JP7158853B2 - 対象における食物アレルギーまたは呼吸器アレルギーを処置するための、かつ上記対象の鼻腔内に投与するための免疫原性組成物 - Google Patents
対象における食物アレルギーまたは呼吸器アレルギーを処置するための、かつ上記対象の鼻腔内に投与するための免疫原性組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、国立衛生研究所/国立アレルギー・感染症研究所によって授与されたHHSN272200900031Cの下での政府の支援によってなされた。政府は本発明のいくらかの権利を有する。
本発明は、免疫応答の刺激のため、ならびにアレルギー性疾患、アレルギー反応、炎症性疾患および炎症反応を処置するため、または予防するための、方法および組成物を提供する。特に、本発明は、アレルギー反応を抑えることによって、アレルギー性疾患を予防または処置する免疫応答の誘導のための、ナノエマルション組成物およびそれを使用する方法を提供する。本発明の組成物および方法は、なかでも臨床用途(例えば、治療薬および予防薬(例えばワクチン接種))および研究用途に使途を見出されている。
アレルギー性疾患(アレルギー性のアトピー性皮膚炎、蕁麻疹、アレルギー性鼻炎、および呼吸器アレルギー(例えば花粉アレルギー)など)、食物アレルギー、ならびにアレルギー性喘息は、米国および他の国々において深刻な健康問題として存在している。
本発明は、免疫応答の刺激のためならびにアレルギー性疾患、アレルギー反応、炎症性疾患および炎症反応を処置するためまたは予防するための、方法および組成物を提供する。特に、本発明は、アレルギー反応を抑えることによって、アレルギー性疾患を予防または処置する免疫応答の誘導のための、ナノエマルション組成物およびそれを使用する方法を提供する。本発明の組成物および方法は、なかでも臨床用途(例えば、治療薬および予防薬(例えばワクチン接種))および研究用途に使途を見出されている。
以下の図面は、本明細書の一部分を形成し、本発明の一部の態様および実施形態をさらに明示するために含めれられている。本発明は、本明細書に示されている特定の実施形態の説明と組み合わせて、これらの図面のうち1つ以上を参照することによって、よりよく理解され得る。
本発明の理解を容易にするために、いくつかの用語および語句が以下に規定されている。
アレルギー性疾患および炎症性疾患は、異常な免疫応答に関連している。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態において、利用されるナノエマルション組成物は、抗菌作用を示している。例えば、ナノエマルション組成物は、細菌(栄養型形態および胞子の形態の両方)、ウイルスおよび真菌類を不活化することが示されている。本発明のいくつかの実施形態において、(例えば、免疫応答を誘導するため(例えば、ワクチンとしての使用のため)に)対象に投与される前のナノエマルションへの曝露によって病原体は不活化される。ナノエマルションアジュバント組成物は、細菌を不活化し易くするために使用され得る。実施形態の一部において、組成物は、特に、グラム陽性細菌を不活化することにおいて効果的である。好ましい実施形態において、細菌の不活化は、約5~10分後に起こる。従って、細菌は、エマルションに接触されてもよく、迅速な方法および効果的な方法で不活化されるであろう。細菌が直接エマルションに曝露される場合、接触と不活化との間の時間は、5~10分よりも少ないことが予想される。しかし、ナノエマルションが治療的な状況で用いられ、全身に用いられる場合、不活化はより長い時間にわたって起きてもよく、当該時間としては、使用後、5分、10分、15分、20分、25分、30分、60分が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。さらに、さらなる実施形態においては、不活化が起こるまでに、2時間、3時間、4時間、5時間または6時間かかってもよい。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明は、ナノエマルションアジュバント(例えば、単独および/または1つ以上の免疫原(例えば、不活化される病原体または病原体の生成物)、もしくはアレルゲン、アレルギー性物質、またはアレルギー反応を引き起こす他の物質との組み合わせ)を含んでいる、免疫応答を誘導するための組成物を提供する。本発明における使途を見出されている種々のナノエマルションは、本明細書およびそれ以外に記載されている(例えば、すべての目的について参照によってその全体が本明細書に援用される米国特許出願公開第20020045667号および米国特許出願公開第20040043041号、ならびに米国特許第6,015,832号、米国特許第6,506,803号、米国特許第6,635,676号および米国特許第6,559,189号に記載されているナノエマルションである)。
本発明は、用いられるナノエマルションアジュバントの種類に限定されない。実際、種々のナノエマルションアジュバントが、本発明において有用であることが考慮される。
以下の記載は、組成物BCTPおよびX8W60PCについての製剤を含む、例示的なエマルションの多数を提供する。BCTPは、油中水型のナノエマルションを含んでおり、ここで、油相は、80%の水中の、ダイズ油、リン酸トリ-n-ブチル、およびTRITON X-100から作製された。X8W60PCは、W808PおよびBCTPの等容量の混合物を含んでいる。W808Pは、モノステアリン酸グリセロール、精製オヤステロール(oya sterols)(例えばGENEROLステロール)、TWEEN 60、ダイズ油、カチオン性イオンのハロゲンを含んでいるCPC、およびはっか油で作製されるリポソーム様の化合物である。GENEROLファミリーは、ポリエトキシ化されたダイズステロールの一群である(Henkel Corporation, Ambler, Pennsylvania)。本発明において有用な例示的なエマルションの製剤は、表1に提示されている。これらの特定の製剤は、参照によってそれらの全体が本明細書に援用される米国特許第5,700,679号(NN);米国特許第5,618,840号;米国特許第5,549,901号(W808P);および米国特許第5,547,677号に見出されてもよい。