EP0437713A2 - Programme-controlled washing machine - Google Patents
Programme-controlled washing machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0437713A2 EP0437713A2 EP90123022A EP90123022A EP0437713A2 EP 0437713 A2 EP0437713 A2 EP 0437713A2 EP 90123022 A EP90123022 A EP 90123022A EP 90123022 A EP90123022 A EP 90123022A EP 0437713 A2 EP0437713 A2 EP 0437713A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- washing
- water
- detergent
- washing machine
- machine according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000004902 Softening Agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002979 fabric softener Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
- D06F39/00—Details of washing machines not specific to a single type of machines covered by groups D06F9/00 - D06F27/00
- D06F39/007—Arrangements of water softeners
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
- D06F39/00—Details of washing machines not specific to a single type of machines covered by groups D06F9/00 - D06F27/00
- D06F39/02—Devices for adding soap or other washing agents
Definitions
- the invention relates to a program-controlled washing machine with a rotating drum in a tub and a detergent dispenser, which is divided into several dispenser compartments for receiving the detergent and care products and a water softener and the fresh water is supplied to the tub via the dispenser.
- a washing machine of this type is known from DE-A-37 15 832.
- the water softener is rinsed into the tub at the same time as the detergent.
- the invention has for its object to improve the detergent and water softener supply overall, so that the active substances of these agents are fully effective and thus better used.
- the solution to this problem according to the invention is that first the water softener and then the detergent is flushed into the tub.
- the detergent can be rinsed in immediately after the water softener has been rinsed in. This means that there is no significant increase in the total washing time.
- the water softener can also first be flushed in with a smaller amount of water than the amount of water required for the washing process, for example 2 to 5 liters. This further improves the activation of the detergent subsequently washed in.
- the washing machine 1 shown in FIG. 1 has an integrated drawer-like dispenser 2 for a wide variety of laundry treatment agents, such as water softeners, detergents and fabric softeners.
- the induction device 2 is in the illustrated embodiment in three treatment agent chambers 4, 5 u. 6 divided.
- the water softener is filled into the treatment agent chamber 4 and the detergent into the chamber 5. If provided in the washing program, the fabric softener can be introduced into the chamber 6.
- the washing machine 1 has a tub with a washing drum running around it, which can be loaded with laundry via a front loading opening closed by a porthole door window 3.
- the Y axis stands for the water hardness and the time for the washing-in process of the laundry treatment agents is plotted on the X axis.
- Line 7 shows the course of water softening when the water softener and the detergent are washed in simultaneously (prior art).
- Line 8 shows the course of water softening if the water softener is washed in first and then the detergent. From this line it can be seen that the water hardness of the washing water is reduced or bound very quickly when the water softening agent is separated and brought in earlier and that the subsequent washing or addition of detergent, which takes place at time P, is carried out with completely softened washing water. With further addition of washing water, the water hardness increases again somewhat and stabilizes below line 7 after a certain time.
- the so-called two-stage flushing in accordance with the invention can now be carried out as be carried out as follows:
- the water softener is filled in the treatment agent chamber 4 and the detergent in the chamber 5.
- the water inlet (not shown) is opened, a certain partial amount, preferably 2 to 5 liters, of the total fresh water inlet is first let in through the chamber 4 and the water softener is thus flushed into the tub.
- the fresh water supply is opened again until the required washing level is reached.
- the laundry drum can also be set in a reversing movement in order to achieve a good distribution of the water softener in the wash water.
- the further water is supplied via the chamber 5 and flushes the detergent located there into the tub.
- the detergent can also be rinsed in immediately after the water softener has been rinsed in. This could be useful if the overall washing program should not be extended.
- a further possible embodiment is that the water softener is first rinsed out of the chamber 4 of the induction device 2, the entire amount of water required being fed to the washing drum at the same time. After a certain period of time, e.g. B. up to 5 minutes, during which the water softener has been dissolved or well distributed in the wash water and has fully developed its effect, part of this wash liquor is pumped up to the chamber 5 of the dispenser 2, in which the detergent is located, and this Chamber rinsed out.
