CN103299810A - High-yield potato cultivating method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-yield potato cultivating method, and belongs to the technical field of potato planting. For solving the technical problem, a cultivating method for increasing the yield of potatoes by prolonging the growth period of the potatoes is provided. The cultivating method is applicable to high-yield cultivation of the potatoes in Yuncheng and other regions which have semi-humid climates and are mostly arid in spring; early breeding, early planting, heat preservation and water retention are keys of the high-yield potato cultivating method; and in the high-yield potato cultivating method, the sowing time is advanced to 4-6 days before the beginning of spring, seed potatoes bred in advance are sown in greenhouse, and the growing conditions and the growing time of the potatoes are controlled so as to obtain high yield.
Description
Technical field
A kind of High Yield Potato cultivation method of the present invention belongs to the potato planting technical field.
Background technology
Potato is one of four generalized grain crops of now human society, is only second to paddy rice, corn and wheat.Potato has very high nutritive value and medical value, contains B group's vitamin and a large amount of high-quality celluloses such as abundant vitamin B1, B2, B6 and pantothenic acid, also contains the nutritive elements such as trace element, amino acid, protein, fat and high-quality starch.The person of often eating potato is healthy, is antidotal food.
Potato is a kind of happiness crop that To Be Protected from Heat that cools.The potato piece after planting begins rudiment under 5～7 ℃ of conditions of 10 centimetres of ground temperature.If after planting continue 5～10 ℃ low temperature, the growth of young shoot will be suppressed, and is difficult for being unearthed even forming the living potato of dream.When soil temperature during at 10～20 ℃, young shoot can be unearthed very soon, and it grows optimum temperature is 15～20 ℃.The optimum temperature that the cauline leaf growth requires is 17～21 ℃, and minimum temperature is 7 ℃.When daily mean temperature reached 25～27 ℃, growth will be affected, and respiration is vigorous, and photosynthesis reduces, and transpiration is strengthened simultaneously.When daily mean temperature reached more than 29 ℃, the plant respiration was crossed Sheng, and the delay of knot potato even stolon stretch out face and become terrestrial stem.
The Shanxi Province is located in the east, loess plateau, and latitude is by north, and height above sea level is higher, and is with a varied topography, and weather is various, middle and south warm and moist, and central and north drying cools, and the zonal climate feature is obvious, is conducive to producing in many seasons of potato.Assert through national potato expert, Shanxi potato dry matter and content of starch generally are 22%～24%, exceed 3～5 percentage points of average national levels, are one of potatoes the most suitable regions.Area, south, Shanxi is potato districts of two seasons, mainly is distributed in the Pingchuan District of Yuncheng, Linfen.
The potato in spring sowing time of Yuncheng was generally at the beginning of mid or late Febuary or 3 months, wait until that temperature raises, the soil could be planted after thawing.The impact of actual climate is still very large.The monthly mean temperature in nearly in February, 30 to June of Yuncheng is respectively: 2.6 ℃, 8.3 ℃, 15.4 ℃, 20.9 ℃ and 25.7 ℃, average annual temperature 12.0-13.7 ℃, the latest frost phase of freezing is mid-April, and phase first frost is in late October.This shows, about two first quarter moons of the fast growing period of Yuncheng potato.The happiness of potato property is wet and intolerant to waterlogging, and Yuncheng spring and at the end of spring and the beginning of summer how arid, summer is rainy.Generally speaking, climatic factor is very large to the plantation yield effect of Yuncheng Prefecture potato, meets the year of the year of drought or cold spell in spring, and potato yield often declines to a great extent.Suitable planting potato and high-yield zone are not a lot of in the Yuncheng Prefecture at present, and the also not outer deep ploughing and close planting of method that improves output improves limited.
Summary of the invention
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies in the prior art, and technical problem to be solved provides a kind of cultivation method that potato raw improves potato yield for a long time that prolongs, and the method is applicable to the High Yield Potato cultivation of many arid areas of the subhumid climate such as Yuncheng, spring.Early breeding, early plantation, insulation water conservation are the cores of High Yield Potato cultivation method of the present invention.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is: a kind of High Yield Potato cultivation method comprises, selection of land, site preparation and fertilization, vernalization, sowing, field management and results.
