CN108142464B - Composition for preventing and treating tomato blight and prevention and treatment method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a composition for preventing and treating tomato wilt and a prevention and treatment method thereof, belongs to the technical field of horticultural crop production, and can solve the problems that the prevention and treatment effect of preventing and treating tomato wilt by adopting chemical agents is poor, environmental pollution is easily caused and the like. The composition for preventing and treating tomato wilt mainly comprises corn straws and furnace ash, bean pulp, urea and abamectin. The invention can be applied to the facility production of tomatoes.

Description

Composition for preventing and treating tomato blight and prevention and treatment method thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of horticultural crop production, and particularly relates to a composition for preventing and treating tomato blight and a prevention and treatment method thereof.

Background

The tomato wilt disease is also called wilting disease and is caused by the specialized tomato infection of Fusarium oxysporum, a fungus of deuteromycotina. Most of the tomato blossoming and fruiting period occur, local damage occurs, and the whole tomato plant shows disease. In the early stage of disease development, only the lower leaves of the plants turn yellow, but most of the leaves do not fall off, and the diseased leaves turn yellow and brown from bottom to top along with the development of the disease, and except for the intact leaves at the top, the rest of the diseased leaves are necrotic or scorched. Sometimes, the diseased plant has withered leaves on one side and normal leaves on the other side. Generally, the disease is manifested to wither of the whole plant, and the period is 15 to 30 days. The soil temperature is about 28 ℃ which is most suitable for the occurrence of diseases. Continuous cropping and continuous cropping of tomatoes, multiple roots are injured during transplanting or intertillage, plants grow badly, and roots are damaged by nematodes which are root-knot pests, so that the disease is favorably caused. The disease condition is slow under 21 ℃ or above 33 ℃.

The general prevention and control method of the disease comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a disease-resistant variety; (2) rotation for more than three years is carried out (3) chemical agent prevention and treatment: using 700 times of liquid of 54 percent oxacor thiram wettable powder; or 70% wettable powder of sodium diurethane 500 times liquid, irrigating the roots, 300-500 ml each plant, and taking 5 days according to the disease condition. However, each of these three methods has limitations. Firstly, the current tomato variety resisting blight is lack, the seed price is high, and particularly, certain high-quality tomatoes lack disease resistance, so that the production is limited; secondly, in the facility cultivation, the tomato dominant production area can not realize crop rotation in consideration of economic benefit and market demand; finally, the great application of chemical agents in the production easily causes environmental pollution and food safety problems, and reduces the quality of the tomatoes. Therefore, tomato wilt cannot be effectively controlled in facility production.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a composition for preventing and treating tomato wilt and a prevention and treatment method thereof, which can effectively solve the problems of poor prevention and treatment effect, easy environmental pollution and the like of the existing method for preventing and treating tomato wilt by adopting chemical agents.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a composition for preventing and treating tomato wilt, which is characterized in that the composition takes corn straws as a main material and is matched with furnace ash, bean pulp, urea and abamectin.

Preferably, the dosage of each component in the composition applied to each acre of land is as follows: corn stalk 5-10m³7-12m of furnace ash³150kg of soybean meal, 15-20kg of urea and 5-15mL of 5% abamectin.

In any of the above technical schemes, the straw returning to the field can promote the recycling of agricultural wastes, and the straw after fermentation is rich in organic matters, various trace elements and physiological active substances required by the growth of crops, and can improve the granular structure of soil, inhibit soil hardening, inhibit diseases and insect pests in the soil, promote the growth and development of the crops and improve the quality of the crops.

In addition, the proper carbon-nitrogen ratio is one of the important conditions for accelerating compost maturity, avoiding excessive consumption of carbon-containing substances and promoting humus synthesis. The carbon-nitrogen ratio of the corn straws is generally 80-100: 1, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio required for the life activities of the microorganisms is about 25: 1. when the carbon nitrogen ratio is more than 25: 1, since the activity of microorganisms is limited, the decomposition of organic substances is slow, and all decomposed nitrogen is utilized by the microorganisms themselves, so that effective nitrogen cannot be released in the compost. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio is less than 25: 1, the microorganism is fast to reproduce and easy to decompose, can release available nitrogen, and is beneficial to the formation of humus. Therefore, 1 to 2 percent of nitrogen fertilizer is added into the composition to meet the requirement of microorganisms on nitrogen, accelerate the decomposition of compost and improve the fermentation effect. One mu of greenhouse is watered thoroughly, and about 20 tons of water are needed, so 15-20kg of urea is added.