他の特定のエマルションの製剤は、それらの全体が本明細書に援用される米国特許明細書第10/669,865号を規定される。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、水相を含んでいる。ある好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、エマルションの総体積を基準として、約5~50、好ましくは10~40、より好ましくは15~30体積%の水相を含んでいる(が、他の濃度もまた考慮されている)。好ましい実施形態において、水相は、約4~10、好ましくは約6~8のpHの水を含んでいる。水は、好ましくは脱イオン化されている(以下において「DiH2O」とする)。いくつかの実施形態において、水相は、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)を含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、水相は、滅菌されており、発熱物質なしである。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは油相を含んでいる。ある好ましい実施形態において、本発明のエマルションの油相(例えば担体油)は、エマルション全体の体積を基準として、30~90、好ましくは60~80、より好ましくは60~70体積%の油相を含んでいる(が、より高い濃度、およびより低い濃度もまた、本明細書に記載のエマルションにおける利用について見出される)。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、界面活性剤または洗浄剤をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、約3~15%、好ましくは約10%の1つ以上の界面活性剤または洗浄剤を含んでいる(が、他の濃度もまた考慮されている)。本発明は任意の特定の機序に限定されないが、界面活性剤がエマルション中に存在する場合には、界面活性剤は、エマルションを安定化することを助ける、と考えられる。非イオン性(非アニオン性)およびイオン性界面活性剤の両方が考慮される。さらに、界面活性剤のBRIJファミリーからの界面活性剤は、本発明の組成物における利用について見出される。界面活性剤は、水相または油相のどちらにも供給され得る。エマルションとの使用に適した界面活性剤は、水中油型エマルションの形成を促進することが可能である他の乳化化合物に加えて、アニオン性および非イオン性の種々の界面活性剤を含んでいる。一般的に、乳化化合物は、相対的に親水性であり、乳化化合物の混合物は、必要な品質を達成するために使用され得る。いくつかの製剤において、非イオン性界面活性剤は、イオン性(例えば石鹸型)乳化剤よりも非イオン性界面活性剤が、広い範囲のpHにしっかりとより適合でき、より安定なエマルションをしばしば形成する、という点で、イオン性乳化剤を超える利点を有する。
いくつかの実施形態において、エマルションは、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、エマルションの総重量を基準として、約0.5~1.0重量%、またはより多くの、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物を含んでいる(が、他の濃度もまた考慮されている)。好ましい実施形態において、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物は、油相とあらかじめ混合されていることが好ましいが、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物は、別個の製剤において、エマルション組成物と組み合わせて提供されてもよい、と理解されるべきである。好適なハロゲンを含んでいる化合物は、塩化物、フッ化物、臭化物、およびヨウ化物イオン、を含む化合物から選択されてもよい。好ましい実施形態において、好適な、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物には、ハロゲン化セチルピリジニウム、ハロゲン化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム、ハロゲン化セチルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、ハロゲン化セチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、ハロゲン化セチルトリブチルホスホニウム、ハロゲン化ドデシルトリメチルアンモニウム、またはハロゲン化テトラデシルトリメチルアンモニウム、が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。いくつかの実施形態の一部において、好適な、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物には、塩化セチルピリジニウム(CPC)、塩化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化セチルベンジルジメチルアンモニウム、臭化セチルピリジニウム(CPB)、および臭化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム(CTAB)、臭化セチイジメチルエチルアンモニウム(cetyidimethylethylammonium bromide)、臭化セチルトリブチルホスホニウム、臭化ドデシルトリメチルアンモニウム、および臭化テトラデシルトリメチルアンモニウム、が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。好ましい実施形態の一部において、ハロゲンを含んでいるカチオン性化合物は、CPCであるが、本発明の組成物は、任意の特定の含んでいるカチオン性化合物を有する製剤に限定されない。