1, seed selection
Select that resting stage is short, plant is shorter, the knot potato is concentrated or the precocious high-quality toxicity-removing white potato kind of intercropping, such as Favorita (Dutch potato), Da Bai early.
2, selection of land
The soil of plantation potato should possess the three basic condition: fertile soil, deep subacidity or neutrality (pH value is less than 8) sandy soil or the loam of soil layer; Stubble was not planted the plot of solanaceous crops before selecting; Select the good plot of irrigation conditions.
3, site preparation and fertilization
Most of Root Distribution of Early cropping potato so should be deep ploughed about 30cm before the winter in the soil layer of 30cm, and winter ploughing is suned the earth which has been ploughed up, chesson.Execute farmyard manure 2-3 side for every mu before the deep ploughing.The potato fertility phase is very short, fertilizer requirement is large, chemical fertilizer is take base fertilizer as main, broadcast front 15 days moisture creatings, can spread fertilizer over the fields simultaneously 25 kg/acres of phosphoric acid diamines in conjunction with rotary tillage, 100 kg/acres of superphosphate, 25 kg/acres of 50% potassium sulphates or spread fertilizer over the fields separately 100 kg/acres of each potassium sulfate compound fertilizers of 15% of N-P-K content.
4, vernalization
The method of a, described vernalization is: potato carried out vernalization in 15-20 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece should keep a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein 2-4 potato piece all assigned in the terminal bud rip cutting; That the potato piece that cuts in time is put in is moistening, shady and cool ventilation place airing 7-8 hour, and the airing temperature is not less than 10 ℃, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 14-26cm, under temperature 15-25 ℃, humidity 55-65% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g:300g:3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 80-120kg.
5, sowing
Two weeks at least before vernalization early stage or vernalization, green house must be built up, and often checks canopy temperature, and room temperature is undesirable for closing on sowing time, in time regulate, and makes the canopy temperature reach the requirement that the potato young shoot is grown.
Sowing time: before annual the beginning of spring 4-6 days;
Sowing environment: in green house, sow, be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the soil;
Sowing depth: 10-12cm;
Environmental temperature: the ground temperature of 5cm depths is stabilized in more than 5 ℃; Greenhouse temperature is controlled 15-25 ℃; Early stage after planting (general approximately 5-10 days) can be with temperature adjusting at 10-20 ℃, with the growth that is suitable for young shoot with break ground;
Qualified potato kind: the healthy potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud;
Thickness of sowing: single ridge single file plantation 4000-4500 strain/mu, line-spacing 65-70cm, spacing in the rows 21-25cm.Single ridge duplicate rows plantation 4500-5000 strain/mu, wide row space 80-100cm, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 27-33cm;
Ridging: (1) level land trench digging, ditch depth 8-10cm; (2) sowing will urge the potato piece of bud to put into ditch by set cropping pattern, keeps bud up; (3) execute 50 kg/acres of each potassium sulfate compound fertilizers of 15 of N-P-K content in the ditch; (4) spread insecticide: spread fertilizer over the fields 3-4 kg/acre of 5% phoxim particle in the ditch; (5) earthing ridging, the high 20-25cm in ridge, shoulder breadth 40cm on the single file ridge, single ridge, shoulder breadth 55cm on the duplicate rows ridge, single ridge;
Weed killer herbicide is selected: 72% isopropyl methoxalamine or 33% pendimethalin 50-60mL/ mu;
Plastic mulching: the mulch film that used thickness is 0.006 millimeter;
The canopy film is removed: need in time to remove the green house film after grain rains.
6, field management
The rear timely rupture of membranes of emerging is put seedling, and group's phase is in time picked seedling, keeps a strain healthy seedling;
Water and fertilizer management: decide on weather, soil moisture content (1), and in seedling stage, group, respectively water once in flowering stage, potato piece expanding stage, the water yield is unsuitable excessive, is advisable with 2/3 of ditch depth.The frost damage prevention that need water before the cold in the late spring, the effectively cooling of watering before the high temperature flowering stage stopped to water in order to results before the results in 10-15 days; (2) using sufficient under the prerequisite of base fertilizer, potato raw to spray foliage fertilizer as main, sprayed 0.3% urea liquid, and sprayed 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate after flowering stage for a long time in general every interval 7-10 days;
Change control: according to plant growing way situation, control is changed in discovery excessive growth in good time, to promote that stem tuber expands, suppresses acrial part excessive growth; During spraying pesticide, only spray the plant top, the then many sprays that have a narrow range of temperature, the temperature difference is less spray greatly then;
The extermination of disease and insect pest: disease is take the prevention late blight as main, and the agricultural chemicals of 5-7 days spray 400 times of liquid of 75% tpn or other prevention late blights connects and sprays 2-3 time, to spray leaf back as main after the group; Insect pest is sprayed 100 times of liquid of 10% Imidacloprid in case to eliminate aphis be main when finding aphid.