Further, the microorganisms can only move within a certain range of acid and base. Most microorganisms require a neutral to slightly alkaline acid-base environment (pH 6.4-8.1), with an optimum pH of 7.5. Various organic acids are often generated in the decomposition process of the corn straws, so that an acidic environment is caused, and the propagation activity of microorganisms is influenced. Therefore, the furnace ash or the burnt coal gangue is added, the pH value of the furnace ash is about 8.0, the pH value can be properly adjusted, the content of various mineral substances in the soil is increased, and the soil hardening and the acidification degree of the soil can be reduced, so that the occurrence of the navel rot is reduced.

Preferably, the grain diameter of the corn stalk is 2.5-3.5cm, and the grain diameter of the furnace ash is less than or equal to 0.8 cm.

The invention also provides a method for preventing and treating tomato wilt by using the composition according to any one of the technical schemes, which comprises the following steps:

raw material application: thoroughly cleaning the residues of the tomato straws of the previous stubbles after the seedlings of the tomatoes are pulled in summer, carrying out rotary tillage for one time by using a rotary cultivator, leveling the land, dissolving urea by using water, and uniformly spraying the urea on the straws; then uniformly spreading the straws in the greenhouse; then, furnace ash and bean pulp are respectively and sequentially scattered; rotary tillage is carried out twice by using a rotary cultivator, drip irrigation equipment is paved, the whole cultivation area is covered by old greenhouse film, and then a greenhouse is sealed;

irrigation: watering 20-25m per mu of land³Irrigating for 24-48h, thoroughly irrigating the soil, closing the drip irrigation after the saturated water content is reached, and applying the abamectin solution to the soil along with water 4h before the irrigation is finished;

high-temperature braising shed: sealing the greenhouse for 20-25 days to ensure that the air temperature in the greenhouse can reach above 60-65 ℃, wherein the soil temperature is 60-65 ℃ and lasts for 10-15 days; and (3) opening a ventilation opening 20 days before the autumn stubbles are planted, removing the mulching film, ventilating, radiating and airing for more than 7 days to enable the soil to reach a proper cultivation state, and preparing for cultivation and field planting.

In the technical scheme, the method mainly adopts the double-layer covering treatment of water pouring, ground and a greenhouse. Wherein, the moisture is an important factor influencing the activity of microorganisms and the composting speed, and the composting material is easy to be decomposed by the microorganisms after absorbing water, swelling and softening. Under the condition of sealing the greenhouse, the temperature of the greenhouse can reach more than 50 ℃ in sunny days, the optimum temperature of high-temperature microorganisms is 50-65 ℃, the fermentation of straws is accelerated, the temperature of the soil is rapidly increased in the fermentation process, and harmful pathogenic bacteria, parasitic ova, nematodes, weed seeds and the like in the soil are effectively killed.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that:

1. the invention adopts a method of combining physical sterilization and chemical sterilization, the imitation of tomato blight can reach more than 84.0 percent, and the morbidity is controlled below 2 percent. Compared with the existing conventional control method, the control effect on the tomato wilt is 15.2-51.3%, and the advantages are obvious.

2. The invention mainly adopts the straw furnace ash fermentation method to prevent and treat the tomato blight, fully utilizes agricultural production wastes, uses local raw materials, has rich raw materials and low cost, can save the raw material cost by more than 16.7 percent, and is beneficial to large-area popularization.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1 test for controlling tomato blight in solar greenhouse

1. The material and the method are as follows:

1.1 materials

Corn stalk 10m³Mechanically pulverizing to 3-5 cm; furnace ash (or burnt coal refuse) 8m 3: pulverizing and sieving (below 0.5 cm); 120kg of soybean meal; 20kg of urea; 15mL of 5% abamectin solution.

1.2 methods

1.2.1 greenhouse preparation: after the seedlings of the tomatoes are pulled in summer, the previous stubbles of tomato straws and the like are cleaned up, the rotary cultivator ploughs the land all the time, levels the land and is provided with drip irrigation facilities.

1.2.2 operational procedure:

① dissolving urea with water, spraying onto the straw uniformly, and spreading the straw uniformly into the greenhouse;

② spreading the furnace ash and bean dregs in turn, and rotary tilling twice with rotary cultivator.

③ spreading drip irrigation pipe, checking drip irrigation, using normally, covering with waste greenhouse film, and sealing all ventilation openings of the greenhouse.

④ opening drip irrigation, irrigating for 1 day, 1 night or 2 days, and irrigating for 20-25 m/mu³Completely pouring the soil, and closing the drip irrigation after the saturated water content is reached; the abamectin is applied with water 4 hours before the watering is finished.

⑤ sealing the greenhouse for more than 20 days (except rainy days), keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 65 deg.C and the soil temperature at 60 deg.C for at least 10 days, opening the ventilation opening 20 days before planting autumn tomato, removing the mulching film, ventilating, radiating and airing for more than 7 days.

