含んでいる。例示的な第四級アンモニウム化合物としては、以下の化合物が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない;塩化アルキルメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウムおよび塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、N,N−ジメチル−2−ヒドロキシプロピルアンモニウム塩化物重合体、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化n−アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化n−アルキルジメチルエチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化n−アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化n−テトラデシルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム1水和物、塩化n−アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、ヘキサヒドロ−1,3,5−トリス(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−s−トリアジン、塩化ミリスタコニウム(および)QuatRNIUM 14、塩化アルキルビス(2−ヒドロキシエチル)ベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルデメチルベンジルアンモニウム、アルキルジメチル3,4−ジクロロベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、アルキルジメチルベンジルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルジメチ(dimethy)ベンジルアンモニウム、臭化アルキルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、臭化アルキルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルエチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルイソプロピルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化アルキル1または3ベンジル−1−(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−2−イミダゾリニウム、塩化ジアルキルメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、2−(2−(p−(ジイソブチル)クレゾスキシ)エトキシ)エチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウムクロライド、2−(2−(p−(ジイソブチル)フェノキシ)エトキシ)エチルジメチルベンジル塩化アンモニウムクロライド、塩化ジオクチルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化ドデシルビス(2−ヒドロキシエチル)オクチル水酸化アンモニウム、塩化ドデシルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ドデシルカルバモイルメチルジネシルベンジルアンモニウム、ヘプタデシルヒドロキシエチルイミダゾリニウム、ヘキサヒドロ−1,3,5−トリス(2−ヒドロキシエチル)−s−トリアジン、塩化オクチルデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化オクチルドデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化オクチフェノキシエトキシエチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、オキシジエチレンビス(塩化アルキルジメチルアンモニウム)、第四級アンモニウム化合物、ジココアルキルジメチル、塩化物、塩化トリメトキシシリープロピルジメチルオクタデシルアンモニウム、トリメトキシ第四級シリル、および塩化トリメチルドデシルベンジルアンモニウム。
いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、ナノエマルションに所望される特性または機能性を付与する1つ以上の付加的な成分を含んでいる。これらの成分は、ナノエマルションの水相または油相に組み込まれ得るか、および/また乳化の前または後に添加され得る。例えば、いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、フェノール(例えばトリクロサン、フェニルフェノール)、酸化剤(例えばクエン酸(例えば、1.5〜6%)、酢酸、レモンジュース)、アルキル化剤(例えば水酸化ナトリウム(例えば0.3%))、緩衝液(例えば、クエン酸緩衝液、酢酸緩衝液、および特定のpHを維持するために有効な他の緩衝液)、およびハロゲン(例えばポリビニルピロロリドン、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム、過酸化水素)をさらに含んでいる。
本発明のナノエマルションは、標準的なエマルション形成技術を用いて形成され得る。要約すると、水中油ナノエマルションを得るための相対的に高いせん断力の下(例えば高油圧および機械的な力を用いて)に、油相は水相と混合される。エマルションは、油相を水相と混合することによって、油相:水相の約1:9〜5:1、好ましくは約5:1〜3:1、最も好ましくは4:1の容積対容積に基づく範囲において、油相を水相に混合する。油相および水相は、エマルションを形成するために十分なせん断力を生成可能な任意の装置(例えば、フレンチプレスまたは高せん断のミキサー(例えばAdmix, Inc., Manchester, NHが提供している、例えばFDAに承認された高分断ミキサーが利用可能である))を用いて混合され得る。そのようなエマルションを生成する方法は、参照によってその全体が本明細書に援用される米国特許第5,103,497号および米国特許第4,895,452号に記載されている。