- a certain period of time e.g. B. up to 5 minutes
- Another embodiment is characterized in that the incoming fresh water first enters the chamber 4 of the induction device 2, in which the water softener is located. From this chamber, the water is passed into the chamber 5 with the detergent.
- a further chamber can expediently be connected between the two chambers. This will ensure good mixing of the Water softener and the fresh water as well as the solution or dispersion of all softening substances in the flushed fresh water.
- the program control device of the washing machine has corresponding switching steps for controlling the execution options described.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Detail Structures Of Washing Machines And Dryers (AREA)
- Control Of Washing Machine And Dryer (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine programmgesteuerte Waschmaschine mit einer in einem Laugenbehälter umlaufenden Wäschetrommel und einer Waschmittel-Einspülvorrichtung, die in mehrere Einspülkammern zur Aufnahme der Wasch- und Pflegemittel sowie eines Wasserenthärtungsmittels unterteilt ist und die Frischwasserzufuhr zum Laugenbehälter über die Einspülvorrichtung erfolgt.The invention relates to a program-controlled washing machine with a rotating drum in a tub and a detergent dispenser, which is divided into several dispenser compartments for receiving the detergent and care products and a water softener and the fresh water is supplied to the tub via the dispenser.
Eine Waschmaschine dieser Art ist aus der DE-A-37 15 832 bekannt. Bei dieser Waschmaschine wird das Wasserenthärtungsmittel gleichzeitig mit dem Waschmittel in den Laugenbehälter eingespült.A washing machine of this type is known from DE-A-37 15 832. In this washing machine, the water softener is rinsed into the tub at the same time as the detergent.
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Wasch- und Wasserenthärtungsmittel-Zuführung insgesamt zu verbessern, so daß die aktiven Substanzen dieser Mittel voll wirksam und damit besser ausgenützt werden.Based on this prior art, the invention has for its object to improve the detergent and water softener supply overall, so that the active substances of these agents are fully effective and thus better used.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe gemäß der Erfindung besteht darin, daß zuerst das Wasserenthärtungsmittel und danach erst das Waschmittel in den Laugenbehälter eingespült wird.The solution to this problem according to the invention is that first the water softener and then the detergent is flushed into the tub.
Durch diese Maßnahme wird erreicht, daß das Wasserenthärtungsmittel gut gelöst bzw. in der eingespülten Wassermenge gut verteilt wird und die Härtebildner im Waschwasser bereits vorab gebunden werden, bevor das Waschmittel zugeführt bzw. in die Wäschetrommel eingespült wird. Die Folge davon ist ein wesentlich besseres Reinigungsergebnis bei dem betreffenden Waschgut bei Schonung der Wäsche und der Waschmaschine.This measure ensures that the water softener is well dissolved or well distributed in the amount of water that is flushed in, and that the hardening agents in the wash water are bound in advance before the detergent is added or washed into the washing drum. The result of this is a much better cleaning result for the laundry in question while protecting the laundry and the washing machine.
Des weiteren wird eine erhebliche Umweltentlastung erreicht, da auf Grund der vorgeschlagenen Maßnahme bei gleichguten Ergebnissen die Zugabe des Wasserenthärtungsmittels um 20 % verringert werden konnte.Furthermore, considerable environmental relief is achieved, since the addition of the water softening agent could be reduced by 20% due to the proposed measure with equally good results.
Das Einspülen des Waschmittels kann dabei unmittelbar nach dem Einspülen des Wasserenthärtungsmittels durchgeführt werden. Dadurch ergibt sich keine wesentliche Verlängerung der Gesamtwaschdauer.The detergent can be rinsed in immediately after the water softener has been rinsed in. This means that there is no significant increase in the total washing time.