1.2.3 test design:

the test is respectively carried out in 2016 and 2017 in 6-11 months in two consecutive years in sunlight greenhouse and large arched shed of agricultural science research institute in Qingdao city, and 3 treatments are respectively set as follows: a straw furnace ash residue fermentation greenhouse stewing method (A); irrigating roots (B) during conventional high-temperature greenhouse stewing treatment and planting; no treatment control (C) was performed.

The tomato varieties of 'hibiscus', 'cherry salsa red No. 1' and 'cherry salsa yellow' 2016 are sown in 7 months and 15 days, the value is determined in 8 months and 10 days, and the occurrence of the blight is investigated and photographed and recorded in 25 days in 9 months. Seeding in 7 months and 15 days in 2017, setting the value in 8 months and 14 days, surveying the occurrence condition of the blight and calculating the prevention and treatment effect in 9 months and 30 days.

The control effect is calculated according to the following formula:

control effect [ (% control area morbidity-treatment area morbidity)/control area morbidity ] × 100

2. Results

2.1 incidence of tomato blight under different treatment conditions

As shown in Table 1, the difference between the occurrence rates of blight between the greenhouse of the straw furnace ash fermentation treatment (treatment A) and the conventional smoldering shed treatment (treatment B) was large. Treatment a had a significantly lower incidence of blight than treatment B and treatment C, and the difference between treatment B and treatment C was not significant. The plants in the greenhouse treated by fermenting the straw furnace ash residue grow vigorously, the tomato blight incidence rate is less than 5 percent, the plants in the greenhouse treated by the conventional braising shed are weak in growth vigor and overgrown, the tomato blight incidence rate of various varieties is 28-42 percent, and the tomato blight incidence rate is heavy. The control shed without any treatment is extremely severe, up to 80%, and tends to be more severe year by year.

TABLE 12016 Console Table for onset of tomato blight in 2017

2.2 cost comparison of straw furnace cinder fermentation method and conventional smoldering shed method

Per 667m²Calculating the cost required by using a straw furnace ash fermentation method: comprises 10m of corn straws³8m of furnace ash³Because the corn straws and furnace ash can be obtained from local materials, the price is low, and only the labor cost and the processing and transportation cost are increased by about 1000 yuan; 120kg of soybean meal, which is about 1000 yuan; totaling about 2000 yuan.

The conventional method comprises the following steps: 1 ton of organic fertilizer is needed to be applied for about 2000 yuan, and 400 yuan is needed for irrigating roots and applying pesticides (except abamectin) additionally during cultivation; totaling about 2400 yuan.

Therefore, compared with the traditional method, the method is used for each 667m²The cost can be saved by about 400 yuan.

Claims (3)

1. The composition for preventing and treating the tomato wilt is characterized in that the composition takes corn straws as a main material and is matched with furnace ash, bean pulp, urea and abamectin;

the dosage of each component applied to each acre of land is as follows: corn stalk 5-10m³7-12m of furnace ash³150kg of soybean meal, 15-20kg of urea and 5-15mL of 5% abamectin.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the corn stover has a particle size of 2.5 to 3.5cm and the clinker has a particle size of 0.8cm or less.

3. A method for controlling tomato wilt disease by using the composition as claimed in any one of claims 1-2, which comprises the steps of:

raw material application: thoroughly cleaning the residues of the tomato straws of the previous stubbles after the seedlings of the tomatoes are pulled in summer, carrying out rotary tillage for one time by using a rotary cultivator, leveling the land, dissolving urea by using water, and uniformly spraying the urea on the straws; then uniformly spreading the straws in the greenhouse; then, furnace ash and bean pulp are respectively and sequentially scattered; rotary tillage is carried out twice by using a rotary cultivator, drip irrigation equipment is paved, the whole cultivation area is covered by old greenhouse film, and then a greenhouse is sealed;

irrigation: watering 20-25m per mu of land³Irrigating for 24-48h, thoroughly irrigating the soil, closing the drip irrigation after the saturated water content is reached, and applying the abamectin solution to the soil along with water 4h before the irrigation is finished;

high-temperature braising shed: sealing the greenhouse for 20-25 days to ensure that the air temperature in the greenhouse can reach above 60-65 ℃, wherein the soil temperature is 60-65 ℃ and lasts for 10-15 days; and (3) opening a ventilation opening 20 days before the autumn stubbles are planted, removing the mulching film, ventilating, radiating and airing for more than 7 days to enable the soil to reach a proper cultivation state, and preparing for cultivation and field planting.