本発明の他の実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、発芽促進剤をさらに含んでいる。いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、エマルションは、約1mM~15mM、より好ましくは約5mM~10mMの1つ以上の発芽促進化合物を含んでいる(が、他の濃度もまた考慮される)。好ましい実施形態において、発芽促進化合物は、エマルションの形成に先立って、水相中に供給される。本発明は、発芽促進剤がナノエマルション組成物に添加される場合には、ナノエマルションの殺胞子特性が促進される、ということを考慮している。本発明はさらに、そのような発芽促進剤は、中性のpH(pH6~8の間であり、好ましくはpH7)の近くで殺胞子活性を開始する、ということを考慮している。そのような中性のpHのエマルションは、例えば、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)を用いて希釈することによって、もしくは、中性のエマルションの調製によって、得られることが可能である。ナノエマルションの殺胞子活性は、胞子が発芽を開始するときに、優先的に生じる。
さらに他の実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、組成物の相互作用を促すことが可能である化合物(すなわち、(例えば標的の病原体(例えば、Vibrio、Salmonella、ShigellaおよびPseudomonasのようなグラム陰性細菌の細胞壁)との)「相互作用促進剤」)の1つ以上を含んでいる。好ましい実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、好ましくは油相とあらかじめ混合される;しかしながら、他の実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、乳化後に、組成物との組み合わせにおいて供給される。ある好ましい実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、キレート剤(例えば緩衝液(例えばトリス緩衝液)中の、エチレンジアミンテトラ酢酸(EDTA)、またはエチレンビス(オキシエチレンニトリロ)テトラ酢酸(EGTA)など)である。キレート剤は、単に例示的な相互作用促進化合物であることが理解される。実際、(例えば、微生物の作用物質、病原体、ワクチン、などとの)本発明のいくつかの実施形態において使用されているナノエマルションの相互作用を促す他の作用物質が考慮される。特に好ましい実施形態において、相互作用促進剤は、約50~約250μMの濃度である。当業者は、特定の作用物質が、相互作用促進剤として作用する所望の機能を有しているか否かを決定することが可能であり得て、これは、(1)本発明の組成物との組み合わせにおいて、そのような作用物質を対象に用いること、および、(2)混合物によって接触させた場合の標的の不活化と、作用物質を含んでいない本発明の組成物による類似の標的の不活化とを比較することによって、である。細菌とエマルションとの相互作用を促し、それ故に、相対的にその非存在下におけるパラメータと比較して、細菌の生育を減退させるかもしくは阻害する任意の作用物質は、相互作用促進剤であると考えられる。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のナノエマルションは、第四級アンモニウムを含んでいる化合物を含んでいる。例示的な第四級アンモニウム化合物には、塩化アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、アルキルジメチルベンジルおよびジアルキルジメチルアンモニウムクロリド(Alkyl dimethyl benzyl and dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)、塩化N,N-ジメチル-2-ヒドロキシプロピルアンモニウムポリマー、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化n-アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化n-アルキルジメチルエチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化n-アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化n-テトラデシルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム一水和物、塩化n-アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、ヘキサヒドロ-1,3,5-トリス(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-s-トリアジン、塩化ミリスタルコニウム(および)クアット RNIUM 14、塩化アルキルビス(2-ヒドロキシエチル)ベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルデメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチル3,4-ジクロロベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、アルキルジメチルベンジルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルジメチベンジルアンモニウム、臭化アルキルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、臭化アルキルジメチルエチルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルエチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルジメチルイソプロピルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化アルキルトリメチルアンモニウム、塩化アルキル1または3ベンジル-1-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