7, results
Generally complete in results at the bottom of May, at the beginning of 6 months
Compared with prior art the present invention has following beneficial effect.
1, the present invention adopts the method for early breeding and planting early enough, carries out in advance the pre-bud of potato seed in green house, and sows in green house in 4-6 days before the beginning of spring in every year, has guaranteed the needed temperature condition of potato growth; Covering film can pin the moisture in the soil simultaneously, adds the green house film and carries out double-deck water conservation, irrigation frequency and also corresponding minimizing of duty in planting season; Lay drip irrigation appliance in the booth and carry out drip irrigation, directly the potato root is watered, make the growth of potato exempt Yuncheng Prefecture's spring and the at the end of spring and the beginning of summer impact of arid, can also save precious water resource simultaneously.
2, after grain rains because daily mean temperature maintains more than 15 ℃ substantially, can satisfy the growth demand of potato, if also continue to plant in booth this moment, the canopy temperature is easy to surpass the optimum temperature of potato tubers growth, easy-regulating not is therefore need to remove horticultural covering film.
3, method of the present invention has prolonged nearly one month of the growth time of potato tubers, the volume increase of potato is had the effect of highly significant.Below be according to the inventive method plantation potato yield and identical time, same place, the common open-air plantation potato per mu yield Statistical Comparison data of same breed over nearly 3 years, can be learnt by data in the table, compare the same period with kind, adopt the potato yield of the inventive method plantation than the high 45%-67% of potato yield of common open-air plantation.
The potato yield of table 1 the inventive method plantation in 2011-2013 and the potato yield statistical data of common open-air plantation
Embodiment
The invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
Because the potato planting process is loaded down with trivial details, potato planting among following all embodiment is except germination accelerating method and two difference technical characterictics for the purpose of the present invention of type of seeding, all the other adopt the method step in the summary of the invention to carry out, and specification is NM to be the conventional method of this area.
Wherein embodiment 1 is the case of ten No. five potatos of Wang Shuo village plantation Holland in 2011, embodiment 2 is the case of ten No. five potatos of Ping Hao village plantation Holland in 2011, embodiment 3 is the case of ten No. five potatos of Wang Shuo village plantation Holland in 2012, embodiment 4 is the case of ten No. five potatos of Ping Hao village plantation Holland in 2012, embodiment 5 is the case of the early large white potato of Wang Shuo village plantation in 2013, and described case is the preferred embodiment in corresponding time.
Embodiment 1
A, germination accelerating method are: potato carried out vernalization in 15 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece all keeps a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein terminal bud is all assigned to 2-4 potato piece according to its big or small rip cutting, does not adopt end bud; The potato piece that cuts in time was put in moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 7 hours, and each thermometric of middle and later periods once is respectively 11 ℃, 13.5 ℃ and 12.5 ℃ before the airing, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 15.5-24.8cm, under temperature 18-20 ℃, humidity 57-65% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g: 300g: 3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 100kg.
B, type of seeding are: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time is February 1, and the temperature in the booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
Embodiment 2
A, germination accelerating method are: potato carried out vernalization in 18 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece all keeps a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein terminal bud is all assigned to 2-4 potato piece according to its big or small rip cutting, does not adopt end bud; The potato piece that cuts in time was put in moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 8 hours, and each thermometric of middle and later periods once is respectively 10.5 ℃, 12 ℃ and 12.5 ℃ before the airing, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 14.3-22.7cm, under temperature 15-18 ℃, humidity 55-58% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10 g: 300g: 3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 80kg.
