CN115843591B - Cover material and method for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a covering material for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects, which is divided into furrow materials and ridge back materials; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge-back material is a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste, wherein the mass ratio of the fermented rice hull cow dung to the tobacco waste is 50:1-10:1; the invention also provides a method for utilizing the covering material to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture on the ground surface, form an insulating layer on the ground surface, improve beneficial microbial flora and reduce plant diseases and insect pests.

Description

Cover material and method for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of facility crop planting, in particular to a covering material and a method for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects.

Background

In recent years, the development of agricultural modern technology in China is rapid, and especially the technology in the aspect of facility crops is greatly improved.

In the facility crop planting process, due to the heating effect of the sunlight greenhouse, the surface water is quickly evaporated, so that the surface soil water content is reduced on one hand, the growth of facility crops is not facilitated, and on the other hand, the air humidity in the greenhouse is too high, and the plant diseases and insect pests are easily induced.

The common method for inhibiting the surface water evaporation is to cover a mulching film, apply soil water-retaining agents and other evaporation-reducing technical measures. However, for the measure of covering the mulching film, if the common mulching film is adopted, the mulching film pesticide residues are left in the soil after the crops are harvested, the growth of the crops in the next stubble facilities is influenced, and the problem of environmental pollution is also caused in the long term; if a photodegradable or biodegradable film is adopted, the contradiction problem between the degradation speed and the film strength still exists; if the coverage is improper, the effect of yield reduction may occur. At present, the acrylic water-retaining agent is widely applied in soil water-retaining agents, and has the problems of high preparation cost, poor salt tolerance, poor reusability, easy soil hardening and the like although the water-absorbing property is strong, the action mechanism among the water-retaining agent, soil and crops is not yet studied clearly, and the action effect of the water-retaining agent is greatly influenced by application environment.

For pest control, the chemical control effect is obvious, the effect is quick, the use is convenient, and the chemical control agent plays an irreplaceable role in protecting greenhouse facility crop production. However, chemical control inevitably brings pollution and residue problems.

Therefore, how to effectively inhibit the evaporation of surface water, improve the utilization efficiency of water, and reduce the harm of chemical pesticides at the same time is a technical problem to be solved in the technical field of facility crop planting.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a covering material and a method for reducing surface soil moisture evaporation, forming an insulating layer on the surface, improving beneficial microorganism flora and reducing plant diseases and insect pests.

The invention adopts the following technical scheme:

An over-coating material for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects comprises furrow materials and ridge back materials; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge-back material comprises a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste in a mass ratio of 50:1-10:1.

Further, the moisture content of the fermented rice hull cow dung is 30-65%, and the total porosity is not less than 65%.

Further, the humic acid content in the fermented rice hull cow dung is not less than 10%.

Further, the aeration porosity of the fermented rice hull cow dung is not lower than 15%, and the water holding porosity is not lower than 50%.

Further, the moisture content of the tobacco waste is not higher than 10%, and the nicotine content is not higher than 2%.

Preferably, the ridge-back material comprises a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste in a mass ratio of 50:1-25:1.

A method for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects, which utilizes the covering material, comprises the following steps:

(1) Leveling the earth surface, and dividing furrows and ridge backs;

(2) Before field planting of facility crops, uniformly covering furrow materials on furrows, wherein the covering thickness is 2-5 cm;

(3) After field planting of facility crops, uniformly covering ridge-back materials on cultivation rows, wherein the covering thickness is 2-4 cm;

(4) After seedling pulling of facility crops, the earth surface is deeply turned, and furrow materials and ridge back materials are returned to the field.

The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:

1. When the first season of facility crops is planted, the covering material can reduce the evaporation of earth surface soil moisture in the greenhouse, buffer the humidity of a soil root layer, improve the water and fertilizer retaining capacity of soil, reduce the loss of the leaching fertility, reduce the evaporation of the soil moisture, the effect of reducing the evaporation of the soil moisture is not obvious compared with the mulching effect, compared with the exposure, the field relative moisture content of the soil root layer of the covering material is increased by 6% -8% compared with the exposure ground, and the mulching film is increased by 5% -8%, so that the pollution of a plastic film to the soil is especially reduced; meanwhile, organic matters such as rice hulls and tobacco waste can adsorb water drops dropping from the shed roof, so that the field operation muddy caused by water drops falling on the ground is avoided. After seedling pulling of crops in the first season, the covering material is deeply turned into the ground, and soil organic fertilizer is supplemented during planting in the second season, so that nutrient elements required by the growth of the crops are slowly released; the soil permeability is increased, and the irrigation and drainage benefits are improved.

