CN111834654A - Online prediction control method and device for maximum power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell - Google Patents
Online prediction control method and device for maximum power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an on-line prediction control method and device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which can predict the maximum power which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell on line according to the real-time running state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell through the voltage, the current, the temperature, the floating internal resistance, the voltage variance of all monomers and the like of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and control the load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell so as to improve the running performance and prolong the service life of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fuel cells, in particular to an online prediction control method and device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Background
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell takes hydrogen as fuel to directly generate chemical reaction in the cell, is an electrochemical device for converting chemical energy into electric energy, and has the outstanding advantages of high efficiency, cleanness and the like because the reaction product is only water.
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell has the advantages of low reaction temperature, high power density, high dynamic response speed and the like, and has wide application in the field of transportation.
The operating performance and service life of pem fuel cells are of critical importance in large-scale commercial applications.
In the process of using the pem fuel cell, improper power loading, such as excessive loading, may affect the performance and lifetime of the pem fuel cell. Therefore, in order to improve the operation performance and the service life of the pem fuel cell, the maximum power that the pem fuel cell can output within the allowable range needs to be known at any time, and the pull-load power needs to be controlled, so as to avoid the damage to the pem fuel cell caused by excessive pull-load and the influence on the service life and the operation performance of the pem fuel cell.
Therefore, how to provide an online prediction control method for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is a technical problem to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, in order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides an online prediction control method and device for maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and the technical scheme is as follows:
an on-line prediction control method for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprises the following steps:
acquiring voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
calculating the floating internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different running states;
calculating a voltage lower limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under the current state according to the voltage variance of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
calculating the maximum current value which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the voltage lower limit value, the floating internal resistance and the current temperature value;
and predicting to obtain the maximum output power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the maximum current value, the current temperature value, the floating internal resistance and the voltage values at different temperatures and different currents.
Optionally, in the online prediction control method, the online prediction control method further includes:
and taking the maximum output power as the upper limit value of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to carry out load control of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Optionally, in the above online prediction control method, the calculating floating internal resistance of the pem fuel cell in different operating states includes:
collecting the current voltage value, the current value and the current temperature value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current value and the current temperature value and according to the corresponding relation of voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
and correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current voltage value, the experimental measurement voltage value and the current value by combining ohm's law to obtain the floating internal resistance.
Optionally, in the above online prediction control method, the calculating a lower voltage limit of the pem fuel cell in a current state according to the voltage variance of all the cells of the pem fuel cell at present includes:
and calculating the lower voltage limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state by utilizing the normal distribution characteristic according to the voltage variances of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present.
An on-line predictive control device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, comprising:
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
the first calculation module is used for calculating the floating internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different running states;
the second calculation module is used for calculating a voltage lower limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state according to the voltage variance of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
the third calculation module is used for calculating the maximum current value which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the voltage lower limit value, the floating internal resistance and the current temperature value;
and the online prediction module is used for predicting and obtaining the maximum output power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the maximum current value, the current temperature value, the floating internal resistance and the voltage values at different temperatures and different currents.
Optionally, in the above online prediction control device, the online prediction control device further includes:
and the power control module is used for taking the maximum output power as the upper limit value of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to carry out load control on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Optionally, in the above online prediction control device, the first calculating module is specifically configured to:
collecting the current voltage value, the current value and the current temperature value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current value and the current temperature value and according to the corresponding relation of voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
and correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current voltage value, the experimental measurement voltage value and the current value by combining ohm's law to obtain the floating internal resistance.
Optionally, in the above online prediction control device, the second calculating module is specifically configured to:
and calculating the lower voltage limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state by utilizing the normal distribution characteristic according to the voltage variances of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the method for on-line predicting and controlling the maximum power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell can predict the maximum power which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell on line according to the real-time operation state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell through the voltage, the current, the temperature, the floating internal resistance, the voltage variance of all monomers and the like of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and control the load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell so as to improve the operation performance and prolong the service life of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an online prediction control method for maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is another schematic flow chart of a method for on-line predicting and controlling the maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of predicting and controlling the maximum power of a PEMFC according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an on-line prediction control device for maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is another schematic structural diagram of an online prediction control device for maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In patent CN109921072A, a method for predictive control of output power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is disclosed, the invention selects control variables and other related variables for a state space discrete model of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, converts the predictive control problem with constraints into a limited optimization problem, and finally performs MPC control on the output power based on the optimal control rate of quadratic programming.