-2-イミダゾリニウム、塩化ジアルキルメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジアルキルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化2-(2-(p-(ジイソブチル)クレゾスキシ)エトキシ)エチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化2-(2-(p-(ジイソブチル)フェノキシ)エトキシ)エチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ジオクチルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化ドデシルビス(2-ヒドロキシエチル)オクチル水素アンモニウム、塩化ドデシルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ドデシルカルバモイルメチルジネチルベンジルアンモニウム、塩化ヘプタデシルヒドロキシエチルイミダゾリニウム、ヘキサヒドロ-1,3,5-トリス(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-s-トリアジン、塩化オクチルデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化オクチルドデシルジメチルアンモニウム、塩化オクチフェノキシエトキシエチルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム、オキシジエチレンビス(塩化アルキルジメチルアンモニウム)、第四級アンモニウム化合物、ジココアルキルジメチル、塩化物、トリメトキシシリルクアット、および塩化トリメチルドデシルベンジルアンモニウム、が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションアジュバント組成物は、所望の特性または機能性をナノエマルションに提供する、さらなる化合物を1つ以上含んでいる。これらの成分は、ナノエマルションの水相中または油相中に組み込まれてもよく、および/または、乳化に先立ってまたは乳化に続いて、添加されてもよい。例えば、いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションは、フェノール(例えば、トリクロサン、フェニルフェノール)、酸性化剤(例えばクエン酸(例えば、1.5~6%)、酢酸、レモンジュース)、アルキル化剤(例えば水酸化ナトリウム(例えば、0.3%))、緩衝液(例えば、クエン酸緩衝液、酢酸緩衝液、および特定のpHを維持するために有用な他の緩衝液)、ハロゲン(例えば、ポリビニルピロリドン、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム、過酸化水素)をさらに含んでいる。
本発明のナノエマルションは、標準的なエマルション形成技術を用いて形成され得る。要約すると、水中油ナノエマルションを得るために、相対的に高いせん断力で(例えば、高油圧力および高機械力を用いて)油相は水相と混合される。エマルションは、油相:水相が、約1:9~5:1、好ましくは約5:1~3:1、最も好ましくは4:1の体積対体積に基づく範囲で、油相を水相と混合することによって形成される。油相および水相は、エマルションを形成するために十分なせん断力を生み出すことが可能である任意の装置(例えば、フレンチプレス、または高せん断ミキサー(例えば、FDAに承認された高せん断ミキサーはAdmix, Inc.(マンチェスター、ニューハンプシャー州)から入手可能である))を用いて、混合され得る。そのようなエマルションを生成する方法は、参照によってその全体が本明細書に援用される、米国特許第5,103,497号および第4,895,452号、ならびに米国特許出願公開第20070036831号、第20060251684号、および第20050208083号に記載されている。
いくつかの実施形態において、ナノエマルションアジュバント組成物(例えば免疫応答を生じるための(例えば、アジュバントおよび/またはワクチンとして使用するための)は、感染症の動物モデルにおいて試験される。十分に練られた動物モデルの使用によって、ヒトの対象への投与の前に、ワクチンの有効性および安全性を評価する方法が提供されている。疾患の動物モデルの例は、表2に示されている。これらの動物は(例えば、Jackson Laboratories Charles River、Portage、 MIから)市販されている。
いくつかの実施形態において、同じものを含んでいるナノエマルションアジュバントおよび/またはワクチンは、様々な好適なモデル系のうち1つを用いて評価される。例えば、細胞媒介性免疫応答はインビトロにおいて評価され得る。さらに、病原体の攻撃に対する免疫応答および免疫を、インビボにおいて評価するために、動物モデルは使用されてもよい。任意の好適な動物モデルは利用されてもよく、当該動物モデルには、表2に記載されている動物モデルが含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
さらに、好ましい実施形態において、本発明のナノエマルションアジュバント組成物は、(例えば対象に投与された場合に)自然免疫応答および適応/獲得免疫応答(例えば、全身性免疫および粘膜免疫の両方)を誘導する。従って、いくつかの好ましい実施形態において、対象への本発明の組成物の投与は、病原体への曝露(例えば、粘膜曝露)に対する防御、という結果を招く。機序の理解は本発明の実施に必須ではなく、本発明は任意の特定の作用機序に限定されないが、粘膜投与(例えばワクチン接種)は、病原体感染(例えば、粘膜表面にて起こる)に対する防御をもたらす。分泌性のIgA反応、および、粘膜表面において進入する病原体に対する防御、を刺激することは、これまで困難であると示されている(例えば、Mestecky et al, Mucosal Immunology. 3ed edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2005)を参照のこと)が、本発明は、対象における病原体からの粘膜免疫(例えば、防御的なIgA反応)を刺激する組成物および方法を提供する。