以下の記載は、組成物BCTPおよびX8W60PCのための調合物を含んでいる例示的な多くのエマルションを示している。BCTPは、油中水ナノエマルションを含んでおり、油相は、80%の水におけるダイズ油、トリ−n−ブチルリン酸塩、およびTRITON X-100から作製されている。X8W60PCは、W808Pと等量のBCTPの混合物を含んでいる。W808Pは、グリセロールモノステアリン酸、TWEEN 60、ダイズ油、カチオン性のハロゲンを含有しているCPC、およびはっか油から作製されるリポソーム様化合物であり、精製されたオヤ(oya)ステロールである(例えばGENEROLステロール)。GENEROLファミリーは、ポリエトキシ化されたダイズステロールの一群である(Henkel Corporation, Ambler, Pennsylvania)。本発明にとって有用な例示的なエマルションの調合物が表1Bに示されている。これらの特定の調合物は、それぞれ参照によってその全体が本明細書に援用される、米国特許第5,700,679号(NN);米国特許第5,618,840号;米国特許第5,549,901号(W808P);および米国特許第5,547,677号に見られ得る。
例えば、本発明のある実施形態は、約3容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、約64容積%のダイズ油および約24容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY3ECと表わされる)。類似の他の実施形態は、約3.5容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、約64容積%のダイズ油および約23.5容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY3.5ECと表わされる)。さらなる他の実施形態は、約3容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、調合物のpHを約7.1にする0.067容積%の1規定のNaOH、約64容積%のダイズ油、約23.93容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY3EC pH7.1と表わされる)。さらなる他の実施形態は、約3容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、調合物のpHを約8.5にする0.67容積%の1規定のNaOH、約64容積%のダイズ油、約23.33容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY3EC pH8.5と表わされる)。さらに類似の他の実施形態は、約4容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、約64容積%のダイズ油、約23容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY4ECと表わされる)。さらなる他の実施形態は、約8容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、約64容積%のダイズ油、約19容積%のDiH2Oを含んでいる(本明細書においてY8ECと表わされる)。さらなる実施形態は、約8容積%のTYLOXAPOL、約8容積%のエタノール、約1容積%のCPC、約64容積%のダイズ油、約19容積%の1×PBSを含んでいる(本明細書においてY8EC・PBSと表わされる)。
いくつかの実施形態において、可能性のあるナノエマルション組成物(例えば免疫応答を生じるための(例えばワクチンとして使用するための))が、感染性疾患の動物モデルにおいて試験されている。十分に改良された動物モデルの使用によって、ヒトの対象への投与の前に、ワクチンの有効性および安全性を評価する方法がもたらされる。疾患の例示的な動物モデルは表3に示されている。これらの動物は、(例えばJackson Laboratories Charles River; Portage, MIから)市販されている。
いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションワクチンの候補物は、種々の好適なモデル系の1つを用いて評価される。例えば、細胞媒介性の免疫応答はインビトロにおいて評価され得る。さらに、病原体の攻撃に対するインビボの免疫応答および免疫を評価するために、動物モデルが使用され得る。任意の好適な動物モデルが利用され得、当該動物モデルとしては、表3に記載されている動物モデルが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
さらに、好ましい実施形態において、本発明の組成物は、例えば対象に投与されたときに、全身性免疫および粘膜免疫の両方を誘導する。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、対象に対する本発明の組成物の投与は、RSVに対するばくろ(例えば、粘膜ばくろ)からの防御を生じる。機序の理解は本発明の実施に必須ではなく、本発明は任意の特定の作用機序に限定されないが、粘膜投与(例えばワクチン接種)は、RSV感染(例えば、粘膜表面に起こる)からの防御をもたらす。分泌性のIgAの刺激および粘膜表面に侵入する病原体からの保護は、これまで困難であると示されている(例えば、Mestecky et al, Mucosal Immunology. 3ed edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2005)を参照すればよい)が、いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、対象における病原体に基づく粘膜免疫(例えば、防御的なIgA応答)を刺激する組成物および方法を提供する。
以下の実施例は、本発明のある好ましい実施形態および局面を説明するものであり、本発明の範囲を限定するものと解釈されるべきではない。
材料と方法
マウス。Balb/cマウスをジャクソン研究所から購入した。動物の使用および取扱いにおけるミシガン大学の委員会の指針に従って、すべての動物実験を行った。
エマルションのRSVを不活性化する能力を試験するために、RSV(106粒子形成ユニット(PFU)を様々な濃度(0%〜20%)におけるナノエマルションと共に様々な時間(1時間〜3時間)インキュベートした(図1参照)。ベロ細胞を用いたプラーク試験によって、感染ウイルスの数を決定した。サブコンフルエントなベロ細胞を感染させるために、ナノエマルションによってインキュベートしたウイルスを用いた。RSVプラークを免疫組織化学的な技法を用いて可視化した。標準的なプラーク試験によって評価したところ、3時間インキュベートしたわずか1%濃度のナノエマルションにおいて、活性のあるウイルスは検出されなかった(図1参照)。したがって、本発明は、ナノエマルションの濃度が、2%ときわずか1時間、または1%のとき3時間において、RSVを完全に死滅させるのに有効であることを提供する。したがって、いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、RSVの感染性を減少させることおよび/または完全に不活性化することにおいて効果的であるナノエマルションを提供する。