However, the method focuses on mathematical optimization, and does not directly consider the operating state factors affecting the output power of the pem fuel cell, such as cell voltage, current, temperature, internal resistance and the like of the pem fuel cell, so that the method has certain limitations.
In addition, the article "proton exchange membrane fuel cell characteristic-based control research" is based on a neural network model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and a neural network prediction control scheme is designed to control the generated power.
However, the method mainly considers the influence of temperature on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell characteristics, the generated power and the efficiency, and does not consider the actual operation state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, such as the influence of the voltage change of a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell on the performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, so that the real-time outputtable power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell cannot be effectively mastered, and the solution process of the objective function of the scheme is complex, the calculated amount is large, and the engineering realization is difficult.
Based on the problems in the prior art, the application provides an online prediction control method for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which can be used for online predicting the maximum power which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the real-time operation state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell through the voltage, the current, the temperature, the floating internal resistance, the voltage variance of all monomers and the like of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and controlling the load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell so as to improve the operation performance and prolong the service life of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an online prediction control method for maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The online prediction control method comprises the following steps:
s10: obtaining voltage values V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under different temperatures and different currentsLUT(I，T)。
In this step, characteristic data of the PEM fuel cell, such as voltage values V of the PEM fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents, are obtained through experimentsLUT(I，T)。
Considering that the power of the PEM fuel cell is a function of the current and the temperature of the PEM fuel cell, in order to obtain more comprehensive characteristic data of the PEM fuel cell, the voltage value V of the PEM fuel cell under the conditions of the temperature and the current with larger coverage is obtained as much as possibleLUT(I，T)。
The following data table is formed:
s20: and calculating the floating internal resistance delta R of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different running states.
In the step, the current voltage value V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is collectedkCurrent value IkAnd a current temperature value Tk；
According to said whenFront current value IkAnd said current temperature value TkAccording to the corresponding relation V of the voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under different temperatures and different currentsLUT(I, T) obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cellLUT(Ik，Tk)；
According to the current voltage value VkThe experimental measurement voltage value VLUT(Ik，Tk) And the current value IkAnd correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell by combining ohm law to obtain the floating internal resistance delta R.
That is to say that the first and second electrodes,
it should be noted that, since there are differences in performance between different pem fuel cells, the power deviation for correction is Δ P:
ΔP＝I2ΔR
s30: calculating the lower voltage limit value V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under the current state according to the voltage variance VAR of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at presentpermission。
In the step, according to the voltage variance VAR of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present, the lower limit voltage V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present is calculated by utilizing the normal distribution characteristicpermission。
In particular, consider the proton exchange membrane fuel cell monolithic voltage VcellConforming to normal distribution, with average voltage VaveThen, there are:
VAR＝σ2
Vcell～N(Vave，σ2)
in the above formula, σ is a standard deviation, and according to the normal distribution principle, there exists:
P(Vcell≥Vave-3σ)＝99.87％
if the lowest allowable limit is definedThe single voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is VmAnd requires:
Vave≥Vm+3σ
then there is:
Vave-3σ≥Vm
namely:
P(Vcell≥Vave-3σ≥Vm)＝99.87％
then there is:
P(Vcell≥Vm)＝99.87％
thus, at Vave≥VmAt +3 sigma, there is 99.87% probability of ensuring the lowest cell voltage V of the proton exchange membrane fuel cellmAs above.
Further, to the formula
Vave≥Vm+3σ
The following transformations are performed:
in the formula, NcellFor the total number of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the following exist:
wherein V is the total voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Therefore, the total voltage V is more than or equal to V in the proton exchange membrane fuel cellpermissionThen, 99.87% probability ensures the lowest monomer voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is VmThe above.