以下の実施例は、本発明の好ましい一部の実施形態および態様を例示する役割を果たしており、本発明の範囲を限定すると解釈されるべきではない。
Th2免疫応答は、IgE抗体の産生および高レベルのTh2サイトカインによって特徴づけられ、いくつかの病原体、ならびにがん、大腸炎、喘息およびアレルギーに対する不適当な防御に関連している。最も広くに用いられているワクチンアジュバントは、Th2反応を一般に誘導する。Th2からTh1に免疫応答を変化させるために試みられている免疫療法は、長期の投与/免疫化プロトコルを一般に要し、持続するTh1反応を誘導しない。そこで、Th2に傾いている現状の免疫応答(例えば、アレルギー、炎症性疾患、および他のTh2媒介性疾患との関連における)を調節し、かつ均衡のとれているTh1/Th17/Th2プロファイルに向かって変化させる、および/または傾ける(例えば、Th2媒介性疾患に関連している徴候、症状または病的な状態を緩和または消失させるために)、種々のナノエマルションアジュバントの能力を評価するために、本発明の実施形態の開発の間に複数の実験を実施した。
NEを基にしたワクチンが、上記alum免疫増強されたB型肝炎表面抗原(HBs)を用いた筋肉内の免疫化によって確立されたTh2免疫応答を調節する能力を示したので、NEを基にしたワクチンがまた、アレルギー性疾患(例えば、アレルギー性の過剰反応性/過敏症)に関連する旺盛なTh2媒介性免疫応答を調節し得るか否かを決定するために、本発明の実施形態の開発の間に、さらなる複数の実験を実施した。
Claims (14)
- 対象における食物アレルギーまたは呼吸器アレルギーを処置するための、かつ上記対象の鼻腔内に投与するための組成物であって、
アジュバントとしてのナノエマルションの治療的に有効な量と、食物アレルゲンまたは呼吸器アレルゲンの少なくとも1つとを含んでいる、免疫原性組成物。 - 上記食物アレルゲンは、ピーナッツアレルゲン、牛乳アレルゲン、またはナッツアレルゲンである、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記呼吸器アレルギーは、花粉、ほこり、および/または動物の毛である、請求項1に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記ナノエマルションは、油、水、エタノール、ポリソルベート界面活性剤、およびカチオン性化合物を含んでいる、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記ナノエマルションは、正の表面電荷を含んでいる、請求項4に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記カチオン性化合物は、塩化セチルピリジニウム(CPC)を含んでいる、請求項4または5に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 鼻腔内投与のために製剤化された、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- Th2に極性化されている免疫応答を、上記対象における、Th1型免疫応答または均衡のとれているTh1/Th2型免疫応答に向けて向かわせる、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th2に極性化されている免疫応答を、Th1型免疫応答または均衡のとれているTh1/Th2型免疫応答に向けて向かわせることは、上記対象における、Th2型サイトカインの発現を抑えることを含んでいる、請求項8に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th2型サイトカインは、IL-4および/またはIL-5である、請求項9に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th2に極性化されている免疫応答を、Th1型免疫応答または均衡のとれているTh1/Th2型免疫応答に向けて向かわせることは、上記対象における、血清IgG1の力価を減少させることを含んでいる、請求項8に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th2に極性化されている免疫応答を、Th1型免疫応答または均衡のとれているTh1/Th2型免疫応答に向けて向かわせることは、上記対象における、Th1型サイトカインの発現を増加させることを含んでいる、請求項8に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th1型サイトカインは、IFN-ガンマ、TNF-アルファ、および/またはIL-17である、請求項12に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 上記Th2に極性化されている免疫応答を、Th1型免疫応答または均衡のとれているTh1/Th2型免疫応答に向けて向かわせることは、上記対象における、血清IgG2aおよび/またはIgG2bの力価を増加させることを含んでいる、請求項8に記載の免疫原性組成物。
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US20240058439A1 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
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EP4112076A1 (en) | 2023-01-04 |
WO2016057921A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 |
US11083788B2 (en) | 2021-08-10 |
US11806318B2 (en) | 2023-11-07 |
US20210401975A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
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