2. Fermenting at high temperature, and completely corroding without germs, ova, grass seeds and the like; the beneficial microorganism flora can be improved, the propagation of beneficial microorganisms is promoted, the facility crops are prevented from being damaged by diseases and insect pests, and the weed growth is inhibited; quickly decompose soil nutrients (NKP and microelements), restore the activity of soil, and promote the absorption of nutrients by crop roots. However, too high a nicotine content kills beneficial microbial flora in the soil, resulting in crop yield loss, and therefore the nicotine content in tobacco waste and ridge-back materials needs to be controlled.

3. An insulating layer is formed on the ground surface to play a role in buffering the change of the ground temperature, so that the ground temperature can be increased in winter and reduced in summer; the furrow material can play roles of reducing steaming, reducing humidity, preventing skidding and buffering the ground temperature, the ground temperature is increased by 2-3 ℃ in winter, and the ground temperature is reduced by 1-2 ℃ in summer; the ridge-back materials can play roles of reducing steaming, reducing humidity, preventing insects, reducing diseases and buffering ground temperature, the ground temperature is increased by 2-3 ℃ in winter, and the ground temperature is reduced by 1-2 ℃ in summer.

4. The covering material can be continuously subjected to natural fermentation in the planting period of facility crops, and after seedling pulling of the facility crops, the covering material is directly deeply turned into the field, so that the formation of a soil aggregate structure can be promoted, the soil quality is effectively improved, the soil fertility is increased, the soil gaps are increased, the physical structure of the soil is optimized, the development of the root group of the next crop is promoted, and intercropping or rotation planting is not needed; has the functions of buffering acid soil and saline-alkali soil, increasing the organic activity of the soil and achieving the purposes of ecological balance and continuous operation of the soil.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort to a person skilled in the art.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of furrows and ridges back of a surface division.

Reference numerals illustrate:

1. Ridge backs; 2. furrows.

Detailed Description

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as the particular system architecture, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details.

Description of related terms related to the invention

Fermented rice hull cow dung

The fermented rice hull cow dung is obtained by fermenting manure generated in the breeding process of a cow farm, solid components obtained by solid-liquid separation of cow dung generated in the cow farm are added with rice hulls and functional microorganism fermentation inoculants, and the fermented rice hull cow dung is obtained through an aerobic and high-temperature decomposition process.

Tobacco waste

Tobacco waste is produced in the production of tobacco by cigarette enterprises, namely tobacco components which cannot be used for producing cigarettes, and comprises tobacco stems (also called tobacco stems, tobacco stems and tobacco stems), low-grade or equal-grade tobacco leaves which cannot be processed by cigarettes, upper tobacco leaves of tobacco plants, fireworks, tobacco seeds, veins (also called tobacco ribs) and axillary buds, and tobacco dust, tobacco roots and tobacco sticks accumulated by the cigarette enterprises. About 60% or more of the biological yield is tobacco waste due to the inability to be used by the cigarette industry. The tobacco waste contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, solubles, ash, nicotine and other components.

Description of the test methods involved in the present invention

The method for testing the organic matter content comprises the following steps: GB 9834-1988 soil organic matter assay Standard.

The method for testing the humic acid content comprises the following steps: determination of humic acid content in DB21T 1322-2004 organic fertilizer.

The method for testing the total porosity, the ventilation porosity and the water retention porosity comprises the following steps: STAS 7184/5-1978 soil. Total porosity and air porosity measurements.

The method for testing the moisture content comprises the following steps: GB/T8858-1988 methods for determining the dry matter and moisture content in fruit and vegetable products.

The method for testing the total nitrogen content comprises the following steps: an automatic azotometer method for measuring total nitrogen content of NYT 2419-2013 plants.

The method for testing the total phosphorus content comprises the following steps: determination of total phosphorus content of NY/T2421-2013 plants by a molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method.

The method for testing the total potassium content comprises the following steps: flame photometry for determining total potassium content of NY/T2420-2013 plants.

The method for testing the nicotine content comprises the following steps: if the nicotine content is higher than 2%, the nicotine is extracted from the tobacco waste by adopting a steam distillation method, a solvent extraction method, an ion exchange method, a supercritical extraction technology and the like so as to check whether the nicotine content in the extracted tobacco waste meets the requirement.

Example 1

The embodiment provides a covering material for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects, wherein the covering material is divided into furrow materials covering furrows and ridge-back materials covering the ridge backs; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge material is a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste, wherein the mass ratio of the fermented rice hull cow dung to the tobacco waste is 50:1.

The fermented rice hull cow dung selected in the embodiment is from Saiyuan Hebei biotechnology limited company, and is fermented and decomposed by cow dung and rice hull under the action of a fermentation inoculant. The fermented rice hull cow dung adopts a water-washing dung process, and is subjected to deodorization, fermentation decomposition, disinsection and sterilization to obtain harmless and humified loose materials, wherein the organic matter content is not less than 75%, the humic acid content is not less than 10%, the total porosity is not less than 65%, the aeration porosity is not less than 15%, the water-holding porosity is not less than 50%, the water content is controlled to be 30%, the total nitrogen content is not less than 1%, the total phosphorus content is not less than 1%, the total potassium content is not less than 1%, and hormone and heavy metal residues are avoided.