次いで、ナノエマルションがウイルス感染に対する感染防御に重要な免疫応答を誘導するための免疫促進剤として用いられ得るか否かを決定した。この局面を決定するため、免疫化のプロトコールを、0日目において、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたウイルス(ナノエマルション(15%)−RSV混合物(計10μl、5μl/鼻孔))による鼻腔内の感作によって動物を免疫化し、28日目において増強することからなって、または対照群としてRSVを含んでいないナノエマルション単独による鼻腔内の感作によって動物を免疫化することからなって利用した。次いで、56日目(8週目)において、動物に生存している感染性RSVを抗原投与し、防御免疫の証拠について評価した。第1の目的は、免疫化のプロトコールの間にRSV特異的な抗体の産生をモニタリングすることである。血清中のRSV特異的な抗体の相関的な力価を、RSVタンパク質抽出物に対する酵素結合免疫吸着法(ELISA)によって決定した。(RSVの抗原投与の時間における)0日目、1週目、4週目および8週目を含んでいる免疫化後の特定の時点において血液を採って血清を収集し、RSVに特異的な全血清IgGを評価した。図2に示すように、抗RSV IgGの力価は、免疫化後1週目においては検出できず、4週間目(増強前)には増加しており、最初の免疫化後8週目までに顕著に増加した。したがって、本発明は、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたRSVによる対象の免疫化(例えば、鼻腔内への免疫化)が対象において抗RSV免疫応答を誘導することを提供する。いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたRSVの、対象に対する投与後4週間以内にその対象において抗RSV免疫応答が誘導される。いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたRSVの、対象に対する二回目の投与(例えば、「増強的な」投与)によって、その対象において抗RSV免疫応答が誘導される。いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたRSVを含んでいる組成物であって、その組成物を投与された対象において抗RSV免疫応答を生じさせるのに役立つ組成物を提供する。
次いで、RSVに対するワクチンの他の型に関連する種々の問題(例えば、ホルマリンによって不活性化されたRSVの、対象に対する投与後の感染における重篤な疾患の発生)に起因して、ナノエマルションによって不活性化されたRSVの、対象に対する投与において、任意の種類の免疫応答が発生するのかを決定した。
疫学研究では、先に起こる重度のRSV感染症とその後起こるアレルギー性喘息の発達との関連性を示してきた。したがって、NE−RSVによるワクチン接種、続く生きたウイルスの抗原投与が、その後に起こるアレルギー性喘息のモデルに対する反応に影響し得るか否かを決定するために、マウスをNE−RSVによって2回ワクチン接種し、105PFUのRSVを鼻腔内に抗原投与し、ゴキブリアレルゲンに対して感作させた。このモデルにおいて、RSVの抗原投与後21日目に、不完全フロイントアジュバンド中に乳化させた臨床学的皮膚テストのグレードのゴキブリアレルゲン(100μg)をマウスの腹腔内/皮下へ投与する。次いで、マウスに14日後に1回の鼻腔内への抗原投与(15μg)を受けさせ、鼻腔内への抗原投与から5日後および7日後に2回の腹腔内への抗原投与(40μg)を受けさせた。最後の腹腔内への抗原投与から24時間後にアレルギー性疾患についてマウスを評価した。
NE/RSVによるマウスの鼻腔内へのワクチン接種は、RSV特異的な抗体の産生をもたらす。NE−RSVによるワクチン接種がNE−RSV組成物を投与した対象における抗体反応(例えば、ウイルス感染に対する防御に包含される)を促進するか否かを決定するために、本発明の実施形態を開発する間に実験を行った。免疫化のプロトコールは、鼻腔内へのNE−RSVの投与を2回(28日隔てた)行ってワクチン接種したマウスに関して利用した。0日目および28日目において、105ウイルス粒子の系統19を含んでいるNE/RSVによってマウスを免疫化した。55日目に、精製したRSVタンパク質抽出物を用いたELISAによって、血清中の全RSV特異的な抗体のレベルをおいて決定した。図10に示すように、顕著なRSV特異的反応がNE−RSVによるワクチン接種後に全身に生じた(例えば図10Aを参照)。これらは、RSV特異的IgEの力価における促進を伴わない全RSV特異的Igの劇的な誘導を含んでいた(例えば図10Aを参照)。
図10Bに示すように、対照のワクチン接種していないマウス(未処置Ctrl)およびNE−RSVの初回の抗原投与を受けているマウス(初回RSV)と比較して、NE−RSVの鼻腔内への投与を28日隔てて2回受けているワクチン接種したマウス(NE−RSV)は、生きたウイルスの抗原投与後2日目における気管支肺胞洗浄液中のRSV特異的なIgAおよびRSV特異的な全Igの増加を示した(例えば、図10Bを参照)。これらのデータは、NE−RSVによるワクチン接種が顕著なRSV特異的な抗体を誘導し、生きたウイルスの抗原投与におけるRSV特異的な抗体の局所的な誘導を促進することを証明している。
Claims (27)
- ナノエマルションによって不活性化されている呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(RSV)を含んでいる、免疫原性組成物。
- 上記ナノエマルションは、W805ECである、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 1〜50%のナノエマルション溶液を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 5〜15%のナノエマルション溶液を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 15%のナノエマルション溶液を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 104PFUの不活性化されている呼吸器合胞体ウイルスを含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 熱安定性である、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 薬学的に受容可能な担体をさらに含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 免疫賦活剤をさらに含んでいる、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記免疫賦活剤がTh1型の免疫応答に進ませる、請求項9に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(RSV)に対する、対象における免疫応答の誘導の方法であって、