Vorteilhaft ist es jedoch, das Einspülen des Waschmittels erst mit einer Zeitverzögerung nach dem Einspülen des Wasserenthärtungsmittels vorzunehmen. Eine solche Zeitverzögerung kann dabei bis zu 5 Minuten betragen. Dadurch wird eine besonders gute Auflösung bzw. Verteilung des Wasserenthärtungsmittels im Waschwasser erreicht und die Einspülung des Waschmittels erfolgt in das bereits vollständig enthärtete Waschwasser, so daß das Waschmittel mit der Einspülung auch sofort seine volle Waschkraft entfalten kann.However, it is advantageous to carry out the washing-in of the detergent only after a delay after the washing-in of the water-softening agent. Such a time delay can be up to 5 minutes. This results in a particularly good dissolution or distribution of the water softener in the wash water and the detergent is rinsed into the already completely softened wash water, so that the detergent can also develop its full washing power immediately with the rinse.
Das Wasserenthärungsmittel kann zunächst auch mit einer gegenüber der für den Waschvorgang erforderlichen Wassermenge geringeren Wassermenge, von beispielsweise 2 bis 5 Liter, eingespült werden. Dadurch wird die Aktivierung des nachfolgend eingespülten Waschmittels weiter verbessert.The water softener can also first be flushed in with a smaller amount of water than the amount of water required for the washing process, for example 2 to 5 liters. This further improves the activation of the detergent subsequently washed in.
Weitere vorteilhafte Maßnahmen sind in der Beschreibung des Anmeldungsgegenstandes enthalten.Further advantageous measures are contained in the description of the subject of the application.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von zwei zeichnerischen Darstellungen näher beschrieben und noch weiter verdeutlicht.The invention is described in more detail below with reference to two graphic representations and made even clearer.
Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Waschmaschine mit einer als Schublade ausgebildeten Einspülvorrichtung für die Wäschebehandlungsmittel,
- Fig. 2
- den Wasserenthärtungsverlauf bei der bisherigen Einspülungs-Methode und bei der Zwei-Stufen-Einspülung nach der Erfindung.
- Fig. 1
- a washing machine with a washing device designed as a drawer for the laundry treatment agents,
- Fig. 2
- the course of water softening in the previous induction method and in the two-stage induction according to the invention.
Die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Waschmaschine 1 besitzt eine integrierte schubladenartige Einspülvorrichtung 2 für die verschiedensten Wäschebehandlungmittel, wie Wasserenthärtungsmittel, Waschmittel, Weichspülmittel. Die Einspülvorrichtung 2 ist beim dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel in drei Behandlungsmittel-Kammern 4, 5 u. 6 aufgeteilt. In der Behandlungsmittel-Kammer 4 wird das Wasserenthärtungsmittel und in der Kammer 5 das Waschmittel eingefüllt. In die Kammer 6 kann, wenn im Waschprogramm vorgesehen, das Weichspülmittel eingegeben werden. Die Waschmaschine 1 hat einen Laugenbehälter mit einer darin umlaufenden Wäschetrommel, die über eine durch ein Bullaugentürfenster 3 verschlossene frontseitige Beschickungsöffnung mit Waschgut beladbar ist.The washing machine 1 shown in FIG. 1 has an integrated drawer-
Im Schaubild nach Fig. 2 steht die Y-Achse für die Wasserhärte und auf der X-Achse ist die Zeit für den Einspülvorgang der Wäschebehandlungsmittel aufgetragen. Die Linie 7 zeigt den Wasserenthärtungsverlauf, wenn das Wasserenthärtungsmittel und das Waschmittel gleichzeitig (Stand der Technik) eingespült werden. Linie 8 gibt den Wasserenthärtungsverlauf wieder, wenn zuerst das Wasserenthärtungsmittel und danach erst das Waschmittel eingespült werden. Aus dieser Linie wird ersichtlich, daß bei der vom Waschmittel getrennten und vorgezogenen Einspülung des Wasserenthärtungsmittels die Wasserhärte des Waschwassers sehr schnell herabgesetzt bzw. gebunden wird und daß die nachfolgende Einspülung bzw. Waschmittelzugabe, was beim Zeitpunkt P erfolgt, bei völlig enthärtetem Waschwasser vorgenommen wird. Mit weiterer Zuführung von Waschwasser steigt die Wasserhärte insgesamt wieder etwas an und stabilisiert sich nach einer gewissen Zeit unterhalb der Linie 7. Wie ein Vergleich der beiden Linien 7 und 8 deutlich zeigt, ist die Wirksamkeit des Wasserenthärtungsmittels bei der sogenannten Zwei-Stufen-Einspülung nach der Erfindung gegenüber der Einspülung nach dem Stand der Technik wesentlich gesteigert bei gleichzeitiger Einsparung von 20 % Wasserenthärtungsmittel. Dadurch, daß die Wasserhärte schon vor dem Waschen gebunden wird, kann sich das später zugeführte Waschmittel voll auf die Beseitigung des Schmutzes konzentrieren.In the diagram according to FIG. 2, the Y axis stands for the water hardness and the time for the washing-in process of the laundry treatment agents is plotted on the X axis.