The tobacco waste selected in the embodiment is from Hebei white sand tobacco Limited liability company, mainly comprises tobacco stems, grade-external tobacco leaves and accumulated tobacco dust, and is crushed and sieved to obtain loose powder. The organic matter content is not less than 60%, the nicotine content is 1.98%, the moisture content is 10%, the total nitrogen content is not less than 1.5%, the total phosphorus content is not less than 0.5%, and the total potassium content is not less than 6%.

And respectively detecting various indexes of the furrow materials and the ridge back materials, and respectively storing the furrow materials and the ridge back materials in a material bin for later use after meeting the requirements.

Example 2

The embodiment provides a covering material for reducing steaming and preventing insects, wherein the covering material is divided into furrow materials covering furrows and ridge-back materials covering the backs of the furrows; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge material is a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste, wherein the mass ratio of the fermented rice hull cow dung to the tobacco waste is 25:1.

The fermented rice hull cow dung selected in the embodiment is from Saiyuan Hebei biotechnology limited company, is fermented and decomposed by cow dung and rice hull under the action of a fermentation inoculant, and is detected, wherein the organic matter content is not lower than 75%, the water content is 60%, and the total porosity is not lower than 65%. The humic acid content is not less than 10%. The ventilation porosity is not lower than 15%, and the water retention porosity is not lower than 50%. The total nitrogen content is not less than 1%, the total phosphorus content is not less than 1%, and the total potassium content is not less than 1%.

The tobacco waste selected in the embodiment is from Hebei white sand tobacco Limited liability company, mainly including tobacco stems, tobacco ribs and tobacco roots, and is crushed and sieved to obtain loose powder, and the loose powder is detected, wherein the organic matter content is not less than 60%, the water content is 10% and the nicotine content is not more than 1.05%. Nitrogen content is not less than 1%, total phosphorus content is not less than 1%, and total potassium content is not less than 1%.

And respectively detecting various indexes of the furrow materials and the ridge back materials, and respectively storing the furrow materials and the ridge back materials in a material bin for later use after meeting the requirements.

Example 3

The embodiment provides a covering material for reducing steaming and preventing insects, wherein the covering material is divided into furrow materials covering furrows and ridge-back materials covering the backs of the furrows; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge material is a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste, wherein the mass ratio of the fermented rice hull cow dung to the tobacco waste is 10:1.

As in example 1, the fermented rice hull cow dung selected in this example was obtained from Saiyuan Hebei Biotechnology Co. The tobacco waste selected in this example was from Hebei white sand tobacco Limited.

And respectively detecting various indexes of the furrow materials and the ridge back materials, and respectively storing the furrow materials and the ridge back materials in a material bin for later use after meeting the requirements.

Example 4

The covering material is used for covering the ground in the greenhouse of the facility crops, and is used for covering the fermented rice hull cow dung on the furrows to serve as furrow materials; covering the mixture of the fermented rice hull cow dung and the tobacco waste in proportion on the ridge back to serve as a ridge back material; the moisture content of the furrow material and the ridge back material is controlled to be 30-65%, namely, the furrow material and the ridge back material are held by hands to form clusters, and the clusters can be dispersed after being loosened. The fermented rice hull cow dung and the tobacco waste both contain abundant organic matters, the fermented rice hull cow dung has larger porosity and contains a large number of beneficial microorganisms, and the nicotine contained in the tobacco waste has a prevention and control effect on certain diseases and insect pests.

In this example, the covers prepared in examples 1 to 3 were used, and color peppers were planted in a solar greenhouse.

A method of applying a coverstock comprising the steps of:

(1) The earth surface in the sunlight greenhouse is flattened, and furrows and ridge backs are divided according to the drawing 1.

(2) Before planting the color peppers, uniformly covering furrow materials on the furrow, wherein the covering thickness is 3 cm.

(3) After planting the color peppers, uniformly covering the ridge-back materials on the cultivation rows, wherein the covering thickness is 2.5 cm.

(4) After seedling pulling of the color peppers, land plots which are not covered with any materials are used as a control, and the insect pest control effect is calculated, so that the result shows that the control effect of the covering materials on whiteflies, thrips, aphids and nematodes in the sunlight greenhouse is not less than 70%.

(5) Deeply turning the earth surface, and returning furrow materials and ridge back materials to the field.

Comparative example 1

The surface soil humidity and temperature were measured throughout the planting cycle of example 4 and compared to the control group. Wherein: the furrows and the ridge backs of the control group 1 are paved with common plastic mulch films. The furrows and the ridges of the control group 2 were not covered with any material.