(a)ナノエマルション、および当該ナノエマルションによって不活性化されている免疫原を含んでいる免疫原性組成物を準備すること;ならびに
(b)上記対象がRSVに対する免疫応答を生じるような条件の下に上記組成物を上記対象に投与することを包含している、方法。 - 上記投与することは、上記対象の粘膜表面に上記組成物を接触させることを包含している、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記粘膜表面は鼻粘膜を包含している、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 免疫応答の上記誘導は上記対象における上記RSVに対する免疫を誘導する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫は全身性免疫を包含している、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫は粘膜免疫を包含している、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫応答は、上記対象におけるIFN−γの増大した発現を包含している、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫応答は、上記対象におけるIL−17の増大した発現を包含している、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫応答は、IL−4、IL−5およびIL−13の増大した発現の非存在を包含している、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫応答は、不活性化されている上記RSVに対する全身性のIgG応答を包含している、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記ナノエマルションによって不活性化されている上記RSVは、10〜103pfuの不活性化されている上記RSVが上記対象に対して投与される投与量として存在している条件の下に、上記対象に対して投与される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 15%のナノエマルションが上記RSVの不活性化に使用される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記ナノエマルションがW805ECを含んでいる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫は、RSVによって引き起こされる疾患の徴候または症状を示すことから上記対象を保護する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記免疫は、生きたRSVに対する、後に起こるばくろをともなう攻撃から上記対象を保護する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が免疫賦活剤をさらに含んでいる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 上記対象はヒトである、請求項11に記載の方法。
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JP2014526471A (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2014-10-06 | ナノバイオ コーポレーション | ナノエマルション呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(rsv)サブユニットワクチン |
JP2017534608A (ja) * | 2014-10-10 | 2017-11-24 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ ミシガン | アレルギー性疾患および炎症性疾患を、予防するため、抑制するためおよび排除するための、ナノエマルション組成物 |
JP2021006567A (ja) * | 2014-10-10 | 2021-01-21 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ ミシガン | アレルギー性疾患および炎症性疾患を、予防するため、抑制するためおよび排除するための、ナノエマルション組成物 |
JP7158853B2 (ja) | 2014-10-10 | 2022-10-24 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティ オブ ミシガン | 対象における食物アレルギーまたは呼吸器アレルギーを処置するための、かつ上記対象の鼻腔内に投与するための免疫原性組成物 |
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ES2566646T3 (es) | 2016-04-14 |
CA2765511A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
JP6110140B2 (ja) | 2017-04-05 |
CN102596243A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
JP6122083B2 (ja) | 2017-04-26 |
US20100316673A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
WO2010148111A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
CN102596243B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
EP2442827B1 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
BRPI1014031A2 (pt) | 2018-02-20 |
EP2442827A4 (en) | 2013-04-17 |
EP3020412B1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
CA2765511C (en) | 2015-05-12 |
JP2016026202A (ja) | 2016-02-12 |
HK1173661A1 (zh) | 2013-05-24 |
EP3020412A1 (en) | 2016-05-18 |
EP2442827A1 (en) | 2012-04-25 |
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