B, type of seeding are: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time is January 31, and the temperature in the booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
Embodiment 3
A, germination accelerating method are: potato carried out vernalization in 16 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece all keeps a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein terminal bud is all assigned to 2-4 potato piece according to its big or small rip cutting, does not adopt end bud; The potato piece that cuts in time was put in moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 7.5 hours, and each thermometric of middle and later periods once is respectively 12.5 ℃, 13 ℃ and 12.5 ℃ before the airing, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 20-23.1cm, under temperature 18-21 ℃, humidity 58-63% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g: 300g: 3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 110kg.
B, type of seeding are: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time is February 1, and the temperature in the booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
Embodiment 4
A, germination accelerating method are: potato carried out vernalization in 20 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece all keeps a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein terminal bud is all assigned to 2-4 potato piece according to its big or small rip cutting, does not adopt end bud; The potato piece that cuts in time was put in moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 8 hours, and each thermometric of middle and later periods once is respectively 11 ℃, 12 ℃ and 11.5 ℃ before the airing, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 16.6-21.1cm, under temperature 20-24 ℃, humidity 55-61% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g: 300g: 3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 120kg.
B, type of seeding are: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time is January 30, and the temperature in the booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
Embodiment 5
A, germination accelerating method are: potato carried out vernalization in 20 days prior to seeding, the previous day is carried out stripping and slicing to potato in vernalization; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece all keeps a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein terminal bud is all assigned to 2-4 potato piece according to its big or small rip cutting, does not adopt end bud; The potato piece that cuts in time was put in moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 7 hours, and each thermometric of middle and later periods once is respectively 12 ℃, 14 ℃ and 13 ℃ before the airing, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 18.4-22.4cm, under temperature 22-25 ℃, humidity 60-65% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g: 300g: 3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 90kg.
B, type of seeding are: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time is January 31, and the temperature in the booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
Although the potato planting ground in the embodiment of the invention all is under the jurisdiction of the Yuncheng Yongji City, consider that the conditions such as the most of regional climate in whole Yuncheng Prefecture, soil, landform are all more close, therefore this method can be applicable to the Yuncheng Prefecture more widely.Use potato culture method of the present invention in other areas, need to according to physical conditions such as the weather of locality, soil, landform, make corresponding adjustment to conditions such as the concrete operations time in the planting process, temperature.
The present invention can summarize with other the concrete form without prejudice to spirit of the present invention or principal character.Therefore, no matter from that, above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention all can only be thought can not limit invention to explanation of the present invention, claims have been pointed out scope of the present invention, and scope of the present invention is not pointed out in above-mentioned explanation, therefore, in the implication suitable with claims of the present invention and any variation in the scope, all should think to be included in the scope of claims.
Claims (1)
1. a High Yield Potato cultivation method comprises seed selection, selection of land, site preparation and fertilization, vernalization, sowing, field management and results, it is characterized in that:
The method of a, described vernalization is: potato carried out vernalization in 15-20 days prior to seeding, vernalization is carried out stripping and slicing to potato and process the previous day; Concrete operations are, potato are cut into the fritter of 30-40g, and each potato piece should keep a middle bud or terminal bud at least, and wherein 2-4 potato piece all assigned in the terminal bud rip cutting; That the potato piece that cuts in time is put in is moistening, shady and cool, ventilation airing 7-8 hour, and the airing temperature is not less than 10 ℃, carries out vernalization after wound healing; During vernalization, the potato piece is stacked layer by layer, piled high 14-26cm, under temperature 15-25 ℃, humidity 55-65% condition, carry out vernalization; Every layer all will evenly sprinkle bacteriostatic agent when the potato piece was stacked, and described bacteriostatic agent comprises agricultural streptomycin, thiophanate methyl and talcum powder, and the three is mixed with 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent by 10g:300g:3kg, and described 1 portion of bacteriostatic agent is used for the potato piece of 80-120kg;
The method of b, described sowing is: select the potato piece of the long 1-1.5cm of bud to sow in green house, after planting to the field covering with plastic film, the described sowing time be before the beginning of spring in every year 4-6 days, and the interior temperature of booth is controlled at 15-25 ℃; Be equipped with droping irrigating pipe in the described green house; Must remove the green house film after grain rains.
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