Example 2 and control group 1 and control group 2 were identical in watering, fertilizing and field management strategy. The soil moisture content versus parameters are shown in table 2 and the soil temperature versus parameters are shown in table 3.

Table 2 soil moisture content variation

TABLE 3 soil temperature Change

Hour/temperature DEG C	0	2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24
														Example 2	18.72	18.83	19.46	20.20	20.75	20.68	20.36	20.07	19.75	19.46	19.24	18.96	18.72
Control group 1	19.42	19.71	21.03	22.25	22.76	22.55	21.93	21.39	20.92	20.41	20.01	19.69	19.42
														Control group 2	17.92	18.29	19.64	20.89	21.45	21.27	20.65	20.07	19.49	19.06	18.66	18.26	17.92

After seedling pulling, the surface soil comparative parameters are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 contrast parameters of surface soil after seedling pulling

Example 5

In a sunlight greenhouse, the color pepper stubble of the example 4 is used for planting, and the covering material prepared in the example 1 is selected for planting tomatoes.

A method of applying a cover stock for reducing evaporation and insect protection, comprising the steps of:

(1) Flattening the earth surface in the sunlight greenhouse, and dividing furrows and ridge backs according to the drawing 1; the parameters of the measured surface soil are shown in table 5.

Table 5 parameters of surface soil before planting

(2) Before tomato field planting, uniformly covering furrow materials on the furrow, wherein the covering thickness is 3 cm;

(3) After tomato field planting, uniformly covering ridge-back materials on cultivation rows, wherein the covering thickness is 2.5 cm;

(4) Parameters of the surface soil after pulling up the tomato seedlings are shown in table 6.

TABLE 6 surface soil parameters after seedling pulling

(5) Deeply turning the earth surface, and returning furrow materials and ridge back materials to the field.

Comparative example 2

The surface soil humidity and temperature were measured throughout the planting cycle of example 5 and compared to the control group. Wherein: the furrows and the ridge backs of the control group 3 are paved with common plastic mulch films. The furrows and the ridges of the control group 4 were not covered with any material.

Example 5 and control group 3 and control group 4 were identical in watering, fertilizing and field management strategy. The soil moisture content versus parameters are shown in Table 7 and the soil temperature versus parameters are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 7 variation of soil moisture content

TABLE 8 soil temperature variation

Hours/temperature	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24	2	4	6
													Example 1	13.31	12.88	12.50	12.19	11.94	12.81	15.25	17.44	17.56	16.44	15.50	14.75
Control group 3	13.12	12.50	11.43	10.64	10.93	11.95	14.68	17.12	17.39	16.49	15.23	14.52
													Control group 4	11.81	11.45	11.11	10.83	10.62	11.53	13.97	16.12	16.14	15.08	14.15	13.32

After seedling pulling, the surface soil comparative parameters are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 contrast parameters of surface soil after seedling pulling

All references mentioned in this disclosure are to be considered as being included in the disclosure of the application in its entirety so that modifications may be made as necessary. Furthermore, it should be understood that the above-described embodiments are only illustrative of the technical solution of the present application, and not restrictive; after reading the above disclosure of the application, a person skilled in the art may make various changes or modifications to the application, these equivalents also falling within the scope of the application as claimed.

Claims (1)

1. The covering material is characterized by comprising furrow materials and ridge back materials; the furrow material is fermented rice hull cow dung; the ridge-back material comprises a mixture of fermented rice hull cow dung and tobacco waste in a mass ratio of 50:1-25:1; the fermented rice hull cow dung is prepared from cow dung and rice hull by adopting a water-washing dung process, and loose materials are obtained through deodorization, fermentation and decomposition, insect killing and sterilization processes; the tobacco waste is mainly tobacco stems, grade-grade tobacco leaves and accumulated tobacco dust, and loose powder is obtained after crushing and screening; the moisture content of the fermented rice hull cow dung is 30-65%, and the total porosity is not less than 65%; the humic acid content in the fermented rice hull cow dung is not less than 10%; the ventilation porosity of the fermented rice hull cow dung is not lower than 15%, and the water holding porosity is not lower than 50%; the moisture content of the tobacco waste is not higher than 10%, and the nicotine content is not higher than 2%;

A method for improving soil fertility, reducing steam, saving water and preventing insects, which utilizes the covering material, comprises the following steps:

(1) Leveling the earth surface in the sunlight greenhouse, and dividing furrows and ridge backs;

(2) Before field planting of facility crops, uniformly covering furrow materials on furrows, wherein the covering thickness is 2-5 cm;

(3) After field planting of facility crops, uniformly covering ridge-back materials on cultivation rows, wherein the covering thickness is 2-4 cm;

(4) After seedling pulling of facility crops, the earth surface is deeply turned, and furrow materials and ridge back materials are returned to the field.