Die sogenannte Zwei-Stufen-Einspülung nach der Erfindung kann nun wie folgt durchgeführt werden:
Wie bereits erwähnt, ist in der Behandlungsmittel-Kammer 4 das Wasserenthärtungsmittel und in der Kammer 5 das Waschmittel eingefüllt. Mit öffnen des nicht dargestellten Wasserzulaufs wird eine bestimmte Teilmenge, vorzugsweise 2 bis 5 Liter, des insgesamt zulaufenden Frischwassers zuerst über die Kammer 4 eingelassen und damit das Wasserenthärtungsmittel in den Laugenbehälter eingespült. Nach einer kurzen Zeitspanne wird der Frischwasserzulauf bis zum Erreichen des erforderlichen Waschniveaus erneut geöffnet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Zulauf oder erst nach dem Zulauf kann die Wäschetrommel zusätzlich in eine reversierende Bewegung gesetzt werden, um eine gute Verteilung des Wasserenthärtungsmittels im Waschwasser zu erzielen. Nach einer Zeitspanne von bis zu 5 Minuten erfolgt der weitere Wasserzulauf über die Kammer 5 und spült das dort befindliche Waschmittel in den Laugenbehälter ein. Das Einspülen des Waschmittels kann auch unmittelbar nach dem Einspülen des Wasserenthärtungsmittels durchgeführt werden. Dies könnte zweckmäßig sein, wenn das Gesamtwaschprogramm zeitlich nicht verlängert werden soll.The so-called two-stage flushing in accordance with the invention can now be carried out as be carried out as follows:
As already mentioned, the water softener is filled in the
Eine weitere Ausführungsmöglichkeit besteht darin, daß zunächst das Wasserenthärtungsmittel aus der Kammer 4 der Einspülvorrichtung 2 ausgespült wird, wobei gleichzeitig die gesamte erforderliche Wassermenge der Wäschetrommel zugeführt wird. Nach Ablauf einer bestimmten Zeitspanne, von z. B. bis zu 5 Minuten, während der das Wasserenthärtungsmittel gelöst bzw. im Waschwasser gut verteilt worden ist, und seine Wirkung voll entfaltet hat, wird ein Teil dieser Waschlauge zur Kammer 5 der Einspülvorrichtung 2, in welcher sich das Waschmittel befindet, hochgepumpt und diese Kammer ausgespült.A further possible embodiment is that the water softener is first rinsed out of the
Ein anderes Ausführungsbeispiel zeichnet sich dadurch aus, daß das zufließende Frischwasser zuerst in die Kammer 4 der Einspülvorrichtung 2 gelangt, in welcher sich das Wasserenthärtungsmittel befindet. Von dieser Kammer aus wird das Wasser in die Kammer 5 mit dem Waschmittel geleitet. Zwischen den beiden Kammern kann zweckmäßig noch eine weitere Kammer geschaltet sein. Dadurch wird eine gute Vermischung des Wasserenthärtungsmittels und des Frischwassers sowie die Lösung bzw. Dispergierung sämtlicher Enthärtersubstanzen im eingespülten Frischwasser erreicht.Another embodiment is characterized in that the incoming fresh water first enters the
Ohne darauf näher eingehen zu wollen, muß noch erwähnt werden, daß die Programmsteuereinrichtung der Waschmaschine zur Steuerung dieser beschriebenen Ausführungsmöglichkeiten entsprechende Schaltschritte aufweist.Without wishing to go into this in more detail, it must also be mentioned that the program control device of the washing machine has corresponding switching steps for controlling the execution options described.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4000882A DE4000882A1 (en) | 1990-01-13 | 1990-01-13 | PROGRAM-CONTROLLED WASHING MACHINE |
DE4000882 | 1990-01-13 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0437713A2 true EP0437713A2 (en) | 1991-07-24 |
EP0437713A3 EP0437713A3 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
EP0437713B1 EP0437713B1 (en) | 1995-08-30 |
Family
ID=6398051
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90123022A Expired - Lifetime EP0437713B1 (en) | 1990-01-13 | 1990-12-01 | Programme-controlled washing machine |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0437713B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4000882A1 (en) |
TR (1) | TR25223A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2554739A1 (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-06 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
EP2679716A1 (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-01 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9637856B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-05-02 | Electrolux Home Products N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9663892B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-05-30 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9790636B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-10-17 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine with a water softening device |