VpermissionNamely the lower voltage limit value which can be reached by the total voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under the current state to be obtained.
It should be noted that 3 σ in the above formula may also be adjusted to a required multiple, such as 2 σ or 6 σ, and in the embodiment of the present invention, only 3 σ is taken as an example for description, which may be determined according to actual situations.
S40: according to said voltage lower limit value VpermissionThe floating internal resistance delta R and the current temperature value TkCalculating the maximum current value I which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cellargmax。
In this step, the following functional relationships are considered for the voltage, current, temperature and floating internal resistance in the pem fuel cell:
IargnaxΔR+VLUT(Iargmax，Tk)＝Vpermission
in the above formula, TkIs the current temperature value;
Vpermissionthe lower limit value of the voltage obtained in step S30;
Iargmaxto be at the current temperature value TkThe total voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell reaches a lower limit value VpermissionThe corresponding maximum current value;
the maximum current value I which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell can be obtained by solving the formulaargmax。
S50: according to the maximum current value IargmaxThe current temperature value TkThe floating internal resistance delta R and the voltage values V at different temperatures and different currentsLUT(I, T) predicting the maximum output power P of the proton exchange membrane fuel cellpre。
In this step, when the time k is known, the temperature T of the PEM fuel cellkAssuming that the temperature of the PEM fuel cell is constant at the time k +1, the maximum current value I is determined according to the time kargmaxThe maximum power P at the k +1 moment can be predictedpre1：
Ppre1＝Iargmax×VLUT(Iargmax，Tk)
Then the floating internal resistance delta R is considered, and the predicted power correction quantity delta P is calculatedpreAs follows:
ΔPpre＝Iargmax 2×ΔR
then, the maximum output power P of the PEM fuel cell at the time k +1preComprises the following steps:
Ppre＝Ppre1+ΔPpre
that is to say that the first and second electrodes,
Ppre1＝Iargmax×(VLUT(Iargmax，Tk)+Iargmax×ΔR)
further, based on the above embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is another schematic flow chart of the online prediction control method for the maximum power of the pem fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
The online predictive control method further includes:
s60: the maximum output power PpreAs the upper limit value P of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cellmaxAnd carrying out the pulling load control of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
In this step, the maximum output power P is setpreAs the upper limit value P of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cellmaxNamely, the following conditions are satisfied:
Pmax＝Ppre
then with PmaxThe load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is limited, namely the maximum load power PsetSatisfies the following conditions:
Pset≤Pmax
referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of predicting and controlling the maximum power of the pem fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
According to the graph, the method can acquire the temperature, the current, the voltage and all the monomer VAR values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in real time according to the running state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, calculate and predict the maximum power value which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in an allowable range on line, and limit the load power according to the obtained maximum power predicted value.
Finally, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is pulled and loaded by taking the maximum power predicted value as the upper limit, the pulling and loading process is stably increased, and the performance reduction phenomena of over-low VAR and the like of the monomer of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell are not generated in the whole process, so that the high power output performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is ensured, the health of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is protected, and the damage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell caused by excessive pulling and loading is avoided, and the operation performance and the service life of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell are influenced.
The method can effectively improve the running performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell and prolong the service life of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
In addition, the method introduces the normal distribution principle into the maximum power prediction algorithm of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell for the first time, can perform power prediction of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the VAR value of the monomer voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and improves the effectiveness of maximum power prediction.
And the internal resistance floating amount of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different states is considered, and the maximum power prediction deviation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell caused by different experimental working conditions or performance difference of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reduced through internal resistance correction.
Further, based on all the above embodiments of the present invention, in another embodiment of the present invention, an online prediction control device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is further provided, referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the online prediction control device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
The online prediction control device includes:
the data acquisition module 11 is used for acquiring voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
the first calculation module 12 is configured to calculate floating internal resistances of the pem fuel cell in different operation states;
the second calculating module 13 is configured to calculate a lower voltage limit of the pem fuel cell in a current state according to voltage variances of all the cells of the pem fuel cell at present;
the third calculating module 14 is configured to calculate a maximum current value that can be output by the pem fuel cell according to the voltage lower limit, the floating internal resistance, and the current temperature value;
and the online prediction module 15 is configured to predict and obtain the maximum output power of the pem fuel cell according to the maximum current value, the current temperature value, the floating internal resistance, and the voltage values at different temperatures and different currents.