US20200255771A1 (en) * | 2019-02-08 | 2020-08-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method of treating fabrics with automated pre-treatment of water |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10138283A1 (en) * | 2001-08-10 | 2003-03-06 | Henkel Kgaa | washing method |
TR201818916T4 (en) | 2012-09-25 | 2019-01-21 | Dalli Werke Gmbh & Co Kg | Method for the dosage of a washing agent and a washing agent. |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1156788A (en) * | 1956-08-22 | 1958-05-21 | Pfenningsberg Gmbh Maschfab | Device for the automatic supply of washing products, in particular to automatic washing machines |
DE3715832A1 (en) * | 1987-05-12 | 1988-11-24 | Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete | Washing-agent flush-in tray with auxiliary device for liquid washing agents |
DE3906030A1 (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1990-08-30 | Andreas Paetau | Contact-delaying container for operating a washing machine with liquid soap |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SU1430427A1 (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1988-10-15 | Алитусский Машиностроительный Завод | Apparatus for feeding detergents into washing machine |
-
1990
- 1990-01-13 DE DE4000882A patent/DE4000882A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-12-01 EP EP90123022A patent/EP0437713B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-01 DE DE59009581T patent/DE59009581D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-01-10 TR TR91/0036A patent/TR25223A/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1156788A (en) * | 1956-08-22 | 1958-05-21 | Pfenningsberg Gmbh Maschfab | Device for the automatic supply of washing products, in particular to automatic washing machines |
DE3715832A1 (en) * | 1987-05-12 | 1988-11-24 | Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete | Washing-agent flush-in tray with auxiliary device for liquid washing agents |
DE3906030A1 (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1990-08-30 | Andreas Paetau | Contact-delaying container for operating a washing machine with liquid soap |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2554739A1 (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-06 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
CN103732820A (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2014-04-16 | 伊莱克斯家用产品股份有限公司 | Laundry washing machine with a water softening device |
US9637856B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-05-02 | Electrolux Home Products N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9663892B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-05-30 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9790635B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-10-17 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine with a water softening device |
US9790636B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2017-10-17 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine with a water softening device |
US10385500B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2019-08-20 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine with a water softening device |
EP2679716A1 (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-01 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
WO2014001472A1 (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-03 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US9422660B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2016-08-23 | Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V. | Laundry washing machine |
US20200255771A1 (en) * | 2019-02-08 | 2020-08-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Method of treating fabrics with automated pre-treatment of water |
CN113348236A (en) * | 2019-02-08 | 2021-09-03 | 宝洁公司 | Method for treating fabrics with automatically pretreated water |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0437713A3 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
DE59009581D1 (en) | 1995-10-05 |
TR25223A (en) | 1993-01-01 |
EP0437713B1 (en) | 1995-08-30 |
DE4000882A1 (en) | 1991-07-18 |
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