Further, based on the above embodiment of the present invention, referring to fig. 5, fig. 5 is another schematic structural diagram of an online prediction control device for maximum power of a pem fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The online prediction control apparatus further includes:
and the power control module 16 is configured to perform load pull control on the pem fuel cell by taking the maximum output power as an upper limit value of a current load pull power of the pem fuel cell.
Further, based on the above embodiment of the present invention, the first calculating module 12 is specifically configured to:
collecting the current voltage value, the current value and the current temperature value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current value and the current temperature value and according to the corresponding relation of voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
and correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current voltage value, the experimental measurement voltage value and the current value by combining ohm's law to obtain the floating internal resistance.
Further, based on the above embodiment of the present invention, the second calculating module 13 is specifically configured to:
and calculating the lower voltage limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state by utilizing the normal distribution characteristic according to the voltage variances of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present.
It should be noted that the principle of the online prediction control device provided in the embodiment of the present invention is the same as that of the online prediction control method provided in the above embodiment, and details are not described here.
The online prediction control method and device for maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell provided by the invention are introduced in detail, and a specific example is applied in the method to explain the principle and the implementation mode of the invention, and the description of the example is only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.
It should be noted that, in the present specification, the embodiments are all described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments may be referred to each other. The device disclosed by the embodiment corresponds to the method disclosed by the embodiment, so that the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the method part for description.
It is further noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include or include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. An on-line prediction control method for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
calculating the floating internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different running states;
calculating a voltage lower limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under the current state according to the voltage variance of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
calculating the maximum current value which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the voltage lower limit value, the floating internal resistance and the current temperature value;
and predicting to obtain the maximum output power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the maximum current value, the current temperature value, the floating internal resistance and the voltage values at different temperatures and different currents.
2. The online predictive control method according to claim 1, further comprising:
and taking the maximum output power as the upper limit value of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to carry out load control of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
3. The on-line prediction control method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating floating internal resistance of the pem fuel cell under different operation conditions comprises:
collecting the current voltage value, the current value and the current temperature value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current value and the current temperature value and according to the corresponding relation of voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
and correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current voltage value, the experimental measurement voltage value and the current value by combining ohm's law to obtain the floating internal resistance.
4. The on-line prediction control method according to claim 1, wherein the calculating a lower voltage limit of the pem fuel cell in a current state according to the variance of all cell voltages of the pem fuel cell comprises:
and calculating the lower voltage limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state by utilizing the normal distribution characteristic according to the voltage variances of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present.
5. An on-line predictive control device for the maximum power of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the on-line predictive control device comprising:
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
the first calculation module is used for calculating the floating internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in different running states;
the second calculation module is used for calculating a voltage lower limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state according to the voltage variance of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
the third calculation module is used for calculating the maximum current value which can be output by the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the voltage lower limit value, the floating internal resistance and the current temperature value;
and the online prediction module is used for predicting and obtaining the maximum output power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the maximum current value, the current temperature value, the floating internal resistance and the voltage values at different temperatures and different currents.
6. The online predictive control device according to claim 5, further comprising:
and the power control module is used for taking the maximum output power as the upper limit value of the current load power of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to carry out load control on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
7. The online predictive control device of claim 5, wherein the first computing module is specifically configured to:
collecting the current voltage value, the current value and the current temperature value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
obtaining an experimental measurement voltage value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current value and the current temperature value and according to the corresponding relation of voltage values of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at different temperatures and different currents;
and correcting the internal resistance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell according to the current voltage value, the experimental measurement voltage value and the current value by combining ohm's law to obtain the floating internal resistance.
8. The online predictive control device of claim 5, wherein the second computing module is specifically configured to:
and calculating the lower voltage limit value of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the current state by utilizing the normal distribution characteristic according to the voltage variances of all the single bodies of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell at present.
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